環(huán)境資源的保護(hù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的重要作用

1、環(huán)境資源的保護(hù)在經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的重要作用（）The important role of environmental resources protection in the field of EconomicsAbstract to solve the environmental problems, not only the technology, but also the management. The national environmental policy through effective intervention, to reduce or eliminate the environme

2、ntal and resource economics characteristics under the condition of possible Pareto optimal realization of environmental protection and environmental protection; Pareto optimal is the economic foundation of environmental protection investment and financing of the main Governance Division, rational di

3、vision of the main power is the key to improve the efficiency of investment and financing of environmental protection. The principle of Chinas environmental protection investment and Financing Governance Division to environmental protection Pareto optimal and sustainable development as the goal is:

4、social public goods benefit maximization, the polluter pays, users pay, investors benefit. We should rationally select the means of participation in the environmental protection activities of the government, enterprises and the public as well as the corresponding division of investment and financing

5、 power.Environmental problems such as shortage of resources, environmental pollution and ecological destruction have increasingly become a major challenge in the process of human modernization.Environmental protection is the floorboard of all kinds of actions taken by human beings to solve the reali

6、stic or potential environmental problems, coordinate the relationship between mankind and environment, and guarantee the sustainable development of economy and society. The goal of environmental protection in the short run is mainly to get rid of the ecological crisis and environmental crisis. In th

7、e long run, it is to achieve sustainable development of mankind. Policies, funds and technology are often considered as the basic elements of environmental protection. Whether it is the formulation and implementation of policy elements, or the introduction and investment of funds and technical facto

8、rs, it must be carried out in combination with the characteristics of the environment and resources, and only in this way can it be more effective. The most striking feature of environmental resources is its economic characteristics different from those of general resources.First, the economic chara

9、cteristics of environmental resources under the condition of market economyThe market mechanism can effectively allocate the factors of production among the economic entities so as to realize the Pareto optimality.After years of efforts, China has initially established the framework of the socialist

10、 market economic system. The environmental protection measures are also constantly improved and improved, but an environmental protection mechanism adapted to the market economy has not yet been established, and the Pareto optimality of environmental protection has not yet been achieved. This is mai

11、nly because of environmental problems, related to environmental protection and environmental resources, environmental products and environmental information economics has characteristics different from general resources, need to innovate on the market mechanism of the concept and system of environme

12、ntal protection. Publicity of environmental resources. Environmental resources are inseparable, property rights are difficult to define or define, and the cost is very high. They often belong to public goods or have certain publicity. Therefore, users often do not consider the public nature of envir

13、onmental resources and the will of society as a whole, and develop and utilize them without restraint. Ultimately, environmental resources are likely to become scarce.In environmental resources, the ultimate outcome of everyones pursuit of maximum benefit leads everyone to suffer. This is the famous

14、 The of ragedy theCommon s T in economics. Lack of market environment resources. Lack of environmental resources, the market is due to environmental and resource price distortions, resulting in the environment, resources, markets do not exist or basically not developed.Many environmental resources a

15、re overused because of zero price, and are increasingly scarce, such as public ranches and air resources. The price of some environmental resources is very low, which reflects the labor and capital costs simply, but does not reflect the opportunity cost of the environmental resources in production.

16、When the price can not reflect the real value of environmental resources, the regulatory function of the environment and resources market will be invalid, resulting in a serious waste of environmental resources. For example, when calculating timber costs, they often calculate the use value and labor

17、 value of the timber itself, without considering the opportunity cost of timber playing an important role in the ecosystem. In this way, serious distortion of timber prices will inevitably lead to serious deforestation. Natural monopoly of environmental resources is more serious. Although natural mo

18、nopoly of environmental resources can achieve certain scale benefits, but because there is no competition, it will easily lead to market efficiency losses.Such as water, gas and other natural resources production often requires only a firm to carry out, because these industries have made monopoly, l

19、ead to environmental resources development and production after the price is too high, the service quality is low, in exchange for short-term private profits often at the expense of the ecological environment at the cost of. The uncertainty or non existence of the property right of environmental res

20、ources. Property rights are exclusive, limited, transactional and decomposable. The property right system has the function of reducing uncertainty, internalizing external effects, encouraging and restricting the economic entities, effectively allocating resources and effectively allocating income. A

21、s environmental resources are a kind of public goods with strong degree, it does not have the characteristics of general property rights, and the function of property rights system is restricted greatly.In many cases, the property rights of environmental resources are ambiguous and nonexistent, whic

22、h makes the environmental problems become increasingly serious. For example, most of the countrys rivers, air, virgin forests, high seas and other property rights are unclear and nonexistent. The direct result is the uncontrolled discharge of sewage, bad air quality, rapid reduction of forest area,

23、and high seas resources. Externalities of environmental products. On the role of human economic system is the natural environment system of a kind of behavior, is a kind of product, as a product, it can be called the human role in the environment, including pollution of the environment and protect t

24、he environment, referred to as environmental products. Environmental products are mostly public goods and quasi public goods, and there are obvious externalities, which are manifested as positive externalities and negative externalities. Therefore, the production of environmental products is very di

25、fferent from the production of general products. Mainly for the production environment, the private and social costs of products, private benefits and social benefits inconsistent. Private cost refers to the cost of producing or consuming an article, which the producer or consumer must pay for himse

26、lf. When social costs are to produce or consume an article, the whole society must pay for it.In the market economy, the private cost of most products is equal to the social cost, and there is no externality in this product. However, for environmental products, private costs are often not equal to s

27、ocial costs, which will lead to an external cost and external benefits. External cost is the root of negative externalities. It refers to the production or consumption of something,In addition to the costs incurred by the producer or consumer, the rest of the costs borne by others in the community,

28、such as environmental pollution, are a typical negative externality of external costs.The external benefit is the root of the positive externalities generated, it refers to the production or consumption of certain items, in addition to the producers or consumers to enjoy the benefits, the rest of so

29、ciety and therefore enjoy the benefits, such as ecological environment construction is a kind of typical external revenue exists the positive externality of behavior. The existence of external benefit leads to the free rider behavior in economics. The scarcity and asymmetry of environmental informat

30、ion. Information plays an important role in the market economy. Environmental information is one of the important elements in the environmental system. The scarcity of environmental information depends on the high cost of obtaining it. The high nature of environmental information is largely due to:(

31、1) insufficient information supply. The environment system is like a black box, and human understanding of it is very limited. Compared with humans demand for environmental information, the supply of information is insufficient.(2) the existence of information blockade. Because of the environmental

32、information once the public becomes public goods, then part of the information consumption cannot be ruled out another part of the consumer, in order to ensure their information advantage, the most rational choice is to implement the information blockade. At the same time, environmental information

33、is asymmetric.This is mainly due to the public nature of environmental information and the tendency of opportunistic behavior of human beings. Usually the production such as pollution harm and process, production technology, pollution status and pollution than the understanding by the pollution and

34、the government more, but by the tendency of personal interests and driven by opportunism, often choose to hide the information practices, the implementation of pollution behavior.Two, market Pareto optimality and environmental protection Pareto optimalityEconomists usually refer to the maximum effic

35、iency allocation of resources as the Pareto optimality and use it as a criterion for testing the overall efficiency of the economy and the size of social welfare. Pareto optimal market economy refers to the allocation of resources in such a state, regardless of how changes are not at the same time m

36、ay make some people benefit while others are not damaged, that is to say when the economy has reached a high efficiency, a part of the people to further improve the situation to another part of the cost of the deterioration of the situation. Conversely, if the allocation of resources is inefficient,

37、 then by changing the allocation of resources, at least some people improve their welfare levels without anyone becoming worse off.This state requires three marginal conditions:(1) to make the distribution of the two goods X and Y in the two consumers, A and B to reach the Pareto optimal state, then

38、 for these two consumers, the marginal rate of substitution of these two commodities must be equal. This is the Pareto optimality condition of the exchange.(2) to make the allocation of the two production factors L and K reach the Pareto optimal state between the two producers C and D, the marginal

39、rate of technical substitution of these two factors of production must be equal for the two producers. This is the Pareto optimality condition of production.(3) to make exchange and production reach Pareto optimum at the same time,The marginal rate of substitution of a product must be equal to the m

40、arginal rate of change, which is the Pareto optimality of exchange and production. To achieve Pareto optimal state need to meet a series of assumptions: economic subject completely rational and market perfect competition, complete information, there is no public goods, there is no external effect an

41、d no transaction costs. Because of the scarcity and asymmetry characteristics of environmental resources, the public environmental resources market, environment and resources of natural monopoly is more serious, the environment resource property is not clear or not exist, environmental externality,

42、environmental information products, the existence of Pareto optimal environmental protection in theory, only in the negative eliminate or weaken the economics characteristics of environmental resources, it may be more close to the Pareto optimal environmental protection under market economy. To elim

43、inate or weaken these characteristics, we can not rely on the spontaneous role of market economy, but must rely on the governments environmental policies and regulations and other forces beyond the market role. When the countrys environmental policy is reasonable, the implementation of strict and ef

44、ficient operation, can greatly reduce or even eliminate the economic characteristics of environmental products, the Pareto optimal approach for environmental protection, so as to realize the efficient allocation of environmental resources and sustainable development goals. The Pareto optimality of e

45、nvironmental protection is the economic reason for the division of powers of investment and financing subjects. The Pareto optimality of environmental protection is the best condition and dynamic target pursued by environmental protection. Environmental protection can only be achieved in the continu

46、ous Pareto optimal state, and the long-term goal of human sustainable development can be realized. Environmental protection financing division of powers is to effective role in national environmental policy, the rights and obligations of the subject of investment and financing and the need to pay th

47、e cost and benefit, and improve the enthusiasm of participation in environmental protection investment and financing. It is the foundation of realizing Paretos optimum of environmental protection that the definite authority of investment and financing of environmental protection is the basis of envi

48、ronmental protection, and the Pareto optimization is the economic reason for the division of the main body of the investment and financing of environmental protection.Three, the principle of the division of powers and responsibilities of the investment and financing subjects of environmental protect

49、ionThe principle of the division of powers in the investment and financing subjects of environmental protection must follow the nature and requirements of the Pareto optimality of environmental protection so as to reduce or eliminate the adverse economic characteristics of environmental protection.(

50、1) the principle of maximizing the benefits of environmental public goods. Maximizing the benefits of environmental public goods requires the production of the most environmentally friendly products through the optimal allocation and use of existing social environment resources and the maximum benef

51、it of environmental products in use. In order to maximize the benefits of environmental public goods, the public must disperse environmental products, the establishment of environmental resources of clear property rights, improve the enthusiasm of the environmental investment and financing; the natu

52、ral monopoly of environmental resources must be strict management and control, to prevent the environment at the expense of the cost of short-term private profit.(2) polluter pays principle. The polluter pay principle (PPP) is the polluter pays principle, including measures of pollution control and

53、prevention costs, sewage charges levied by the environmental and economic costs as well as some corresponding policy costs for other uses, shall be borne by the polluters to pay.The polluter pays principle mainly deals with the negative externalities of environmental products, publicity and environm

54、ental resources without market. Through the toll on polluters, all internal and external costs of environmental pollution, the private cost to make environmental pollution is equal to the social cost, reducing or even eliminating the pollution caused by manufacturers because of excess return to. The

55、 pollution of the environment through the internalization of public environmental resources can be divided into different subject of investment and financing of all, interests and harm of environmental protection, the rights and obligations of each subject and completely linked, make public environm

56、ental protection. At the same time, the polluter pays principle that any cost of environmental resources will need to pay the cost of the corresponding environmental product price is not lower than other market goods, it can reduce the environmental product prices to a certain extent distorted, solv

57、e environmental problems without market.(3) user pays principle. The user pay principle (U PP) is who pay principle, refers to some environmental problems have occurred, governance has no way to pollution or to the cost is too high, the relevant expenses incurred shall be borne by the users of the p

58、roducts to bear the environment. The principle of user payment mainly deals with the public nature of environmental resources, the positive externalities of environmental products, the lack of marketability and the scarcity of information about environmental resources. Based on all the user charges

59、of environmental products, the production cost of all social environment product segmentation to the beneficiaries to bear, so that you can overcome some users of free rider behavior, so as to reduce or eliminate the positive externalities of environmental products. In order to reduce costs, environmental product users will be active to monitor the behavior of environmental pollution and environmental resources to collect relevant information, put them out