自考-國際商務(wù)英語(復(fù)習(xí)資料)

1、International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/國際商務(wù)Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA. Differences in legal systems 法律體系B. Differences in currencies 貨幣C. Differences in cultural backgroundD. Different in natural and economic c

2、onditionsThe major types of international businessA. Tradea. Commodity trade 商品貿(mào)易b. Service tradeB. Investmenta. Foreign direct investmentb. Portfolio investment 證券投資C. Other typesa. Licensing and franchising 許可經(jīng)營和特許經(jīng)營b. Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生產(chǎn)c. Turnkey project and

3、BOTTrade Terms:1. Customs area關(guān)稅區(qū):2. Conversion貨幣兌換3. Visible trade有形貿(mào)易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4. Invisi

4、ble trade無形貿(mào)易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5. FDI外國直接投資: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country

5、acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.6. Portfolio investment證券投資: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.7. Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8. Bonds債券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to p

6、ay back the money lent or invested together with interest.9. Maturity（票據(jù)等）到期10. Certificate of deposit大額存單11. Licensing許可經(jīng)營: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to st

7、at business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（許可費(fèi)）.12. Franchising特許經(jīng)營: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13. Trade Mark商標(biāo)14. Pate

8、nt專利15. Royalty專利（許可）使用費(fèi)，版稅16. Copyright版權(quán)17. Licenser許可方18. Licensee被許可方 19. Franchiser特許方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.20. Franchisee被特許方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21. Management contract管理合同

9、: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22. Value chain價值鏈23. Turnkey project“交鑰匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contr

10、act with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24. BOT建設(shè)、經(jīng)營和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25. Expertise專門知識26. Bonus紅利、獎金、津貼27. Royalty 許可使用費(fèi)28. International investment國際投資: Supplying capital by re

11、sidents of one country to another.29. Contract manufacturing承包生產(chǎn)30. GATT關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31. International business國際商務(wù): Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also rega

12、rded as import and export.32. Intellectual property知識產(chǎn)權(quán)33. Oil deposit: 石油儲備 = oil reserves34. the reserves of natural resources 自然資源儲備35. Personal advancement個人的晉升，個人素質(zhì)的提高以及個人事業(yè)的進(jìn)步等。Answer the following questions:1. What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between inter

13、national business and domestic business.A: International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. Some major differences between international b

14、usiness and domestic business is following:(1) Differences in legal systems(2) Differences in currencies(3) Differences in cultural background(4) Different in natural and economic conditions2. Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more and more i

15、mportant and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries. The later is become more and more im

16、portant.3. Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.4. Please elaborate（詳細(xì)說明） on the two categories （種類）of international investment. What is their major diffe

17、rence?A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country. / 外國直接投資：通過控制其它投資在他國的企業(yè)和資產(chǎn)獲得回報。Portfolio investment refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets ma

18、y be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit./ 證券投資：不以控制為目的而購買外國的金融資產(chǎn)，如：股票、債券和定期存款單。5. What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. / 國際許可即：一家公司允許國外

19、的公司使用它的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)。They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. 可直接收取知識產(chǎn)權(quán)費(fèi)，不必現(xiàn)金開辦新業(yè)務(wù)Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. 享

20、有當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)營優(yōu)勢，而在所有權(quán)和經(jīng)營上不承擔(dān)義務(wù)The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. 當(dāng)東道國的關(guān)稅高或非關(guān)稅壁壘多時，國際許可經(jīng)營更受歡迎。6. What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the nam

21、e of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. / 在特許經(jīng)營情況下，特許使用方以特許授予方的名義開展業(yè)務(wù)，后者向前者提供商標(biāo)、品牌、公司經(jīng)營技巧等而獲取特許使用費(fèi)。In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provid

22、es more support for the franchisee.7. What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services （管理或其它專門服務(wù)）to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the rele

23、vant business volume（相關(guān)業(yè)務(wù)總價值的百分比）. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning th

24、e assets.8. What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it?A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser （外國買方）and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping（裝配設(shè)備） before handing it over to

25、the latter upon completion. For a BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey projectTranslate t

26、he following sentences into English:1.國際貿(mào)易一般指不同國家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction between parties form different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated the domestic business.2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨立于國際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識是十分必要

27、的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個人的進(jìn)步。With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他參與國際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。Othe

28、r forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.4.國際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one co

29、untry for consumption or resale in another.5.除了國際貿(mào)易和投資，國際許可和特許經(jīng)營有時也是進(jìn)入國外市場的一種方式。Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.Lesson 2Income Level and the World Market / 收入水平和世界市場Business Knowledge:(1) GNP and GDP(2)

30、 Per capita income and per capita GDP(3) High-income, middle income and low-income countriesA. Standards for classificationB. Representative countries(4) Triad and QuadA. United StatesB. Western Europe西歐C. JapanD. Canada(5) Other important markets for ChinaTrade Terms:1. GNP國民生產(chǎn)總值: Gross national Pr

31、oduct. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy./ 一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體憑借其居民擁有的資產(chǎn)和勞動力所生產(chǎn)的貨物和服務(wù)的市場價值。2. GDP國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy./ 一個經(jīng)濟(jì)體地理區(qū)域內(nèi)所生產(chǎn)

32、的所有實物產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的價值。3. National income國民收入4. Per capita income人均收入5. Per capita GDP人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值: It is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population, which reveals the average income level of consumers.6. PPP購買力平價: Purchasing power parity7. Consumerism消費(fèi)主義8. Income distribution收入分布: The proportions （

33、比例）of its rich, middle income and poor people.9. Infra structure基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施10. Staple goods大路貨11. Invoice （開）發(fā)票12. Creditor country債權(quán)國13. OECD經(jīng)合組織，經(jīng)濟(jì)合作與開發(fā)組織: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.14. The Commonwealth of Independent States 獨聯(lián)體，獨立國家聯(lián)合體15. ASEAN 東盟，東南亞國家聯(lián)盟: Association of Sout

34、heast Asian Nationals.16. NIEs（亞洲四小虎）: Newly Industrialized Economies17. Factors of production生產(chǎn)要素Answer the following questions:1. Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably?A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the mar

35、ket value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of

36、 the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place. The difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably.2. In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessin

37、g the potential of a particular market?A: Total GDP indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in market assessment for durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer

38、 durables.3. What are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the World Bank? Cite some examples for each group.A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above. In this group comprise three types of countries; most members of OE

39、CD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions./ 包括經(jīng)合組織的大多數(shù)成員國、中東石油生產(chǎn)國、工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)的小國和地區(qū)。 Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. Included in this category is most East European countries and most members of th

40、e Commonwealth of Independent States, six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African. / 東歐的大多數(shù)國家、大多數(shù)獨聯(lián)體國家、經(jīng)合組織的留個成員國、相當(dāng)數(shù)量的拉美國家。 Low-income countries: those that have per capita incom

41、es of only $765 or even less. Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries are included in this group.4. Why are high-income countries important to trade and investment? Should we neglect low-income countries in international business?A: High-income countries often

42、 have good infrastructure（基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施）, high purchasing power, and advanced technology, efficient management（有效管理） and favorable environment for trade and investment. They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment. 是高檔消費(fèi)品的主要市場，在吸引外資/對外投資

43、都處于有利地位。 In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods(價格低的大宗商品), provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources. Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real business opp

44、ortunities. / 一經(jīng)開發(fā)，商業(yè)潛力有一天會成為實際的商業(yè)機(jī)會5.Was China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.6.What does the term “Triad” refers to（三方組合）? What is meant by Quad（四

45、方組合）?A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad.7. How much do you know about OECD? Please make a b

46、rief account.A: OECD means Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The organization is included 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The headquarters is in Paris.8. What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities? A: S

47、o far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us（應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的其它市場還有周邊地區(qū)，如）: the Four Tigers（亞洲四小虎）, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportu

48、nities or are developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity （地理上接近）to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with them.Translate the following sentences into English:1. 民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國收入的兩個重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國家。GNP

49、 and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a countrys total income. The difference between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the country where production takes place.2. 要評估某一市場的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因為它為那里居民的購買力高低提供了線索。In a

50、ssessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3. 世界各國被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國家，中等收入國家和低收入國家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income a

51、nd low-income economies.4. 中國現(xiàn)在年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個低收入國家。China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago.5. 就中國來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國家、俄羅斯等國，這些國家都具有前景看好的市場潛力，能為中國提供很好的商機(jī)。As far as China is concerned, other marke

52、ts we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, etc. These countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to China.Lesson 3Regional Economic Integration / 地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化Business Knowledge:(1) Major objecti

53、ves of regional integration *(2) For levels of regional economic integrationA. Free trade areaB. Customs unionC. Common marketD. Economic union(3) European Union (EU)(4) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)(5) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)Trade Terms:1. Economic integratio

54、n經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化2. Free trade area自由貿(mào)易區(qū): The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy. /自由貿(mào)易區(qū)掃除了成員間商品、服務(wù)自由流動的障礙。3. Customs union關(guān)稅同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy./除消除成員間的貿(mào)易壁壘外，所有成員對外實行相同的貿(mào)易政策。4. T

55、ariff rates關(guān)稅稅率5. Settlement6. NAFTA北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定: North American Free Trade Agreement7. Common market共同市場: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.8. Banknotes circulation貨幣流通9. Cartel卡塔爾10. APEC亞太經(jīng)合組織，亞洲太平洋經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織: Asia Pacific E

56、conomic Cooperation11. OPEC石油輸出國組織: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries12. European Commission歐盟委員會13. Council of ministers部長理事會14. Dual-Ministerial Meeting雙部長會議15. Quota Restrictions配額限制16. Economic Union (EU)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of produ

57、ction, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.17. EU歐盟，歐洲聯(lián)盟: European Union18. EC歐共體，歐洲共同體: European Community19. Benelux荷比盧（比利時、荷蘭和盧森堡三國）:Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg20. Mercosur南方共同市場: Southern Cone Custom

58、s Union21. ECSC歐洲煤鋼共同體: European Coal and Steel Community22. EEC歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)共同體: European Economic Community23. EURATOM歐洲原子能共同體，歐洲原子能聯(lián)營: European Atomic Energy Community24. SOM高官會議: Senior Officials Meeting25. TILF貿(mào)易投資便利化自由化: Trade and investment liberation and facilitation26. ECOTECH經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)合作: Economic and technical cooperation27. Political entity政治實體28. Sovereign state主權(quán)國家29. Multi-polarization多極化30. Sub-committee分委員會31. NTA新跨大西洋議程: New Transatla