工業(yè)機(jī)械手外文翻譯.docx

英文翻譯工業(yè)機(jī)械手可以代替人手的繁重勞動，顯著減輕工人的勞動強(qiáng)度，提高 勞動生產(chǎn)率和自動化水平。工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的笨重工件的搬運(yùn)和長期頻繁，單調(diào)的操作，如果沒有機(jī)械手那么工人的勞動強(qiáng)度是很高的，有時候還要用行車員工件，生產(chǎn)速度大大延緩，這種情況采用機(jī)械手是很有效的。此外，它能在高溫、低溫、深水、宇宙、反射性和其他有毒、有污染環(huán)境條件上進(jìn)行操作。更顯其優(yōu)越性，有著廣闊的發(fā)展前途。可編程控制器是60年代末在美國首先出現(xiàn)，當(dāng)時叫可編程邏輯控制器PLC（Programmable Logic Controller），目的是用來取代繼電器，以執(zhí)行邏輯判斷、計時、計數(shù)等順序控制功能。PLC的基本設(shè)計思想是把計算機(jī)功能完善、靈活、通用等優(yōu)點(diǎn)和繼電器控制系統(tǒng)的簡單易懂、操作方便、價格便宜等優(yōu)點(diǎn)結(jié)合起來，控制器的硬件是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的、通用的。根據(jù)實(shí)際應(yīng)用對象，將控制內(nèi)容編成軟件寫入控制器的用戶程序存儲器內(nèi)。控制器和被控對象連接方便。 隨著半導(dǎo)體技術(shù)，尤其是微處理器和微型計算機(jī)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，到70年代中期以后，PLC已廣泛地使用微處理器作為中央處理器，輸入輸出模塊和外圍電路也都采用了中、大規(guī)模甚至超大規(guī)模的集成電路，這時的PLC已不再是邏輯判斷功能，還同時具有數(shù)據(jù)處理、PID調(diào)節(jié)和數(shù)據(jù)通信功能。 可編程控制器是一種數(shù)字運(yùn)算操作的電子系統(tǒng)，專為在工業(yè)環(huán)境下應(yīng)用而設(shè)計。它采用了可編程序的存儲器，用來在其內(nèi)部存儲執(zhí)行邏輯運(yùn)算，順序控制、定時、計算和算術(shù)運(yùn)算等操作的指令，并通過數(shù)字式和模擬式的輸入輸出，控制各種類型的機(jī)械或生產(chǎn)過程。PLC是微機(jī)技術(shù)與傳統(tǒng)的繼電接觸控制技術(shù)相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物，它克服了繼電接觸控制系統(tǒng)中機(jī)械觸點(diǎn)的接線復(fù)雜、可靠性低、功耗高、通用性和靈活性差的缺點(diǎn)，充分利用微處理器的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 可編程控制器對用戶來說，是一種無觸點(diǎn)設(shè)備，改變程序即可改變生產(chǎn)工藝，因此可在初步設(shè)計階段選用可編程控制器，在實(shí)施階段再確定工藝過程。另一方面，從制造生產(chǎn)可編程控制器的廠商角度看，在制造階段不需要根據(jù)用戶的訂貨要求專門設(shè)計控制器，適合批量生產(chǎn)。由于這些特點(diǎn)，可編程控制器問世以后很快受到工業(yè)控制界的歡迎，并得到迅速的發(fā)展。目前，可編程控制器已成為工廠自動化的強(qiáng)有力工具，得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。 氣動技術(shù)是以壓縮空氣為介質(zhì)來傳動和控制機(jī)械的一門專業(yè)技術(shù)。由于它具有節(jié)能、無污染、高效、低成本、安全可靠、結(jié)構(gòu)簡單等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，廣泛應(yīng)用于各種機(jī)械和生產(chǎn)線上。過去汽車、拖拉機(jī)等生產(chǎn)線上的氣動系統(tǒng)及其元件，都由各廠自行設(shè)計、制造和維修。 氣動技術(shù)應(yīng)用面的擴(kuò)大是氣動工業(yè)發(fā)展的標(biāo)志。氣動元件的應(yīng)用主要為兩個方面：維修和配套。過去國產(chǎn)氣動元件的銷售要用于維修，近幾年，直接為主要配套的銷售份額逐年增加。國產(chǎn)氣動元件的應(yīng)用，從價值數(shù)千萬元的冶金設(shè)備到只有12百元的椅子。鐵道扳岔、機(jī)車輪軌潤滑、列車的煞車、街道清掃、特種車間內(nèi)的起吊設(shè)備、軍事指揮車等都用上了專門開發(fā)的國產(chǎn)氣動元件。這說明氣動技術(shù)已“滲透”到各行各業(yè)，并且正在日益擴(kuò)大。 我國的氣動工業(yè)雖然達(dá)到了一定規(guī)模與技術(shù)水平，但是與國際先進(jìn)水平相比，差距甚大。我國氣動產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)值只占世界總產(chǎn)值的1.3%，僅為美國的1/21，日本的1/15，德國的1/8。這與10多億人口的大國很不相稱。從品種上看，日本一家公司有6500個品種，我國只有它的1/5。產(chǎn)品性能和質(zhì)量水平的差距也很大。 由于氣動技術(shù)越來越多地應(yīng)用于各行業(yè)的自動裝配和自動加工小件、特殊物品的設(shè)備上，原有傳統(tǒng)的氣動元件性能正在不斷提高，同時陸續(xù)開發(fā)出適應(yīng)市場要求的新產(chǎn)品，使氣動元件的品種日益增加，其發(fā)展趨勢主要有以下幾個方面： 體積更小，重量更輕，功耗更低.在電子元件、藥品等制造行業(yè)中，由于被加工件體積很小，勢必限制了氣動元件的尺寸，小型化、輕型化是氣動元件的第一個發(fā)展方向。國外已開發(fā)了僅大姆指大小、有效截面積為0.2mm2的超小型電磁閥。能開發(fā)出外形尺寸小而流量較大的元件更為理想。為此，相同外形尺寸的閥，流量已提高23.3倍。有一種系列的小型電磁閥，其閥體寬僅10mm，有效面積可達(dá)5mm2;寬15mm,有效面積達(dá)10mm2等。 國外電磁閥的功耗已達(dá)0.5W，還將進(jìn)一步降低，以適應(yīng)與微電子相結(jié)合。 氣源處理組合件，國內(nèi)外大多采用了積木式的砌塊結(jié)構(gòu)，不僅尺寸緊湊，而且結(jié)合、維修都很方便。 執(zhí)行元件的定位精度提高，剛度增加，活塞桿不回轉(zhuǎn)，使用更方便.為了提高氣缸的定位精度，附帶制動機(jī)構(gòu)和伺服系統(tǒng)的氣缸應(yīng)用越來越普遍。帶伺服系統(tǒng)的氣缸，即使供氣壓力和所負(fù)的載荷變化，仍可獲得0.1mm的定位精度。 在國際展覽會上，各種異型截面缸筒和活塞桿的氣缸甚多，這類氣缸由于活塞桿不會回轉(zhuǎn)，應(yīng)用在主機(jī)上時，無須附加導(dǎo)向裝置即可保持一定精度。此外還開發(fā)了不少帶各種導(dǎo)向機(jī)構(gòu)的氣缸和氣缸滑動組件，例如具有兩根導(dǎo)向桿的氣缸、雙活塞桿雙缸筒氣缸等。 氣缸筒外形已不限于圓形、而是方形、米字形或其它形狀，在型材上開了導(dǎo)向槽、傳感器和開關(guān)的安裝槽等，讓用戶安裝使用更方便。 多功能化，復(fù)合化.為了方便用戶，適應(yīng)市場的需要開發(fā)了各種由多只氣動元件組合并配有控制裝置的小型氣動系統(tǒng)。如用于移動小件物品的組件，是將帶導(dǎo)向器的兩只氣缸分別按X軸和Z軸組合而成。該組件可搬動3kg重物，配有電磁閥、程控器，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，占有空間小，行程可調(diào)整。又如一種上、下料模塊，有七種不同功能的模塊形式，能完成精密裝配線上的上、下料作業(yè)，可按作業(yè)內(nèi)容將不同模塊任意組合。還有一種機(jī)械手是由外形小并能改變擺動角度的擺動氣缸與夾頭的組合件，夾頭部位有若干種夾頭可選配。 與電子技術(shù)結(jié)合，大量使用傳感器，氣動元件智能化.帶開關(guān)的氣缸國內(nèi)已普遍使用，開關(guān)體積將更小，性能更高，可嵌入氣缸缸體；有些還帶雙色顯示，可顯示出位置誤差，使系統(tǒng)更可靠。用傳感器代替流量計、壓力表、能自動控制壓縮空氣的流量、壓力，可以節(jié)能并保證使用裝置正常運(yùn)行。氣動伺服定位系統(tǒng)已有產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入市場。該系統(tǒng)采用三位五通氣動伺服閥，將預(yù)定的定位目標(biāo)與位置傳感器的檢測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行比較，實(shí)施負(fù)反饋控制。氣缸最大速度達(dá)2m/s、行程300mm時，系統(tǒng)定位精度0.1mm。日本試制成功一種新型智能電磁閥，這種閥配帶有傳感器的邏輯回路，是氣動元件與光電子技術(shù)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物。它能直接接受傳感器的信號，當(dāng)信號滿足指定條件時，不必通過外部控制器，即可自行完成動作，達(dá)到控制目的。它已經(jīng)應(yīng)用在物體的傳送帶上，能識別搬運(yùn)物體的大小，使大件直接下送，小件分流。 更高的安全性和可靠性.從近幾年的氣動技術(shù)國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可知，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不僅提出了互換性要求，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)了安全性。管接頭、氣源處理外殼等耐壓試驗(yàn)的壓力提高到使用壓力的45倍，耐壓時間增加到515min，還要在高、低溫度下進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。如果貫徹這些國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，國內(nèi)的缸筒、端蓋、氣源處理鑄件和管接頭等都難達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求。除耐壓試驗(yàn)處，結(jié)構(gòu)上也作了某些規(guī)定，如氣源處理的透明殼外部規(guī)定要加金屬防護(hù)罩。Industrial robots can replace the hands of heavy labor, significantly reduce labor intensity, and improve labor productivity and automation level. Industrial production often appears in the heavy work frequently, handling and long-term operation, if not drab robots that labor intensity is high, sometimes even with employees, driving speed greatly retard, this kind of circumstance using manipulator is very effective. In addition, it can be in high temperature, low temperature, water, the universe, reflective and other toxic, environmental pollution condition on the operation. More show its superiority, has broad prospects. Programmable controller is at the end of the 60s first appeared in the United States, when called programmable logic controller PLC (Programmable Logic Controller), the purpose is to replace the relay in order to determine the implementation of the logic, timing, counting, such as sequence control functions. PLC basic design idea is to improve the computer function, flexible, general-purpose relays, etc. and control system for easy-to-read, easy to operate, cheap to combine the advantages of the controller hardware is a standard, generic. Application in accordance with the actual object, the contents of the control software into the user program into the controller memory. Plant controller and easy to connect. As the semiconductor technology, especially in microprocessors and micro-computer technology, to the mid-70s after, PLC has been the widespread use of microprocessors as the central processing unit, input and output modules, and peripheral circuits are also used in large-scale ultra-large-scale integrated circuits even when the PLC is no longer determine the function of logic, but also at the same time data processing, PID regulation and data communication functions. Programmable controller is a digital electronic computing operating system, designed for applications in industrial environments designed. It uses a programmable memory for storage in its internal implementation of logic operations, sequence control, timing, calculation and arithmetic operations, such as operating instructions, and through digital and analog input and output, control of various types of machinery or production process. PLC is a computer technology and traditional technology of relay contacts to control a product of the combination, it has overcome the access control system relay contacts in the mechanical complexity of the wiring, reliability, low power consumption high, versatility and flexibility of the shortcomings of poor, full the advantages of the use of microprocessors. User-programmable controller is a non-contact equipment, changes in procedures to change the production process, it can be selected in the preliminary design stage programmable controller, identified in the implementation stage process. On the other hand, manufacturing production from the makers of programmable controller point of view, in the manufacturing phase of the order does not require the user request in accordance with specially designed controllers, suitable for mass production. Because of these characteristics, soon after the advent of programmable logic controller to control by the industrial sector and has been rapid development. At present, the programmable logic controller has become a powerful tool for factory automation, has been widely used. Pneumatic technology for the medium is compressed air to drive and control a mechanical expertise. Because of its energy-saving and pollution-free, highly efficient, low-cost, safe and reliable, the advantages of simple structure, a wide range of machinery and production lines. Over the past cars, tractors and other production line pneumatic system and its components, both by the plant to the design, manufacture and maintenance. Pneumatic technology applications is the aerodynamic surface of the expansion of a symbol of industrial development. Application of pneumatic components for the two main areas: maintenance and support. Past sales of Chinese-made pneumatic components to be used for maintenance, in recent years, as the main supporting direct sales has increased year by year. Domestic Application of pneumatic components, tens of millions of dollars from the value of the metallurgical equipment that only 1 to 2 hundred dollars a chair. Railway plate fork, wheel-rail lubricating machine, stopping the train, street sweeping, special workshop within the lifting equipment, the military command vehicles have been specifically developed with the use of the pneumatic components in China. This shows that aerodynamic technology has been infiltrated into all walks of life, and is expanding. Although Chinas air industry has reached a certain scale and technical level, but with the international advanced level compared to the large gap. Pneumatic products output value of Chinas GDP accounted for only 1.3% of the world, only the United States, 1 / 21, Japans 1 / 15, Germany 1 / 8. This is more than 10 million people does not match the big country. From the species, the Japanese company have 6500 species, it is Chinas only 1 / 5. The level of product performance and quality gap is also very strong. More and more as a result of aerodynamic technologies used in various industries and automatic processing of automatic assembly of small pieces of equipment, special items, the original performance of the traditional pneumatic components is increasing at the same time have to adapt to market requirements to develop new products so that the varieties of pneumatic components increasing trend of their development in the following areas: Smaller and lighter weight, lower power consumption. In electronic components, pharmaceuticals and other manufacturing industries, because of the size of a small piece to be machined, it is bound to limit the size of pneumatic components, small size, light is the pneumatic components The first direction of development. Have been developed abroad, just thumb the size of 0.2mm2 effective cross-sectional area for the ultra-compact solenoid valve. Able to issue a size small and a better flow of larger components. To this end, the same size of the valve, the flow has been increased from 2 to 3.3 times. There is a series of mini-solenoid valve, the valve body寬僅10mm, the effective area of up to 5mm2; width 15mm, such as the effective area of 10mm2. Solenoid valve power consumption abroad than 0.5W, will be further reduced in order to adapt to the combination and Microelectronics. Gas source processing assembly, both at home and abroad using a building-block most of the block structure, not only the size of a compact, but with very easy maintenance. Implementation of components to improve the positioning accuracy, stiffness increased, non-rotating piston rod, the use of more convenient. In order to improve the positioning accuracy of the cylinder, with brake servo system and the increasing application of the cylinder. Servo system with the cylinder, even if the gas pressure and the negative changes in the load can still receive the positioning accuracy of 0.1mm. In the international exhibition, a variety of special-shaped cross-section cylinder and the cylinder piston rod a lot, as a result of this type of cylinder piston rod will not turn, used in the host without additional device-oriented to maintain a certain accuracy. In addition, a number of development-oriented institutions with a variety of cylinder and cylinder sliding components, such as with a two-under-oriented cylinder, double cylinder such as cylinder piston rod double. Cylinder tube has not limited to a circular shape, but square, rice-shaped or other shape, in profile slot on the set-oriented, sensors and switches such as the installation of slot to enable users to install more convenient to use. Multi-function, and composite. For the convenience of users, to adapt to the needs of the market has developed more than a variety of pneumatic components by the combination of control devices with a small pneumatic system. Such as small items for mobile components, is the band director, respectively, according to the two-cylinder X-axis and Z-axis combination. The movable components 3kg weights with Solenoid Valve, program-controlled device, compact structure, occupy space, adjustable travel. Another example is an upper and lower feed module, there are seven different forms of functional modules, to complete the assembly line precision, the cutting operation, will be operating may be any combination of different modules. There is also a manipulator and by the appearance of small swing can change the swing angle of the cylinder assembly and the chuck, chuck parts have a number of optional chucks. And electronic technology, large-scale use of sensors, intelligent pneumatic components. With switch has been the widespread use of domestic cylinders, switch size will be smaller, higher performance can be embedded in the cylinder block; some with two-color display can be shows the location of the error, making the system more reliable. Replace the flow meter sensors, pressure gauges, automatic control of compressed air can flow, pressure, can use energy-saving devices and to ensure normal operation. Pneumatic servo positioning system products have been entering the market. The system uses three Wutong pneumatic servo valve, the predetermined target detection and location of the sensor data, the implementation of negative feedback control. Cylinder