英語學習主從復合句

1、窗體頂端高考英語語法講解主從復合句（附練習題）主從復合句（狀語從句、名詞性從句和定語從句）【考點分析】狀語從句1.when， while， as引導時間狀語從句的區(qū)別；2.名詞詞組the minute， the moment， the first time， each time， any time等用作連詞，引導的時間狀語從句；3.before，和since引導時間狀語從句的用法以及常見的幾個句型；4.till和until的用法；5.although， though， as以及even if， even though引導讓步狀語從句的用法；6.結果狀語從句中“sothat”與“suchthat

2、”的區(qū)別；7.條件狀語從句unless， providing/provided， suppose/supposing等引導詞的用法；8.“疑問詞ever”和“no matter疑問詞”引導從句的用法；9. in case引導的狀語從句；10.where引導的狀語從句；11.once引導的狀語從句。12.與祈使句、定語從句、名詞從句、倒裝句以及與強調句型的混合考查。名詞從句1. that和what引導名詞性從句的區(qū)別；2.名詞從句的語序和時態(tài)；3. it作形式主語、形式賓語的幾種情況；4.賓語從句的否定轉移；5.whether和if的用法區(qū)別；6.what在名詞性從句中的使用；種類類型例句陳述句

3、肯定句We love our motherland. 我們熱愛祖國。否定句They dont go to work on Sundays. 他們星期日不上班。疑問句一般疑問句Are you a worker? 你是個工人嗎?Havent you seen the film?你沒看過這部電影嗎? 特殊疑問句Who is the man? 這人是誰?When do you watch TV? 你什么時間看電視?What are they doing now? 他們現在正在干什么?選擇疑問句Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水還是要咖啡?哪種

4、都行。Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French.他學日語還是學法語?他學法語。反意疑問句They are going to the airport， arent they? 他們要去機場，是嗎?You havent finished your homework， have you? 你沒做完作業(yè)，是嗎?祈使句肯定句Be sure to get there at eight. 務必八點鐘到那兒。否定句Dont worry. Ill help you out. 別擔心，我會幫助你的。感嘆句what 名詞What great changes

5、 we have had these years！這幾年我們有了多么大的變化啊！What a fine day it is！多好的天氣呀！how 形容詞或副詞How brave he is！他多么勇敢呀！How hard they are working！他們工作多努力呀！how 句子How time flies！時間過得多么快呀！How adj.a （an） n.What a（an）adj.nHow nice a boy （he is）！What a nice boy （he is）！多好的孩子??！7.doubt后的名詞性從句的使用；8.Who / whoever， what / whate

6、ver等的用法區(qū)別；9.連接詞that的省略；定語從句1.that與which引導的定語從句的區(qū)別；2.who、whom與whose引導的定語從句的區(qū)別；3.關系副詞where、when與why引導的定語從句的區(qū)別；4.對“as”引導定語從句的考查；5. suchas與suchthat的區(qū)別；the sameas與the samethat的區(qū)別；6.對“介詞關系代詞”的考查；7.the way 作先行詞時，定語從句的引導詞作狀語用in which ，that 或者省略；8.含有插入語的定語從句；9.與并列句、狀語從句、同位語從句以及與強調句型的混合考查?！局R點歸納】I.句子的種類復習主從復合

7、句時，我們首先要對句子的種類有所了解，才能更深入地掌握主從復合句的知識。按用途分按結構分種類類型例句簡單句主謂They disappeared. 他們消失了。主謂賓He likes swimming.他喜歡游泳。We help each other. 我們互相幫助。主謂間賓直接賓I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告訴了我的朋友。They sent us a telegram. 他們給我們拍了電報。主謂賓賓補They named the boy Jack. 他們給孩子起名叫杰克。I want everything ready by eight oclock

8、.我要求一切都要在八點前準備好。主系表She is a university student. 她是一名大學生。He has become a pilot. 他已成為一名飛行員。并列句并列關系and， not onlybut also， neither nor， bothand， notbut，Either you do it， or I ask for somebody else to do it.要么你來做，要么我請其他人來做。Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework.湯姆和杰克都沒有完成作業(yè)。Not couldnt they compl

9、ete the task， but the task was too tough.不是他們完不成任務，而是任務太重了。轉折關系but，while（而，盡管）nevertheless（然而；不過）John likes playing basketball， but he didnt play it yesterday.約翰喜歡打籃球，但他昨天沒打。選擇關系or， otherwise or else， eitherorWe must hurry， or well miss the train.我們必須快點，否則會趕不上火車。Either you come to my place or I go t

10、o yours.或者你到我這兒來，或者我到你那去。因果關系for， so， thus， therefore， and soWe had better stay at home， for it was raining.我們最好呆在家里，因為天正在下雨。He didnt work hard， therefore he failed in the examination.他學習不努力，因此這次考試不及格。復合句由一個主句和一個或一個以上的從句構成的句子叫復合句。在復合句中主句是全句的主體，從句是全句的一個成分，不能獨立。從句有：名詞性從句（主語從句，表語從句，賓語從句和同位語從句）狀語從句定語從句（

11、詳細請看以下內容）II.狀語從句狀語從句是每年高考必考的內容，在高考試題中加上其它從句的干擾，以及倒裝句，強調句的介入，使得狀語從句更為復雜。1.時間狀語從句由下列連詞引導：when，while，as，before，after，once，till，until，since，as soon as，now that，hardlywhen，scarcelywhen，no soonerthan，有一些表示時間的副詞（短語）或名詞短語也可引導時間狀語從句。如：directly，instantly，immediately，by the time，the moment，the second，the minut

12、e，the instant，every time，each time，next time，the last time等重點內容如下：when，while，as引導的時間狀語從句as表示“當的時候”，往往和when/ while通用，但它著重強調主句與從句的動作或事情同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生。She came up as I was cooking.（同時）The runners started as the gun went off.（幾乎同時）when（at or during the time that ）既可以表示在某一點的時候，又可表示在某一段時間內，主句與從句的動作或事情可以同時發(fā)生也可以

13、先后發(fā)生。It was raining when we arrived.（指時間點）When we were at school， we went to the library every day.（在一段時間內）When we arrived there，the film had already begun.（先后發(fā)生）while意思是“當的時候”或“在某一段時間里”。主句中的動作或事情在從句中的動作或事情的進展過程中發(fā)生，從句中的動詞一般要用延續(xù)性動詞。在when表示a period of time時，兩者可以互換。Please dont talk so loud while/when o

14、thers are working.He fell asleep while/when reading.Strike while the iron is hot.（不可用as或when，這里的while意思是“趁”）before狀語從句的重點句型之后才：It was a long time before I got to sleep .不多久就：It wasnt long before he told me about the affair.不等就：Before I could get in a word， he had measured me.剛就：He hardly entered the

15、 room before he heard the telephone ring.先再：You can have a few days to think about it before you make your decision.since 引導的從句用延續(xù)性動詞的過去式（包括過去完成時），則從句的動作已經結束，從句意思是否定的。如果從句的動詞是延續(xù)性的用完成時態(tài)，從句意思是肯定的。He has never been to see me since I was ill.我病愈后，他一直未來看我。（不在生病了）He has never been to see me since I have b

16、een ill.我病了，他一直未來看我。I havent heard from him since he lived here.自從他這里搬走，我就沒有收到他的信。（不住在這兒了）I know him very well since he has lived here near us.自他住在我們附近以來，我對他很了解。Its three years since I was in the army.我退伍已三年了。（不在服役了）Its three years since I have been in the armyIts three years since he joined the arm

17、y.我入伍已三年了。如果與till與until從句使用的主句是肯定的，則主句中謂語要用延續(xù)性動詞如果與其使用的主句是否肯定的，則主句中謂語要用短暫性動詞。另till從句不可以置于句首，只有until從句可以放在句首。not until 放在句首時主句要倒裝。2.原因狀語從句由下列連詞引導：as（由于），because（因為）， since（既然），now （that）（既然）， considering that（顧及到）， seeing that（由于）。I do it because I like it.因為我喜歡我才干。（because不能與 so連用）He couldnt have se

18、en me， because I was not there.他不可能見過我，因為當時我不在那兒。Seeing （that） quite a few people were absent， we decided to put the meeting off.由于好些人都沒到會，我們決定延期開會Now that/Since you are all here， lets try and reach a decision.既然大家都來了咱們就設法做一個決定吧As she was ill， she didnt come to the party.由于病了，她沒來參加晚會。Considering tha

19、t they are just beginners， they are doing quite a good job.考慮到他們才剛剛學做，他們干得算很不錯的了。重點內容如下：because語氣最強，用于回答why的提問，可與強調詞only，just 以及否定詞not 連用。但不可以與so連用。如You shouldnt get angry just because some people speak ill of you.另外注意與not連用時否定的轉移。He didnt do such a thing because he was afraid of his wife.他并不是因為怕他的妻

20、子才做這樣的事。Cf：He didnt do such a thing，because he was afraid of his wife.因為怕妻子，他沒有做這樣的事。because引導的從句可以被強調：It was because she wanted to study abroad that she entered for TOEFLas語氣較弱，since語氣也較弱，但比as正式一些，所說明的原因比較明顯或是已知的事實，多用于口語中，所以不應該強調。常置于句首。As all the seats were full，he stood there.Since you are going，I

21、ll go，too.for雖解釋為“因為”但只是一個并列連詞，它引導的是并列句，不是原因狀語從句。The day was short，for it was December.3.地點狀語從句由下列連詞引導：where，wherever，anywhere，everywhere。Anywhere he went，he got warm welcome.The girl takes the doll with her everywhere she goes.Wuhan lies where the Yangtze and the Han River meet.武漢位于長江和漢水匯合處。Where t

22、here is a will， there is a way.有志者，事竟成。Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.哪兒有問題，你最好在哪兒做個記號。（這里where引導的從句不是定語從句）4.結果狀語從句由下列連詞引導：that，sothat，so that（從句中不帶情態(tài)動詞），suchthat，with the result that等。注意以下幾種結構：soadj/advthatsuch（a/anadj）nthatsoadja/annthatsuch a/anadjnthatso many/much/few/littl

23、e（少）nthat注意以上結構與定語從句so/suchas的區(qū)別。This is such an interesting/so interesting a film that/as everyone wants to see it/（it）.He didnt plan his time well so that/so he didnt finish the work in time.他沒把時間計劃好，結果沒按時完成這項工作。We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.我們走得匆忙，把門都忘了鎖了。The village is

24、so small that it cannot be shown in the map.這村子太小，所以這地圖上沒有。Jenny is such a clever girl that all the teachers like her very much Jenny is so clever a girl that all the teachers like her very muchJenny是如此聰明的女孩，以至老師們都非常喜歡她。I have had so many falls that I am black and blue all over.我摔了許多跤，以至于渾身青一塊紫一塊He

25、has so few friends that he often feels lonely.他朋友很少，所以經常感到孤獨。I had so little money then that I couldnt afford a little present.我當時囊中羞澀連一份小小禮物都買不起5.目的狀語從句由下列連詞引導：so that，in order that，for fear that等。目的狀語從句的謂語動詞常與情態(tài)動詞can， could， may， might， should連用目的狀語從句的謂語動詞常與情態(tài)動詞can， could， may， might， should連用。（so

26、 that也可用來引導結果狀語從句，但從句中不帶情態(tài)動詞）Lets take the front seats （so） that we may see more clearly.我們坐前排吧，這樣我們看得更清楚些。School was closed early in order that the children might go home ahead of the storm.早點兒放學是為了讓孩子們在暴風雨到來之前回家。He took the name down for fear that he should forget it.他把名字寫下省得忘了。（該從句中一般用情態(tài)動詞should動

27、詞原形，或省略should）Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.最好多帶些衣服以防天氣會冷。注意：so that引導的目的狀語從句只能放在主句之后，in order that 引導的目的狀語從句可以放在主句之前或之后。6.條件狀語從句分為真實條件句和非真實條件句（用在虛擬語氣中）。表示條件的狀語從句可以由if（如果），unless（除非）， in case（萬一）， so /as long as（只要）， as/ so far as（就而言）， on condition that（條件是）suppose（假設）supposi

28、ng（假設）（僅用在問句中）等詞或詞組引導。一般情況下當主句是將來時的時候，從句要用一般現在時。As/So long as we dont lose heart， well find a way to overcome the difficulty.只要我們不灰心，我們就能找到克服困難的方法。Send us a message in case you have any difficulty.萬一你有什么困難，請給我們一個信兒。If you leave at 6 oclock tomorrow morning， youd better get to bed now.如果你明早6點鐘走，你最好現在

29、就上床。Well let you use the room on condition that you keep it clean and tidy.只要你能保持整潔，我們可以讓你使用這個房間。As/So far as I know， he is an expert on DNA.據我所知，他是一個DNA專家。Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low/ if the salary is not too low.他會接受這項工作的，除非薪水太少/如果薪水不太少的話。Suppose/Supposing we cant get enough f

30、ood， what shall we do?假設我們弄不到足夠的食物，那我們怎么辦?7.讓步狀語從句由下列連詞引導：although，though，as，even if， even though，while，whetheror，whoever，whatever，however，no matter疑問詞等。We wont be discouraged even if（even though） we fail ten times.我們就是失敗十次也不泄氣。It was an exciting game， though / although no goals were scored.那是一場精彩的球

31、賽，盡管一個球都沒進。Whether you believe it or not， its true.不管你信不信，這是真的。However （No matter how） expensive it may be， Ill take it.無論它有多貴，我也要買下它。Dont let them in， whoever（no matter who） they are.不管他們是誰，別讓他們進來。No matter what I say or how I say it， he always thinks Im wrong.無論我說什么或怎么說，他總認為是我錯。注意以下幾點：although，tho

32、ugh引導讓步狀語從句時，主句前不能用but，但可以加yet，stil。He refuses help although he has many friends who want to offer all kinds of help.as引導讓步狀語從句時，必須用前置結構，通常是從句中的表語、狀語或動詞原形放在句首，放在句首的名詞前的冠詞要去掉。Child as（though）he is， he knows a lot.（注意在child前不要用冠詞）Much as I like it， I wont buy.Try as he would， he couldnt lift the heavy

33、 box.8.方式狀語從句由下列連詞引導：as，as if，as though，the way等。Do it the way you were told.注意以下幾點：as引導方式狀語從句時意義為“按照”，“如同”，前面常用加強語勢。I did it just as you told me.as if和as though 引導的從句中，謂語常用虛擬語氣，有時也用陳述語氣。連詞while 和whereas 可表示對比。Whereas he is rather lazy，she is quite energetic.9.比較狀語從句由下列連詞引導：asas，not asas，not soas，th

34、an等（詳情請參見【專題三】形容詞和副詞）。10.注意狀語從句中的省略現象連接詞過去分詞Unless repaired， the washing machine is no use.連詞現在分詞Look out while crossing the street.連詞形容詞/其他常見的有if necessary、if possible、when necessary、if any等。比較狀語從句中的省略句。如：He arrived home half an hour earlier than （he had been）expected.III.名詞性從句在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞性從句（No

35、un Clauses）。名詞性從句的功能相當于名詞詞組，它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞性從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。引導名詞性從句的連詞可分為三類：that（不充當從句的任何成分，無詞義。只起連接作用，因此往往可以省略。）whether， if（不充當從句的任何成分，均表示“是否”表明從句內容的不確定性。不可以省略。）as if，as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”）what， whatever， who， whoever， whom， whose， whichwhen， where， how，

36、 whyWho cleaned the blackboard is not known yet.誰擦的黑板還不知道。What he said is not true.他說的不是實話That hell come to see us is really great.他來看我們真是太好啦。I dont know why he is absent.我不知道為什么他不在。The question is whether he will join us next time.問題是下次他是否跟我們一起干。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。1.主語從句由從

37、屬連詞引導的主語從句：Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss.那個國家是否應該建立核電站That light travels in straight line is known to all .光以直線傳播由連接代詞引導的主語從句：What we need is more time. 我們所需要的是Whichever book you choose doesnt matter to me.無論你選哪本書Whoever comes will be welcome.無

38、論誰來由連接副詞引導的主語從句：When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced.飛機什么時候起飛Where he has been is still a puzzle.他到過哪兒How much water is flowing can be measured easily.水的流量是多少關于形式主語 itIt be 形容詞 that-從句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that重要的是It is obvious that很明顯It is likely that.很可能It be -ed 分詞

39、 that-從句It is believed that人們相信It is known to all that眾所周知（注意該句型的變式：It is known to all that the earth goes around the sun.As is known to all，the earth goes around the sun.What is known to all is that the earth goes around the sun.）It has been decided that已決定It be 名詞 that-從句It is common knowledge tha

40、t 是常識It is a surprise that令人驚奇的是It is a fact that事實是可應用于此句型的名詞還有fact / shame / honor / question/pity等。It 不及物動詞 that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起It doesnt matter whether he likes or not.2.表語從句可以接表語從句的連系動詞有 be， look， remain， seem等等。The problem is that millions of peo

41、ple die of illnesses caused by smoking.數百萬人死于由抽煙引起的疾病The question remains whether we can win the game.我們是否能贏得這次比賽Thats just what I want. 我想要的This is where our problem lies. 我們的問題所在The difficulty is how we can help smokers kick their habit我們如何幫助吸煙的人注意：表語從句的表現形式除了用從屬連詞，連接代詞和連接副詞引導以外，還可以由as， as if，as t

42、hough引導Things were not as they seemed.It looks as though it is going to rain.好象要下雨了。另外還要注意以下常用的兩種結構：The reason whyis that （而不用 because）It （ This， That ） is becauseThe reason why he was dismissed is that he didnt work hard. 他為什么被開除是因為他工作不努力。It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in busine

43、ss.3.同位語從句同位語從句一般由 that， whether 等連詞引導，常放在 advice， doubt， fact， hope， idea， information， message， news， order， possibility， problem， question， reason， truth， word， suggestion.等名詞的后面，說明該名詞的具體內容。The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 登陸月球.I have no idea when he will be back

44、. 什么時候回來The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen illMary也許病了He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.是否同意4.賓語從句賓語從句可以作及物動詞的賓語，介詞的賓語，某些形容詞的賓語以及非謂語動詞的賓語。及物動詞后的賓語從句：She will give whoever needs help a warm support任何需要幫助的人I wonder why she refused my invitation她為什么拒絕了我的邀請介詞后

45、的賓語從句：I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.我總是在思考如何提高我的口語水平。The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 老師對他所說的話很滿意。某些形容詞后的賓語從句：I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.通過努力工作，你將取得更大的進步We are surprised that he has left without saying goodbye to

46、 us.他沒有告別就走了非謂語動詞后的賓語從句：Realizing that it was just a difference in custom， the foreigner smiled and said nothing.On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia， he answered “Terrible ”.關于形式賓語itWe must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished.我們必須清楚任何違犯法律的人都將受到懲罰。I fi

47、nd it necessary that we should ask him for his advice.我發(fā)現我們有必要征求他的意見。5.名詞性從句重難點在名詞性從句中，疑問句要用陳述句的語序。例如：Can you make sure _the gold ring ?A.where Alice had put B.where had Alice putC.where Alice has put D.where has Alice putYou cant imagine _when they received these nice Christmas presents.A.how they

48、were excited B.how excited they wereC.how excited were they D.they were how excited動詞 doubt 用在疑問句或否定句中，其后賓語從句常用 that 作連接詞；用在肯定句中，連接詞用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用that。Do you doubt that he will win ?I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong .He doubt whether I know it .否定轉移問題。將think， believe， suppose， expec

49、t， fancy， guess， imagine等動詞后面跟賓語從句時否定轉移I dont think I know you.我想我并不認識你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回來。We dont expect he will come tonight ， will he ?注意：若謂語動詞為hope，賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。將seem， appear 等后的從句的否定轉移It doesnt seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。It doe

50、snt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。主謂一致問題。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.What I bought were three English books.語氣問題在含有 suggest ， order ， demand ， propose ， command ， request ， insist， desire， require， advise 等表示要求、命令、建議、決定等意義的動詞后，that從句常用“

51、should動詞原形”的結構I suggest we （should） set off at once. 我建議我們應該立刻出發(fā)。在It is 過去分詞that的主語從句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，proposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required等。It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening.在表語從句或同位語從句中The suggestion that the mayor （should） prese

52、nt the prizes was accepted by everyone.在It is（was）形容詞that從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should ）動詞原形，表示建議或不滿、驚奇等情緒。常用于此類的形容詞有 essential，important，natural，necessary，possible，strange，等。It is necessary that a college student _at least a foreign language.（上海1993）A.masters B.should master C.mastered D.will masterWhat引導名詞從句的特殊含義：What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality.（what為“所的事”