非謂語動詞精講與精煉

1、非謂語動詞綜合同步非謂語動詞綜合同步不定式不定式動名詞動名詞分詞分詞非謂語動詞非謂語動詞1 非謂語動詞的詞性及句法功能非謂語動詞的詞性及句法功能2 句法功能的區(qū)別句法功能的區(qū)別3 非謂語動詞的形式非謂語動詞的形式4 非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)1. 詞性：詞性：詞性詞性在句中成分在句中成分名名形形副副主主賓賓表表賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)定定狀狀不定式不定式分詞分詞動名詞動名詞2. 句法功能的區(qū)別：句法功能的區(qū)別：動名詞動名詞不定式不定式In many countries, shaking ones head means “no” and nodding means “yes”.To write a

2、 science fiction is his wish.Its dangerous to play/playing with fire.(1).兩者作主語一般可以通用，意義沒有多大差別。兩者作主語一般可以通用，意義沒有多大差別。(2). 不定式一般表示特定的，具體的行為，特別是不定式一般表示特定的，具體的行為，特別是表將來的一次行為；動名詞常表示抽象的，一般表將來的一次行為；動名詞常表示抽象的，一般的行為。的行為。It is no use _(argue) with him about that.arguing3. 在含有在含有no, -less，常用動名詞短語作主語。，常用動名詞短語作主語

3、。Eg.It is no use doing.; It is useless doingIt is no good doing; It is no help doingIt is fun doing不定式不定式動名詞動名詞分詞分詞The story is moving.A way of saying “I am hungry” is patting the stomach before a meal.My task this class is to teach you how to grasp the grammar. 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征，相當(dāng)于形容詞，因此現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特

4、征，相當(dāng)于形容詞，因此 它前面可用它前面可用very, quite 或表示比較意義的或表示比較意義的more, most 來來 修飾；修飾；動名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，可以與句中的動名詞作表語說明主語的內(nèi)容，可以與句中的主語交換位置。由于動名詞具有明顯的名詞特征，故不主語交換位置。由于動名詞具有明顯的名詞特征，故不能用以上表示程度或比較意義的詞修飾。能用以上表示程度或比較意義的詞修飾。不定式則表示不定式則表示某一次具體的行為，類似于作主語。某一次具體的行為，類似于作主語。His hobby is playing football. Or: Playing football is his hob

5、by.The volleyball match we watched was very exciting.2. 動名詞作表語時，該句的主語有很大的局限性，動名詞作表語時，該句的主語有很大的局限性，主要是主要是job, work, task, duty, wish, happiness, 等；等；現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時的主語范圍廣泛得多。現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時的主語范圍廣泛得多。He The little babyThe scientific novelTo read a novel at the momentWhat he saidis interesting.動名詞動名詞不定式不定式根據(jù)習(xí)慣搭配和語義區(qū)

6、分根據(jù)習(xí)慣搭配和語義區(qū)分:習(xí)慣接動名詞作賓語的有：習(xí)慣接動名詞作賓語的有：admit, allow, mind, finish, enjoy, doubt, escape, excuse, forgive, forbid, permit, understand, include, delay,avoid, risk, consider, practise, suggest, advise, miss, appreciate, imagine, keep, postponeput off, give up, insist on, be used to, look forward to, stic

7、k to, devote to, be worth, see to; object to（反對）（反對）, pay attention to, get down to.習(xí)慣于后接動詞不定式而不接動名詞作賓語的習(xí)慣于后接動詞不定式而不接動名詞作賓語的動詞有：動詞有：want, wish, hope, expect, promise,pretend, decide, manage, refuse, learn, agree,plan, offer, long, demand, help, manage,prepare, learn, determine, prefer, intend, etc.

8、動名詞與不定式的不同含義：動名詞與不定式的不同含義：be afraid to do 不敢、害怕做某事不敢、害怕做某事be afraid of doing 擔(dān)心發(fā)生某事?lián)陌l(fā)生某事forget to do sth. 忘記去做某事（未做）忘記去做某事（未做）forget doing sth. 忘記做過了某事（已做）忘記做過了某事（已做）remember to do sth. 記著去做某事（未做）記著去做某事（未做）remember doing sth. 記著做了某事（已做）記著做了某事（已做）regret to do sth. 遺憾地說遺憾地說/告訴告訴regret doing sth. 后悔做了

9、后悔做了stop to do sth.stop doing sth.try to do sth.try doing sth. mean to do sth. mean doing sth.go on to do sth.go on doing sth.cant help doing sth. 情不自禁，不禁情不自禁，不禁 cant help (to) do sth. 不能幫忙做不能幫忙做 permit / allow / advise /consider/ forbid/encourage / recommend doing sth. sb. to do sth. start / begin

10、/ continue / like / love / hate/attempt/intend/ prefer/dislike doing sth. to do sth. want /need/ require doing sth (被動含義被動含義) to do sth (主動含義）主動含義）The house requires / needs / wants repairing.The book is worth reading. 動名詞動名詞分詞分詞不定式不定式Do you know the man talking with a black there?The carrying pole

11、reminds me of our bitter days in the past.There will be many people to help you. =who is talking The pole for carrying things1. 所含時態(tài)意義所含時態(tài)意義:the laughing audienceHave you read the book 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea written by Jules Verne?The next boy to play went to the piano.He is always the first o

12、ne to get up.The woman standing by the sea is crying.分詞分詞正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生了的動作正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生了的動作不定式不定式尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的將來的行為或表示一般性尚未實(shí)現(xiàn)的將來的行為或表示一般性 敘述而無一定的時間性。敘述而無一定的時間性。動名詞動名詞表示被修飾詞的目的或用途表示被修飾詞的目的或用途2 邏輯關(guān)系：邏輯關(guān)系： 分詞分詞 主謂關(guān)系（可改成定語從句）主謂關(guān)系（可改成定語從句） 動名詞表示被修飾詞的目的或用途動名詞表示被修飾詞的目的或用途 不定式多種邏輯關(guān)系不定式多種邏輯關(guān)系The labto be builtbeing built can be

13、 made use of. built last yearThe rising sun-the sun that is risingA broken glass- a glass that is brokenThe light is off. Please give me some candles to give light. ( some candles that give light)主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系 A hard job to do-a hard job that one must do動賓關(guān)系動賓關(guān)系A(chǔ) place to rest-a place where one can rest動

14、狀關(guān)系動狀關(guān)系The plan to open up rice fields同謂關(guān)系同謂關(guān)系3. 現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞falling leavesfallen leavesexiting newsexited students-ing 令人令人; -ed 表示所修飾詞本身的特征表示所修飾詞本身的特征a disappointing voice; a disappointed voice boiling water 正在沸騰的水正在沸騰的水 boiled water 開水開水 the changing world 變化中的世界變化中的世界 the changed world 變化了

15、的世界變化了的世界 the developing countries 發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展中國家 the developed countries 發(fā)達(dá)國家發(fā)達(dá)國家 falling leaves 正在落下的葉子正在落下的葉子 fallen leaves 落葉落葉 rising sun 正在升起的太陽正在升起的太陽 risen sun 已經(jīng)升起的太陽已經(jīng)升起的太陽 注意：注意：1?，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示動作正在進(jìn)。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時，表示動作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語動詞的表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。行或與謂語動詞的表示的動作幾乎同時發(fā)生。如兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作如兩個動作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作

16、定語，而要用定語從句。定語，而要用定語從句。1. The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window.2. Yesterday, mother told me an event which happened five years ago. 2. 不定式作定語不定式作定語 Change the following into infinitives. He was the first person that came to the classroom this morning. Do you have anything that

17、 you want to say? Here are some books that you can read. He thought out a plan _ (punish) Tom. He is always the last _ (come) to office Please give me a knife _ (cut) with. 作定語的不定式如是不及物動詞，不定式后作定語的不定式如是不及物動詞，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。不定式不定式分詞分詞使役動詞使役動詞：make, let, leave, get, have感覺動詞感覺動詞：find, see, watch

18、, notice, hear, feel, listen to, observe, look atIts cold out side, we had the fire burning all night.Mum had him wash the plates.I saw him go upstairs.I saw him going upstairs（已經(jīng)上去了，全過程已經(jīng)上去了，全過程）（此刻的行為此刻的行為）不定式不定式分詞分詞1.Every day he climbed to a high rock near his cave to keep watch.2. Two years lat

19、er, her father disappeared , never to return.3. Im very glad to have this stamp again.4. It is too dark for us to see anything in the room.5. He is old enough to look after himself.目的目的結(jié)果結(jié)果原因原因程度程度程度程度不定式主要作目的，結(jié)果和程度狀語不定式主要作目的，結(jié)果和程度狀語1. Once fleeing Germany, Einstein went first to France, then to Bel

20、gium2. Being a shy man, Einstein didnt attend the great celebration.3. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dog.4. Given more time, I can do it better.5. Weighing almost 100 jin, the stone was moved by him alone.6. The boy stood up, obliging me to rise, too.時間時間原因原因方式，伴隨方式，伴隨條件條件讓步讓步結(jié)果結(jié)果1。分詞

21、在句中主要作時間，原因，方式或伴。分詞在句中主要作時間，原因，方式或伴隨，條件，讓步，結(jié)果狀語。隨，條件，讓步，結(jié)果狀語。分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語分詞和不定式作結(jié)果狀語My grandfather lived to see the liberation of China.Tonys father died, leaving him a lot of money.He went home, only to find his money stolen.（動作行為）（動作行為）（狀態(tài)）（狀態(tài)）2。不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生的過程或未曾料到的不定式強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生的過程或未曾料到的不愉快的結(jié)果不愉快的結(jié)果；分詞主要

22、表示動作發(fā)生后所分詞主要表示動作發(fā)生后所引起的結(jié)果狀態(tài)或必然產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。引起的結(jié)果狀態(tài)或必然產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞作狀語Many people come to theme parks, looking for thrills and entertainment. Once published, his work became famous for the absence of rhyme at the end of each line.主語是分詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者分詞用主語是分詞所表示動作的執(zhí)行者分詞用doing / having done，如果是分詞所表示動作

23、的承受者，如果是分詞所表示動作的承受者，分詞用分詞用done / having been done。注意：注意：1。狀態(tài)動詞或相當(dāng)于狀態(tài)動詞的一些詞。狀態(tài)動詞或相當(dāng)于狀態(tài)動詞的一些詞。She sat there, lost in thought.After a days work, he went home, tired out.2. 一些使役性動詞，如：一些使役性動詞，如：disappoint / excite / surprise / move / interest / puzzle 。 Surprised at the news, we got together talking abou

24、t it. The game _ (interest) the boys. The boys are _ the game.The game is _. I wonder why football _ boys. A. has interestedB. is interested inC. interesting D. interested_ (excite) at the news, the boys rushed to watch the game._ (Fill) with joy, I started off. interestsinterested ininterestingAExc

25、itedFilled 3 不定式在作表語的形容詞后面作狀語時，用不定式在作表語的形容詞后面作狀語時，用主動形式表被動意思。主動形式表被動意思。This question is difficult _ (answer).Do you think him easy_ (work) with?We find this rule hard _ (remember).4 有些分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成分，有些分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成分， 含有含有“泛指泛指”意義，在句中常作插入語。如：意義，在句中常作插入語。如：generally speaking, judging from, talking of, suppo

26、sing, consideringJudging from his accent, he is a southerner.to answerto /to / 注注1：分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語須與句子的主語一致，構(gòu)成主動或被動的關(guān)系。一致，構(gòu)成主動或被動的關(guān)系。 注注2： 表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞表示時間關(guān)系的分詞短語有時可由連接詞while或或when引導(dǎo)。引導(dǎo)。 注注3：有時，：有時，”with + 名詞（或代詞賓格）名詞（或代詞賓格）+ 分詞分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況。的結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況。 注注4: 當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，分當(dāng)分

27、詞的邏輯主語與主句的主語不同時，分詞須有自己的主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（見后）詞須有自己的主語，構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。（見后）While watching TV, he heard someone shoutingshout for help.With the work done, he went home.Weather permitting, well go outing tomorrow.Moved by his words, tears came to my eyes.3：非謂語動詞的各種形式：（以動詞非謂語動詞的各種形式：（以動詞do為例）為例）主動主動被動被動一般一般完成完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行完

28、成完成進(jìn)行進(jìn)行一般一般完成完成不定式不定式分詞分詞To doTo be doneTo have doneTo have been doneTo be doingTo have beendoingdoingBeing doneHaving doneHaving been done 1。不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：。不定式的時態(tài)與語態(tài)：1）一般式：）一般式：不定式表示的動作常與謂語的動作不定式表示的動作常與謂語的動作同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或在它之后發(fā)生。同時（或幾乎同時）發(fā)生，或在它之后發(fā)生。 I saw him go out.I plan to attend the meeting to be hel

29、d tomorrow. 2）進(jìn)行式：）進(jìn)行式：不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。不定式表示的動作正在進(jìn)行。 Im very glad to be working with you. 3）完成式：）完成式：不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之不定式的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞之Im sorry to have kept you waiting.The article is said to have been read by many people. 2。動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)1）動名詞的時態(tài)：）動名詞的時態(tài)：一般式和完成式一般式和完成式如如G.的動作沒明確表示出時間是與謂語同時的動作沒明確表示出時間是與

30、謂語同時發(fā)生或在謂語之前發(fā)生，用一般式。發(fā)生或在謂語之前發(fā)生，用一般式。We are interested in _ (play) chess.如如G.的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前，通常用完成式。前，通常用完成式。 Im sorry for not _ (keep) my promise. 但在某些詞后，常用一般式，盡管其動作是在謂但在某些詞后，常用一般式，盡管其動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生。 On hearing the bad news, she cried. Ill never forget seeing that f

31、ilm for the first time. 2）動名詞的語態(tài) doing being done having done having been done He was afraid of _ (leave) at home. The house showed no sign of _ (damage). Xu Benyu insisted on being sent to the mountain area to serve the children there.3 現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)：分詞的動作如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后分詞的動作如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后doing，用，用一

32、般式，如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用完成式一般式，如發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前，用完成式having done。 Having enjoyed the rides at the Headland, visitors can take a shuttle to the Lowland.But theme parks also try to make sure that visitors leave knowing more about their theme.4 非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格名詞所有格(Marys)/形容性物主代詞（形容性物主代詞（my

33、）+動名詞動名詞邏輯主語是有生命的名詞：作主語時，須用邏輯主語是有生命的名詞：作主語時，須用名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞；作賓語時，名詞所有格或形容詞性物主代詞；作賓語時，也可用普通格或人稱代詞賓格。也可用普通格或人稱代詞賓格。 Toms (His) coming is what we have expected.1. She didnt mind Jack/ Jacks (him/ his) coming here.2. 邏輯主語是無生命的名詞：只用名詞普格。邏輯主語是無生命的名詞：只用名詞普格。Is there any hope of our team winning the match?3. 邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞邏輯主語是指示代詞或不定代詞