功能翻譯理論文獻(xiàn)

1、從功能理論視角看戴譯本邊城中文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯策略與方法On the Translation Strategies and Methods of Culture-loaded Words in The Border Town: A Functional PerspectiveMain Aim: To explore whether the translation strategies and methods of culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs thanlation of The Border Town, chosen within the framew

2、ork of German functionalism, will facilitate the realization of the intended purpose of the translation.To analyze how the target text is able to arouse foreign readers intrerest in Chinese literature and culture and promote the overseas dissemination of Chinese literature and culture while establis

3、hing a new image of China in the world.Drawing inspiration from German functionalism, the thesis aims to explore the workability of translation strategies and methods of culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs English version of The Border Town from its perspective.Firstly,The translation of by Gladys

4、Yang is well worth researching. Biancheng is the representative work of Shen Congwen, who enjoys high reputation in the literature world. Known as a pastoral, Biancheng depicts the beautiful scenery, distinctive folklore and local customs in a small town in west Hunan in 1930s when it was little tou

5、ched by mercantilism and modern ideology. Its full of strong local culture and pure human nature.Secondly, there are four English translation of this work, including Emily Paynes The Frontier City in 1974, Jeffery Kinkleys Border Town in2009 and The Border Town by Gladys Yang in 1981. Gladys bilingu

6、al and bicultural competence is a representation. Gladyss version belongs to an institutional translation work which has a clear Skopos, which is taken as a top-ranking rule, applicable to the annalysis of Gladys The Border Town. 功能翻譯理論 國外功能派翻譯理論研究一、功能派翻譯理論提出的背景二、功能派翻譯理論的形成和發(fā)展三、總結(jié)功能派翻譯理論提出的背景20世紀(jì)六七十

7、年代，德國譯學(xué)界深受結(jié)構(gòu)主義語言學(xué)的影響，“對等” 成為了翻譯研究的中心。功能派翻譯理論就是這時興起并逐步深化。它將研究視線從源語文本轉(zhuǎn)向目標(biāo)與文本，成為當(dāng)代德國譯學(xué)界影響最大，最活躍的學(xué)派。功能派翻譯理論的形成和發(fā)展功能派翻譯理論是20世紀(jì)70年代德國學(xué)者凱瑟林娜賴斯(Kantharina Reiss)、漢斯費(fèi)米爾(HansVermeer)、賈斯塔赫茲曼塔利(Justa Holz Mantari)和克里斯蒂安諾德(Christiane Nord)等提出的翻譯理論 。它的形成大體經(jīng)歷了四個階段，其頗具里程碑意義的理論是賴斯的功能主義翻譯批評理論(functional category of t

8、ranslation criticism)，費(fèi)米爾的目的論及其延伸理論(Skopostheorie and beyond)，曼塔利的翻譯行為理論(theory of translation action)和諾德的功能加忠誠理論(function plus loyalty)。1、賴斯與功能主義翻譯批評理論德國功能主義翻譯學(xué)派先導(dǎo)人物是賴斯，她在1971年出版的翻譯批評的可能性與局限性一書中，提出了“功能派理論思想的雛形”。賴斯認(rèn)為，翻譯批評的研究對象不僅只是文學(xué)翻譯，還應(yīng)包括其他各種不同語言之間的信息傳遞現(xiàn)象。她將語言的功能總結(jié)為三類：描述、表達(dá)和訴請。但在現(xiàn)實文本中，語言的三種功能不一定同時出

9、現(xiàn)、同等重要。因此，她又根據(jù)文本中主導(dǎo)的語言功能的不同將文本劃分為三類：以內(nèi)容為重的文本，以形式為重的文本和以訴請為重的文本。除了以上三種文本，賴斯還總結(jié)了一種語音文本。這種以聲音為媒介的文本可以根據(jù)其文本功能歸屬到上述三類文本中去。同時，針對不同類型的文本，賴斯還提出了具體的翻譯方法。她認(rèn)為“不同類型的文本采用不同的翻譯方法”。同時賴斯還羅列了一系列的言內(nèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和言外標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，用以評價譯文的充分性。 她在對等的問題上，表現(xiàn)的更為靈活。可以通過適當(dāng)?shù)膭h減和補(bǔ)充，最大限度的實現(xiàn)源語文本在目標(biāo)語中功能的轉(zhuǎn)換。但是，這些翻譯思想過分依賴語言學(xué)，忽略了文化、譯者等其它因素對翻譯的影響。2、漢斯弗米爾和目的論

10、賴斯的學(xué)生費(fèi)米爾突破了對等理論的限制，正式提出了翻譯“目的論”skopos theory（普通翻譯理論的框架1978）。這是功能主義翻譯學(xué)派的主體理論，也是該理論學(xué)派最重要的理論。該理論以文本目的為翻譯過程的第一準(zhǔn)則。目的論關(guān)注的是“譯作的目的”，因為這決定了譯者在翻譯過程中所采取的翻譯方法和策略以及翻譯技巧。功能目的論包含三大規(guī)則：目的性規(guī)則（翻譯中所要遵循的首要法則）、連貫性規(guī)則（主要強(qiáng)調(diào)譯文在譯入語中的可讀性及其交際意義）和忠實性規(guī)則（即通常所說的譯文要忠實于原文）?！澳康恼摗钡姆g即意味著“目標(biāo)語情景中為某種目的及目的受眾而生產(chǎn)的語篇”。目的論注重對翻譯委托人的考慮，打破了傳統(tǒng)只考慮原

11、文作者、譯者、譯文讀者的局限。目的論強(qiáng)調(diào)主體的主動性與參與性，并且認(rèn)為原文主要發(fā)揮提供信息的作用，從而將翻譯的焦點由對原文的忠實再現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文的創(chuàng)作，推翻了原文的中心地位，從而樹立了譯文和譯者的中心地位。目的論把翻譯看做是一種文化比較，是在一定的文化語境中進(jìn)行的跨文化交際，把翻譯放到一個宏大的文化語境中去審視。其不足之處表現(xiàn)在，對翻譯目的的過分強(qiáng)調(diào)，強(qiáng)化了對譯者和譯文的目的，忽視了原文的一些具體特征，很可能造成錯譯、誤譯、漏譯等；比如，把格列夫游記翻譯成兒童作品，可能會忽略掉原文作者所要表達(dá)的真正意義。3、賈斯塔霍茲曼塔利和翻譯行為繼費(fèi)米爾提出“目的論”之后，賈斯塔霍爾茲曼塔利比弗米爾更進(jìn)一步

12、拓展了功能主義翻譯理論適用的領(lǐng)域。她以行為理論作為基礎(chǔ)，提出了“翻譯行為”（ translation action）這一概念。曼塔利視翻譯為一種跨文化、跨語言的交際行為，而非單純的語言轉(zhuǎn)換過程。她特別重視對行為參與者（發(fā)起人、委托人、譯者、譯文使用者、信息接受者等）和環(huán)境條件（時間、地點、媒介）的分析。她關(guān)注譯者在以勞動分工為特征的社會中所處的地位，給予譯者威信，使其以跨文化交流專家和客戶可靠的合作伙伴身份出現(xiàn)。 4、克里斯蒂安諾德與功能加忠誠理論克里斯蒂安諾德是德國翻譯研究界的領(lǐng)袖人物。1997年，她發(fā)表了英語專著Translating as a Purposeful ActivityFun

13、ctionalist Approaches Explained 翻譯是一種有目的的活動：功能翻譯理論解釋。該書全面介紹了德國功能翻譯學(xué)派的理論，同時說明了她本人的功能翻譯觀點。她把忠誠原作引入功能主義模式，希望解決翻譯中的激進(jìn)功能主義問題。諾德指出“功能主義”翻譯理論是指專注于文本和翻譯的一種或者多種功能的一種理論流派（Functionalist means focusing on the function or functions of texts and translations.)在翻譯中的語篇分析一書中，諾德首次提出“功能加忠誠”的概念。功能加忠誠構(gòu)成了諾德功能主義方法論的兩大基礎(chǔ)。功

14、能指的是使譯文在目的語環(huán)境中按預(yù)定的方式運(yùn)作的因素；忠誠指的是譯者、原文作者、譯文接受人及翻譯發(fā)起人之間的人際關(guān)系。諾德說，忠誠“使譯者同時忠于源語和目的語兩方面，但不能把它與忠實的概念混為一談，因為忠實僅僅指向原文與譯文的關(guān)系，而忠誠是個人際范疇的概念，指的是人與人之間的社會關(guān)系”。總結(jié)功能主義翻譯理論的出現(xiàn)，標(biāo)志著翻譯研究的全面轉(zhuǎn)向：即由原先占主導(dǎo)地位的語言學(xué)以及側(cè)重形式的譯論轉(zhuǎn)向更加注重功能和社會文化因素的譯論。這一轉(zhuǎn)向得益于交際理論、行為理論、話語語言學(xué)、語篇學(xué)以及文學(xué)研究中趨向于接受理論的一系列研究性活動，具有嚴(yán)密的科學(xué)性和更大的理論包容性。這使“翻譯研究逐漸擺脫了關(guān)于翻譯轉(zhuǎn)換的靜態(tài)

15、語言學(xué)分類”，開始了多元化的翻譯批評標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 對世界翻譯理論界來說，德國功能學(xué)派以巨大的勇氣擺脫直譯意譯和對等理論的束縛，將翻譯定義從翻譯即文本從原語一一對應(yīng)地轉(zhuǎn)換為目的語的觀點中解放出來，擴(kuò)展成為翻譯行為，包括跨文化的一切語言符號與非語言符號的轉(zhuǎn)換，把翻譯研究納入跨文化交際研究中。功能派翻譯理論打破了兩千年來的直譯意譯之爭，提出只要譯者采用的翻譯方法符合交際目標(biāo)，就可以自由選擇翻譯方法。因此，譯者的地位得到了提高，甚至與原作者、編輯、客戶同等重要。同時，功能翻譯理論也有其固有的局限。翻譯活動的正常情況應(yīng)是文化之間的交流與溝通，是信息資源的傳遞與共享，是國際間合作的橋梁和紐帶，是不同民族間人們交

16、往的手段。但如果原作者的個人意志可以被隨意歪曲甚至剝奪，原文信息可以任意篡改，允許譯者的個人意志無限度地放縱或張揚(yáng)，其結(jié)果必然會影響，甚至破壞文化交流。另外，翻譯目的論者主張從宏觀上界定翻譯，但譯者不一定能準(zhǔn)確把握譯文目的，要么用歸化法譯為目的語文化；要么用異化法讓讀者熟悉原語文化，從而忽視了文本的功能問題。 T TRANSLATIONRANSLATION OFOF C CULTUREULTURE- -LOADEDLOADED W WORDSORDS文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯文化負(fù)載詞的翻譯CULTURE-LOADED WORDSDefinitionIn the language system, the

17、 words which can best embody the language carrying cultural information and reflecting the social life of human is culture-loaded words.(在語言系統(tǒng)中，最能體現(xiàn)語言承載的文化信息、反映人類的社會生活的詞匯就是文化負(fù)載詞。)Culture-loaded words refer to those words or phrases which convey a certain kind of cultural connotations or associations

18、 which may or may not be found in other languages or cultures. 文化負(fù)載詞是最能體現(xiàn)語言中濃厚的民族色彩和鮮明文化負(fù)載詞是最能體現(xiàn)語言中濃厚的民族色彩和鮮明的文化的文化個性的詞匯個性的詞匯。IN WESTERN COUNTRIESPeter Newmark（categorized culture-loaded words into five types）ecology（生態(tài)學(xué)）material culture（物質(zhì)文化）social culture（社會文化）organizations, customs, activities, p

19、rocedures, concepts（組織、風(fēng)俗等）gestures（聲勢語言學(xué)） and habitsMona Baker（eight methods）translation by a more general word (superordinate)translation by a more neutral/less expressive wordtranslation by cultural substitutiontranslation using a loan word or loan word plus explanationtranslation by paraphrase u

20、sing a related wordtranslation by paraphrase using unrelated wordstranslation by omission（省譯）translation by illustrationJavier Franco Aixela（eleven translation methods of culture-loaded words）repetitionorthographic adaptationlinguistic(non-cultural) translationextratextual glossintratextual glosssyn

21、onymyLimited universalizationabsolute universatlizationnaturalizationDeletionautonomous creationEirlys Daviespreservation,additionomissionglobalizationlocalizationtransformation,creation Although these researchers have categorized culture-loaded words and proposed their own specific translation meth

22、ods based on their translation practice, it is important to note that few of them tried to provide theoretical or statistical explanation for the translation of culture-loaded words. IN CHINA Because of the difficulties and obstacles resulting from the cultural differences between English and Chines

23、e, especially in literary works, a number of translators and scholars started to put their foci on the translation of culture-loaded words. And many of them proposed their own translation methods in this regard, based on their rich practice experience.Wang Dongfengliteral translation plus annotation

24、intratextual explicationadaptationomissionliteral translationLe Jinshengannotationcontextual amplificationparaphraseadaptationXu Juntransliterationliteral translationliberal translationliteral translation plus denotationGuo JianzhongSL culture-oriented TL culture-oriented Sun Zhiliforeignization fir

25、stfomestication second All the above conclusions, though different, have been reached from the perspective of translation practice. And these researchers concluded their translation methods to deal with specific problems or expressed their tendency to certain translation strategies, but these resear

26、chers didnt provide theoretical explanation or justification for their application of certain strategies and methods. Several scholars tried to seek for theoretical justification. For example, Chen Xiaowei introduced functionalism to defend some translation methods. She believed that breaking with e

27、quivalence theories, the functionalist theory opens up a new perspective to translation research at home, for the theory provides a theoretical basis for some translation methods. Previous Studies on the Translation of Culture-loaded Words in Gladys Yangs The Border Town and Other StoriesAmong overs

28、eas sinologists, C. T. Hsia, a renowned Chinese literary critic and scholar, spoke highly of Shen Congwen in his representative work A History of Modern Chinese Fiction (1961). Jeffrey Kinkley (金介甫) published The Odyssey of Shen Congwen (1987), which is regarded as the best English study on Shen Con

29、gwen and his works. In China, the 1980s witnessed the rediscovery of Shen Congwen and the rise of Shen Congwen Craze, which attracted much attention from readers and scholars, starting a new literary trend of the root-searching literature.In that case, the translation research on Shens works began t

30、o flourish. There are four translated versions of his famous works Biancheng, which are from different translators and different publishers at different time, including Emily Hahn and Shing Mo-leis Green Jade and Green Jade in 1936, Ching Ti and Robert Paynes The Frontier City in 1947, Jeffery Kinkl

31、eys The Border Town in 2009 and Gladys Yangs The Border Town and Other Stories, which was first published in two consecutive issues of Chinese Literature magazine in 1962 and then published in Panda Books in 1981. And Gladys Yang is an eminent translator of English origin with bilingual and bicultur

32、al competence, who worked for the Chinese Literature magazine, a government-funded institution at that time.Taking Gladys Yangs English version of The Border Town and Other Stroies as a case study, Qian discussed the translation of Chinese culture-loaded words under the guidance of relevance theory(

33、錢靜一，2012). And the strategies and methods used to translate the culture-loaded words were elaborated with the guidance of optimal relevance, aiming to provide a new perspective for rendering such words. With a systematic analysis, it came to the conclusion that the relevance theory could be used to

34、guide the translation of Chinese culture-loaded words, and the selection of translation strategies should be in accordance with the optimal relevance. Hu employed the relevance-theoretic translation theory to explain the translation of culture-loaded words in Biancheng(胡蘭，2012). Different from Qians

35、 thesis (2012), Hus thesis selected two English versions of Biancheng to make a comparative case study, one from Gladys Yang and the other from Jeffrey Kinkley. In the light of relevance-theoretic categorization of translation strategies, namely, direct translation and indirect translation, the thes

36、is introduced the ostensive-inferential process, interpretive resemblance, and optimal relevance to compare and explain the different choice of translation strategies adopted by Kinkley and Gladys Yang. The conclusion showed that Kinkley applied more direct translation to achieve optimal relevance,

37、while Gladys was inclined to use indirect translation. Lius thesis covered more translated works by Gladys Yang, most of which are modern and contemporary literary works, including Shen Congwens The Husband, The Border Town and soon(劉娜娜，2012). Within the framework of the Skopos theory, the thesis explored the translation strategies (domestication and foreignization) employed by Gladys Yang, after making a detailed analysis of the culture-loaded words in Gladys Yangs translated works. Liu concluded that Glayds Yang mainly adopted foreignization for the purpose