評估大豆生物柴油作為燃氣輪機燃料英文翻譯

1、XXXX大學XX學院本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）翻譯外文原文名 Evaluation of Soya Bio-Diesel as a Gas Turbine Fuel 中文譯名 評估大豆生物柴油作為燃氣輪機燃料 學 院 電氣工程 專業(yè)班級 電氣工程及其自動化1班 學生姓名 XX 學生學號 XXXXXXXX 指導教師 XXXX教授 填寫日期 2015年3月9號 外文原文版出處： Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 1 (3): 205-210, 2010 譯文成績： 指導教師（導師組長）簽名： 譯文：摘要：最近一段時間以來，原油價格已經(jīng)大大的增加，隨

2、著化石燃料的日趨枯竭，生物柴油已經(jīng)成為了石油的替代燃料。在這種情況下渦輪使用生物柴油發(fā)電似乎是氣體問題和環(huán)境問題的解決方案。植物油，由于他們的本身性質(zhì)，可以減少大氣中二氧化碳的凈排放。然而，也有可能出現(xiàn)的問題是在使用植物油過程中的幾項業(yè)務(wù)性和耐用性，相比于礦物柴油燃料生物燃料有其更高的粘度和低揮發(fā)性。生物燃料替代燃料是具有環(huán)保效益的;它們是由可再生資源制成的，它們可以和礦物柴油按任何比例混合。許多渦輪發(fā)動機正在使用生物燃料重復測試性能和排放試驗，但也有極少數(shù)的燃氣渦輪發(fā)動機柴油發(fā)動機已經(jīng)完成測試。生物燃料在渦輪燃燒時火焰穩(wěn)定，此性質(zhì)的產(chǎn)生將使生物燃料在廣泛的范圍里不可替代，當然也有用清潔的燃燒

3、的燃氣渦輪機，如天然氣，石油餾出物，熱解木氣，甲烷，生物柴油等的沼氣。我們目前的工作是對大豆生物柴油生產(chǎn)過程的分析，即反式酯化，不同的參數(shù)會影響反式酯化。在不同的物理環(huán)境下，生物柴油的化學性質(zhì)已被確定并建立，選擇適宜的生物柴油中在燃氣渦輪機燃燒后，再完成在高效液相色譜的分析，找出不同的脂肪酸酯的組合物，這些生物柴油的性質(zhì)，如粘度，燃燒值，冷卻值，流動性，潤滑性和氧化穩(wěn)定性等對脂肪酸的影響將幫助我們選擇最適合的生物柴油作為燃氣輪機的燃料。關(guān)鍵詞：燃氣輪機 生物燃料 替代燃料 排放 高效液相色譜 脂肪酸反式酯化簡介在全球石油產(chǎn)品需求急劇上升和石油儲備限制的性質(zhì)下。因此，正在努力在許多國家正在努力尋

4、找合適的對環(huán)境友好的替代燃料，包括印度。其中存在一個發(fā)展前景還不錯的替代品來替代柴油燃料可能來源，甘油三酯衍生燃料（植物油/動物脂肪），它是可生物降解的，無毒的并且具有低發(fā)射特性，另外，該生物燃料的用途是對環(huán)境有益的。它具有減少污染的水平和降低全球變暖的水平的潛力。在化學上，它被稱為單烷基酯的可再生脂肪源衍生的長鏈脂肪酸。它是各種酯類含氧燃料的可再生生物源的總稱。因此，它可以被認為是能量的可再生能源和有著幾乎取之不盡的源泉，其化學和物理性質(zhì)非常類似于石油的柴油燃料。使用生物柴油的優(yōu)點是它的可生物降解性，因為所有的有機碳都是光合作用的起源，它不利于于二氧化碳在大氣中的轉(zhuǎn)化，因此導致溫室效應(yīng)的水平

5、的上升。它具有更高的十六烷值因此爆炸的可能性很低。人身安全也得到提高，閃電約100，比柴油更高。 它是由植物油通過一個反式酯化方法修改它們的分子結(jié)構(gòu)而產(chǎn)生，反式酯化涉及甘油三酯和醇在催化劑的作用下產(chǎn)生甘油和酯進行反應(yīng)。使用植物油燃料并不是一個新的發(fā)展，魯?shù)婪虿裼蜋C，柴油發(fā)動機的發(fā)明者，在1900年使用花生油作為燃料為他的柴油發(fā)動機在巴黎世界展覽中展覽，但是，隨著廉價的石油燃料的到來植物油的使用就下降了。根據(jù)氣候和土壤條件，不同的國家正在研究不同的植物油以用于柴油燃料，例如，大豆油。美國和歐洲的油菜、向日葵油，東南亞（主要是馬來西亞和印度尼西亞）和菲律賓椰子的油棕櫚油都被視為替代柴油燃

6、料。生物柴油的特性接近柴油燃料，因此，生物柴油作為很強的候選替換柴油燃料。甘油三酯甲基或乙基酯通過酯交換反應(yīng)過程轉(zhuǎn)化降低了分子量的三分之一，該甘油三酯的由降低了大約8倍的粘度和提高的波動幅度不大，生物柴油的粘度接近柴油燃料。這些酯含有10至11的氧氣重量，這可能會促進烴系柴油燃料的燃燒比。生物柴油的十六烷值約為50。生物柴油具有比柴油燃料較低的體積（約12），但具有更高的十六烷值和閃點。高閃點屬性降低其波動性特征。最近有一個調(diào)控限制了柴油燃料中的硫含量，這反過來又降低了柴油的潤滑性。生物柴油添加柴油共混物是一個有趣的選擇，能提高發(fā)動機的性能（較高的十六烷值）和恢復其潤滑性。除了這一點，使用生物

7、柴油對環(huán)境能產(chǎn)生有益的影響，因為它減少一氧化碳，二氧化硫，未燃燒的烴，聚芳香烴和顆粒物的排放。燃氣輪機驅(qū)動的熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)廠可以靠近能源消耗網(wǎng)，它可以產(chǎn)生自己的燃料。由于燃氣渦輪機是在大功率范圍內(nèi)可用，它們非常適合于這種應(yīng)用，此外，使用生物柴油發(fā)電將減少化石燃料的消耗。然而，關(guān)于在氣體渦輪機中使用生物柴油的信息是有限的。電力生產(chǎn)商需要通過明智的決策建立一個與以生物柴油為知識庫的商業(yè)基礎(chǔ)而去使用，還包括燃氣輪機與生物柴油的需求的技術(shù)可行性的評估。此處包含的工作范圍，對生物柴油的性能與柴油進行比較，大豆生物柴油和柴油的所有特征已經(jīng)在高效液相色譜法進行分析了，找出最適合的脂肪酸將有助于選擇生物柴油的來源燃

8、氣輪機應(yīng)用。反式酯化：反式酯化（也稱為醇）是一種植物油與醇形成的酯和甘油的反應(yīng)，催化劑是用來提高反應(yīng)速率和吸收率的。過量的醇是用來平衡產(chǎn)物由于反應(yīng)而轉(zhuǎn)移的可逆性。最后的步驟，甘油三酯轉(zhuǎn)化二甘油酯，二甘油酯轉(zhuǎn)化單甘油酯。在反式酯化方法，我們可以使用不同的催化劑。當催化劑NaOH或KOH與酒精混合，實際的催化劑會形成醇鹽組，堿催化轉(zhuǎn)酯化，酒精必須無水，因為水使部分反應(yīng)改變皂化，產(chǎn)生肥皂。如果在上述反應(yīng)中使用醇，那就是甲醇。甲醇一般是首選，因為它成本低且易于獲得。甘油三酯與甲醇的反應(yīng)是由一般式表示：甘油三酯+ROH+催化劑甘油二酯+R'COOR甘油二酯+ROH+催化劑單甘酯+R“COOR單甘

9、油酯+ROH+催化劑甘油R+“'COOR這里連續(xù)發(fā)生的三個反應(yīng)被認為是可逆的。第一步是甘油三酸酯和二甘油酯的轉(zhuǎn)化，接著甘油二酯轉(zhuǎn)化成單甘油酯和通過單甘油酯轉(zhuǎn)化成甘油。因此，一種甘油三酯能轉(zhuǎn)化成三酯。此處的脂肪酸甲酯（稱為生物柴油）有作為替代的柴油燃料的效果。這個方法優(yōu)選應(yīng)用于游離脂肪酸水平高達2% 4 。這里的游離脂肪酸將刪除過程中被認為是廢物的浪費。這個過程減少了甘油三酯的粘度單不影響原燃料的熱值。因此，燃油霧化之后燃燒和排放顯示出更好的結(jié)果，高游離脂肪酸轉(zhuǎn)酯化植物油不能經(jīng)酯化和堿催化生物柴油。堿催化劑與游離脂肪酸反應(yīng)形成肥皂將防止生物柴油（單酯）的分離和甘油。通過使用酸催化劑，生物

10、柴油可從高酸油中生產(chǎn)。酸催化的反應(yīng)比游離脂肪酸對單酯的甘油三酯的酯 5 反應(yīng)速度。酸催化劑的出現(xiàn)有效地將甘油三酯轉(zhuǎn)化為游離脂肪酸的酯。所以這就是以酸酯化的酯化反應(yīng)為基礎(chǔ)的高酸值油脂 6 生產(chǎn)生物柴油的機理。程序如下：在目前的工作中大豆油已經(jīng)作為用來生產(chǎn)生物柴油的原料。該實驗是在實驗室中進行的，該實驗裝置包括一個磁攪拌器/機械攪拌器，加熱裝置和與貼身衣帽，750毫升玻璃燒瓶中，水冷式冷凝器，汽化的甲醇反應(yīng)混合物.油的游離脂肪酸值是通過冷凝器滴定法測定的。油的游離脂肪值是大約一半的油的酸值。油的酸值為0.06毫克/g，油先在約70-90°C的熱板上加熱約10分鐘，隨著水分子的蒸發(fā)油也就留

11、下來了，每一個在油中的水分子都會破壞催化劑。在另一個200ml/公斤燒瓶的植物油中取出甲醇，保持甲醇與油的摩爾比約6:1。在1濃度KOH的加入該甲醇，在約40-50下加熱該甲醇的KOH混合物。由于甲醇鉀將在反應(yīng)中形成，預熱植物油，油的溫度恒定保持在約60，低于甲醇的沸點，攪拌速率保持在約600轉(zhuǎn)。讓這個過程持續(xù)約1小時。這個甲醇反應(yīng)將脂肪酸轉(zhuǎn)換成生物柴油和甘油。在完成后的過程里，將混合物放入到分離器中分離，該混合物含有甘油三酸酯，甘油二酯，單甘油酯，甘油，酒精和催化劑，分別在不同濃度中.分離上層之后的生物柴油用熱蒸餾水（70-80）洗滌后保持自然狀態(tài)，從生物柴油中除去水分并在90-100溫度下

12、干燥7。外文原文：Abstract:In the recent past, the crude oil prices have increased immensely as the fossil fuels are depleting, biodiesel has emerged as an alternative fuel for the petroleum. In this context the use of bio-diesel in the gas turbine seems a solution for power generation problems and their env

13、ironmental concerns. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere. However, there are several operational and durability problems which may arise in using straight vegetable oils, which are because of their higher viscosity and l

14、ow volatility compared to mineral diesel fuel. Bio-fuels, an alternative fuels are having environmental benefit as; they are made from renewable sources. It can be blended in any proportion with mineral Diesel. Many performance and emission tests are being carried out in reciprocating diesel engines

15、 that use bio fuel but there are very few tests has been done on gas turbine engines. The gas turbine combustion is steady flame combustion. This feature creates the wide range for the different alternative fuels for clean combustion in the gas turbine, such as natural gas, petroleum distillates, py

16、rolysis wood gas, biogas of methanisation,bio-dieseletc. The present work is an analysis of the Soya bio-diesel production process i.e. trans-esterification, the different parameters affecting on trans-esterification. The different physical and chemical properties of this bio-diesel and diesel has b

17、een determined and compared to establish the suitability of the bio-diesel in the gas turbine. An analysis on High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has been done to find out the composition of the different fatty acid esters. The effect of these fatty acids on the property of the bio-diesel

18、has also been explained such as viscosity, heat of combustion, cetane No, cold flow properties, lubricity and oxidative stability etc. This will also help us to select best suited bio-diesel for the gas turbine.Key words:Gas turbine Bio-fuel Alternative fuels Emission HPLC Chromatograph Fatty Acids

19、Trans-esterificationThere is a steep rise in the demand of petroleum products in the world and the petroleum reserves are limited in nature. Hence, efforts are under way in many countries, including India, to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Among the different po

20、ssible sources, fuels derived from triglycerides (vegetable oils/animal fats) also present a promising alternative to substitute diesel fuels. It is biodegradable,non-toxic and possesses low emission properties, also, the uses of this bio-fuel is environmentally beneficial. It has the potential to r

21、educe the level of pollution and the level of global warming.Chemically, it is referred to as the mono-alkyl-esters of long-chain-fatty acids derived from renewable lipid sources. It is the name for a variety of ester based oxygenated fuel from renewable biological sources. So, it can be considered

22、as a renewable and practically inexhaustible source of energy. Its chemical and physical properties closely resemble those of the petroleum diesel fuel. The advantage of using bio-diesel is its biodegradability and given that all the organic carbon present is photosynthetic in origin, it does not co

23、ntribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the greenhouse effect. It has reasonable high cetane number and hence level of global warming. possesses less knocking tendency. Personal safety is also improved as flash point is about 100°C higher than tha

24、t of diesel. It is derived from vegetable oils by modifying their molecular structure through a trans-esterification process. Trans-esterification involves a reaction in a triglyceride and alcohol in presence of a catalyst to produce glycerol and ester.The use of vegetable oil based fuels is not a r

25、ecent development, Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of diesel engine, used peanut oil as a fuel for his diesel engine at the world exhibition at Paris in 1900. But, subsequently use of vegetable oils got decreased due to advent of cheap petroleum based fuels. Depending upon climate and soil conditions, d

26、ifferent nations are looking into different vegetable oils for diesel fuels. For example, Soya bean oil in the United States, rapeseed and sunflower oils in Europe, palm oil in Southeast Asia (mainly Malaysia and Indonesia) and coconut oil in The Philippines are being considered as substitutes for d

27、iesel fuels.The characteristics of bio-diesel are close to diesel fuels and therefore bio-diesel becomes a strong candidate to replace the diesel fuels. The conversion of triglycerides into methyl or ethyl esters through the trans-esterification process reduces the molecular weight to one-third that

28、 of the triglyceride reduces the viscosity by a factor of about eight and increases the volatility marginally. Bio-diesel has viscosity close to diesel fuels. These esters contain 10 to 11% oxygen by weight, which may encourage more combustion than hydrocarbon-based diesel fuels. The cetane number o

29、f bio-diesel is around 50. Bio-diesel has lower volumetric heating values (about 12%) than diesel fuels but has a high cetane number and flash point. The high flash point attributes to its lower volatility characteristics.There is a recent regulation, which has restricted sulfur content in diesel fu

30、el, which in turn has reduced the lubricity in diesel. The bio-diesel addition in dieselblends is an interesting option to enhance the engine performance (higher cetane number) and restoring its lubricity. In addition to this, the use of bio-diesel has a beneficial impact on the environment, since i

31、t decreases the emissions of CO, SO2, unburned hydrocarbons, poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and particulate matter.Gas turbine driven co-generation plants can be located close to energy consumption sites, which can produce their own fuel. Since gas turbines are available in large power range, the

32、y are well suited for this application.In addition, using bio-diesel for power generation will reduce the consumption of fossil fuels. However,information regarding the use of bio-diesel in gas turbines is limited.There exists a need to build a knowledge base relating to bio-diesel so that informed

33、decisions by power producers can be made. Before bio-diesel can be used on a commercial basis, the technical feasibility of firing gas turbines with bio-diesel needs to be assessed. The scope of work included here, is to compare the properties of bio-diesel with diesel. For this purpose all the char

34、acteristics of soya bio-diesel and diesel have been analyzed on HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) to find out best suited fatty acid. It will also help to select the source of bio-diesel for gas turbine applications.Trans-Esterification:Trans-esterification (also called alcoholysis) is t

35、he reaction of a vegetable oil with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol. A catalyst is used to improve the reaction rate and yield. Excess alcohol is used to shift the equilibrium toward the product because of reversible nature of reaction 2. The triglycerides are converted step wise to di-glycer

36、ides, mono glyceride and finally glycerol. In trans-esterification method we can use different catalyst. When NaOH or KOH, catalyst mixed with alcohol, the actual catalysts, alkoxide group is formed. For an alkali catalyzed trans-esterification, the alcohol must be substantially anhydrous, because w

37、ater makes the reaction partially change to saponification,which produces soap 3.If methanol is used in the above reaction, it is termed methanolysis. Methanol is generally preferred due to its low cost and easy availability. The reaction of triglyceride with methanol is represented by the general e

38、quation.Triglyceride ROH catalyst diglyceride R 'COORDiglyceride ROH catalyst monoglyceride R"COORmonoglyceride ROH catalyst glycerol R '"COORHere three consecutive and reversible reactions are believed to occur. The first step is the conversion of triglycerides to di-glycerides, f

39、ollowed by the conversion of di-glycerides to mono-glycerides and of monoglycerides to glycerol, yielding one methyl ester molecule from each glyceride at each step. Hence from one triglyceride, three esters are formed. Here the fatty acid methyl esters (known as bio-diesel) are attractive as altern

40、ative diesel fuels.This process preferably should be used for the FFA (Free fatty acids) level up to 2% 4. Here the FFAs will remove from the process stream as soap and considered waste. This process reduces the viscosity of triglycerides without affecting the calorific value of the original fuel.Th

41、erefore fuel atomization, combustion and exhaust emissions display better results after trans-esterification.Vegetable oils with high FFA can not be trans-esterified to bio-diesel with base catalysts. The base catalyst will react with the free fatty acid and form the soap which will prevent the sepa

42、ration of bio-diesel (mono esters) and glycerin. By using acid catalysts, bio-diesel could be produced from high FFA oils. The acid catalyzed reaction of the FFA to monoesters was faster than the reaction of triglycerides to monoesters 5. Acid catalysts appear to effectively convert FFA to esters. S

43、o acid esterification followed by base esterification to be the mechanism to produce bio-diesel from high FFA oils 6.Procedures Followed:In the present work soya oil has been used as a raw material for the production of biodiesel. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory,the experimental setup

44、 comprised of a magnetic stirrer /mechanical stirrer, heating device and a 750 ml glass flask with air tights cap and a water cooled condenser that returned any vaporized methanol to the reacting mixture.The FFA value of the oil is determined by the titration method. The FFA value of the oil is about half of the acid value of the oil. The acid value of the oil was 0.06 mg K