摘要常用句型及其翻譯

1、四、摘要常用句型( Sentence Patterns Used in En glish Abstracts)論文摘要作為一種比較嚴肅的文本，在內(nèi)容的安排上有一定的規(guī)律，結(jié)構(gòu)有比較固定的格式。例如溫哥華格式(Vancouver Format )是撰寫醫(yī)學英語論文摘要的基本格式，撰 寫其他研究領(lǐng)域的英語論文摘要時也可以參照。 Basic Sentence Patter nsPart I To state the purpose of the experime ntsIt is the purpose of this article toThe primary purpose of this re

2、view/i nv estigati on is toThe objectives of this study were toThis report is inten ded to In this study, an attempt was made toan alyzedexplorestudiedevaluate,we/the authorsperformecomparedinv estigatesurveyedIn order toin/among Part n To state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have c

3、on firmed the previous observati on thatIt has bee n reported thatPrevious studies have show n thathas/have bee n associated withA few comparis ons have bee n made betwee n and Part 川 To state the methods of the experimentswas/wereisolated an alyzedmeasuredinv estigatewas/wereby using by the method

4、of/the use of/measureme nt of /with the diag no sedtest/performed by tech niq uesUsing ,we dem on stratedUsing ,we found that shows in dicatesA rece ntStudy by Xthat in formatio ndem on strates proves provides concerning Part IV To state the results of the experimentsIt was found that failed to show

5、 was/were sig nifica ntly associated with/related to/correlated with was/were in inv erse proporti on todirectly proporti onal toTherewasstro ng/i nv ersenorelati on shipassociati oncorrelati onbetween an dOur/These/T heresults findings observati on sdata research inv estigatioThe results showed/rev

6、ealed/indicated/presented thatdetailTh sof are prese nted.e resultPart V To state the discussion and conclusionWe suggest/believe/c on clude/recomme nd thatWe propose to do indicate that dem on strate that prove that support that provide in formati on concerningnsIt is suggested/recomme nded/advised

7、 On the basis of we con elude that From these results, it is con eluded that Rece nt research in dicates that 六、摘要英譯(Abstract Tran slation )在翻譯英文摘要時，有以下幾個問題應(yīng)加以注意。1、語態(tài)在翻譯英文摘要時，一般采用第三人稱的被動語態(tài)。采用被動語態(tài)可以避免提及有關(guān)的執(zhí)行者，使行文顯得客觀。同時，被動語態(tài)的句子在結(jié)構(gòu)上有較大的調(diào)節(jié)余地，有利于采用必要的修辭手段，擴大句子的信息量；有利于推出有關(guān)的概念、問題、事實和結(jié)論等內(nèi)容。例1本文提出了一種采用偏微分方程

8、技術(shù)求RF散射問題解的方法。采用主動語態(tài)：This paper presents the method of using partial differential equationtech niq ues for the soluti on of RF scatteri ng problems.采用被動語態(tài)：The method of using partial differe ntial equati on tech niq ues for the solutionof RF scattering problems is presented in this paper.采用被動語態(tài)描述證實方

9、法的過程，突出事實的客觀性。如：例2對變壓器及其周圍的八分之一空間進行了電磁場計算：The magn etic field computatio n was carried out in one octa nt of the tran sformer structure and its surro unding space.但是，有時采用主動語態(tài)比被動語態(tài)在結(jié)構(gòu)上更加簡練，表達更為直接有力，可以突出動詞所表達的內(nèi)容。 所以經(jīng)驗豐富的科技論文作者寫論文時會恰當?shù)厥褂弥鲃诱Z態(tài)。一般在他們的文章中，25%的句子采用主動語態(tài)。 在下列情況下被動語態(tài)常被采用： 使用被動語 態(tài)比使用主動語態(tài)更能造出簡單的

10、句子；把某個詞語當作句子的主語以便強調(diào)這個詞；描述某種標準化的過程，而過程的執(zhí)行者又無關(guān)緊要時；實驗報告中描述實驗程序。2、時態(tài)英文科技論文摘要所采用的時態(tài)有：一般現(xiàn)在時，一般過去時和現(xiàn)在完成時。由于摘要是以介紹性敘述為主的文體，所以一般現(xiàn)在時是使用最廣泛的時態(tài)，主要用于陳述性、資料性文摘中。一般過去時主要用于說明某一項具體項目的開發(fā)情況，介紹科學或技術(shù)研究項目的資料?，F(xiàn)在完成時說明論文的發(fā)展背景、介紹業(yè)已結(jié)束的研究項目等?，F(xiàn)在，把摘要各部分動詞時態(tài)的使用規(guī)則分述如下：1）在敘述研究目的或主要的研究活動時，如果文章采用“研究導向”（把研究活動當作焦點），則應(yīng)使用過去式；而如果文章采用“論文導向

11、” （把研究論文本身當作焦點），則應(yīng)使用 現(xiàn)在式。舉例如下：例 3 This article reviews the pert inent biology of these viruses and rece nt studies of their possible role in systemic lupus erythematosus. （論文導向）This study investigated the dista nces at which subjects prefer to work inVDU tasks that require freque nt gaze-shift ing b

12、etwee n the VDU scree n and a paper docume nt.（研究導向）有的作者采用結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要寫法，如：例4Object （目的）：To study the incidenee of Grave ' disease and associated factors.Method （方法）：A total of 100123 people aged 1519 in Daqing region were surveyed epidemiologically. The in vestigati ons were con ducted for a n average

13、 two years.Results （結(jié)果）:348 patients with Graves ' disease were newly diagnosed,71 of them （1.6%） were males and 277（4.1%） females.Conclusion （結(jié)論）：The study may provide the theoretical evidenee for prevention and treatment of Graves ' disease.在結(jié)構(gòu)式摘要中，論文的目的多采用不定式表達；研究的方法和結(jié)果一般用過去時表示，這是因為研究工作已經(jīng)

14、結(jié)束；結(jié)論一般用現(xiàn)在時或情態(tài)動詞表示。2）當論文主要介紹一種模型、算法、分析方法或技術(shù)，則應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在時來描述研究方法。如：例 5 A Monte Carlo model is used to calculate the photo election intensity.如果用一個合并的句子來敘述研究目的和研究方法，則有兩種寫法。第一種寫法是使用句子的主句來表達研究目的，并使用短語來描述研究方法。在下例中，作者的研究方法用劃線部分的短語來表示。如：例 6 A numerical method for the symmetric matrix eigenvalue program is devel

15、oped by reduci ng the problem to a nu mber of matrix-matrix multiplicati ons.第二種寫法是使用句子的主句來描述研究方法，而使用位于句首或句尾的短語表達研究目的。下例劃線標明的短語表達了作者的研究目的。例 7 To study the effect of indentation on program comprehension, programs with three levels of inden tati on were prese nted to differe nt groups of subjects.3）概述

16、主要的結(jié)果時，通常使用過去時，如: 例 8 The scores of subjects who received a program written with moderate inden tati on were higher tha n the scores of the other two groups.然而，如果作者認為自己的結(jié)果具有普遍有效性，則可能使用現(xiàn)在時，如：例 9 Results indicate that test methods have a significant effect on the test taker' scores in readi ng com

17、prehe nsion.4) 在敘述結(jié)論或緒言時，常使用以下句型：Therefore, it can be con eluded that The results of the experime nt in dicated that The research we have done suggests that The investigation carried out by has revealed that This fruitful work gives expla nati on of The author ' pioneer work has contributed to o

18、ur present understandingofThese findings of the research have led the author to a con clusi on that 5) 在說明論題的發(fā)展背背研究趨勢，表示持續(xù)到撰寫論文時的行為或狀態(tài)，則應(yīng)使用現(xiàn)在完成時，如：例 10 Previous research has shown that duri ng the work at visual display un its(VDUs) most subjects prefer viewing distance greater than 50 cm.例 11 The p

19、atie nts have bee n followed for 18 to 38 years since the beg inningof their disease. Radionuclide exami natio ns provide con siderable in formatio nin evaluati ng patie nts who have received renal tran spla nts.總之， 在翻譯科技論文的摘要時， 是采用主動語態(tài)還是采用被動語態(tài)， 是采用一般現(xiàn)在 時還是采用一般過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時， 要看具體的原中文摘要要表達的意思而定， 要力求準 確、地

20、道地表達原文的意思。因此，選用哪種語態(tài)、哪種時態(tài)，應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文，先行整體構(gòu) 思，再作取舍。仔細閱讀幾篇寫得好的科技論文的英文摘要， 可能會幫助讀者對這里敘述的科技論文摘 要的結(jié)構(gòu)、時態(tài)和語態(tài)的正確使用有所體會。例如。例 12 Abstract Solution for scattering of plane electromagnetic waves from a permeable elliptic cylinder with a confocal coating material is considered. The solution is formulated in terms of infinite series of Mathieu and modified Mathieu functions. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the strong dependence of the scattering cross section on the core and coating parameters.(IEEE TRANSACTION ON MAGNETICS