學位英語-主要語法(1)

1、一：祈使句：用以表達命令，要求，請求，勸告等。1) 以動詞原形開頭肯定結構： Take this seat. Be careful. 否定結構： Don't move. Don't be late.2） 以let開頭(后面常帶反意疑問句)a. Let's 包括對方（聽話者）在內 Let's have another try，shall we? = Shall we have another try?b. Let us 不包括對方（聽話者）在內 Let us have another try，will you / won't you? = Will you

2、 please let us have another try? 否定結構：Let's not talk of that matter. Let us not talk of that matter.二：感嘆句感嘆句通常有what, how引導，表示贊美、驚嘆、喜 悅、等感情。what修飾名詞，how 修飾形容詞，副詞或動詞，感嘆句結構主要有以下幾種：How +形容詞+ a +名詞+陳述語序How+形容詞或副詞+ 陳述語序What +名詞+ 陳述語序What+a+形容詞+名詞+ 陳述語序What+ 形容詞+復數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序What+ 形容詞+不可數(shù)名詞+ 陳述語序How cleve

3、r a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)!What cold weather it is!感嘆句的省略形式為：What a clever boy (he is)!三：強調句?？嫉膹娬{句結構是it 引導的句子。此結構強調的成分僅限于主語，賓語和狀語。 It is (was) 被強調部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。 It is from the sun that we get light

4、and heat.強調句的連詞只有兩個，that和who。當強調的部分是人，且為句子的主語時，才用 "who"，其余用that。原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強調主語： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.強調賓語： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.強調時間： It was y

5、esterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)強調地點： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening. 典型例句It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada. A. thatB. when C. since D. as 答案C. 考點是連詞用法。 本題易誤選為A. that. 其實本句不是強調句。若是，去掉It be that還應是一個完整的句子。而本

6、句去掉 'It isthat'，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是強調句。 而是： It is /was +時間+ since強調謂語時用助動詞do (did，does)后面接動詞原形。She does like this horse.她的確喜歡這匹馬。Please do take care of yourself. 請千萬保重。四：倒裝句全部倒裝是將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用于一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時。常見的結構有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞

7、置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。 Here comes the bus. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首，謂語表示運動的動詞。Out rushed a cow from the house.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞，如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。 Here he comes. Away they went.部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態(tài)倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情

8、態(tài)動詞，則需添加助動詞do, does或did，并將其置于主語之前。以下情況需要部分倒裝：1)句首為否定或半否定的詞語，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.注意： 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝

9、。 I have never seen such a performance.五：主謂一致Reading and writing are very important.當主語由and連結時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. ar

10、e D. were答案B. 注： 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應用過去時，先排除A，C。在英語中，當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。monitor 前沒有the，本題主語為一個人，所以應選B。六：主謂一致中的就近原則1） 當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2） 當

11、either or 與neither nor，連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導，而主語又不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.當主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。 The teacher （together with some

12、students） is visiting the factory. He （as well as I） wants to go boating.七：虛擬語氣可以表示過去，現(xiàn)在和將來的情況。它的基本特點是時態(tài)退后。a. 同現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設。句型 ： 條件從句主句 一般過去時should( would) +動詞原形 If they were here, they would help you.b. 表示于過去事實相反的假設。句型： 條件從句 主句過去完成時 should(would) have+ 過去分詞 If she had worked harder, she would have suc

13、ceeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含義：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not bee

14、n ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含義： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c. 表示對將來的假想句型： 條件從句 主句 一般過去時 should + 動詞原形 were+ 不定式 would + 動詞原形 should+ 動詞原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everyth

15、ing would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.虛擬條件句的從句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可將if省略，再把were, should或had 移到從句句首，實行倒裝。 Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us. Had you come earlier, you would have met him=If you had come earlie

16、r, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意： 在虛擬語氣的從句中，動詞'be'的過去時態(tài)一律用"were"，不用was， 即在從句中be用were代替。 If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就會去找他。 If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在這兒，一切

17、都會好的。特殊的虛擬語氣詞：should1） It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that中的主語從句的謂語動詞要用should 加動詞原形， should 可省略。句型：(1)suggestedIt is (2)importantthat+ (should) do(3) a pity(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do (2)important, necessary, natural, strangea pity,

18、a shame, no wonder(3)It is suggested that we (should) hold a meeting next week. It is necessary that he (should) come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在賓語從句中的應用 在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動詞后面的從句中。order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + (should) do I suggest that we (should) hold a

19、meeting next week. He insisted that he (should) be sent there.3）在表語從句，同位語從句中的應用在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名詞后面的表語從句、同位語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即（should）+動詞原形。My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next weekwish

20、的用法1）用于wish后面的從句，表示與事實相反的情況，或表示將來不太可能實現(xiàn)的愿望。其賓語從句的動詞形式為： 真實狀況wish后 從句動作先于主句動詞動作現(xiàn)在時過去時（be的過去式為 were） 從句動作與主句動作同時發(fā)生過去時過去完成時（had + 過去分詞）將來不大可能實現(xiàn)的愿望將來時would/could +動詞原形I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一樣高。He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他沒講那樣的話。I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。2）Wish to

21、do表達法。 Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.)Only if 跟if only 的區(qū)別only if表示"只有"；if only則表示"如果就好了"。If only也可用于陳述語氣。I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.

22、 只有鬧鐘響了，我才會醒。If only the alarm clock had rung. 當時鬧鐘響了，就好了。If only he comes early. 但愿他早點回來。It is (high) time that 后面的從句謂語動詞要用過去式或用should加動詞原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.八：定語從句: 在句中做定語成分，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在

23、先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。關系副詞有：when, where, why等。關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。1） who, whom, that 這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想見你的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語） He is the man whom/ th

24、at I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）2) Whose 用來指人或物，(只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）, 例如： They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.請遞給我那本綠皮的書。3）which, that 它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。A prosperity

25、 which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作主語）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語）關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。 關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this