英語中的就近原則

1、英語中就近一致的原則【就近原則】也稱“鄰近原則”“就近一致原則”(Proximity），即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞（有時不一定是主語）在“人稱、數(shù)”上一致。 1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語："there be句型; or ; either or；nor; neithernor；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also" ; 等。e.g. What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。 Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯。 Not y

2、ou but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責備。 Not only you but(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯了，他也錯了。 2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g. In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。 There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。 【就遠原則】謂語動詞與前面主語一

3、致代表詞匯：as well as；（together/along）with；rather than；except；besides；but；including；in addition to；apart from;likeE.G：He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom. The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them w

4、ork for so long. 主謂一致1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時謂語用復數(shù) Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 當主語由and連結(jié)時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。 The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 典型例題 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. a

5、re D. were 答案B. 注： 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應用過去時，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個人，但仔細辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應選B。與后接名詞或代詞保持一致 1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books.

6、Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由 more than of 作主語時，動詞應與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。英語中,什么是就近原則?就近原則什么時候用?就近一致原則（1） 連詞not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.but Neither he nor

7、they are wholly right. 他和他們，誰都不是完全對的。 Either he or I am right. 或者他對，或者我對。 就近一致原則（2） 副詞here/ there Here comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽車來了。 主謂一致：and and的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞。 John and Mary are my friends. 約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友。 and的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞。 Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中國有種水稻也有種小麥。 and的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個統(tǒng)一的概念。 Fish and c

8、hips is a popular supper here. 炸魚土豆片在這里是一種很受歡迎的晚餐。（魚和土豆片作為整體） The poet and writer has come. 那位詩人兼作家來了。（同一個人既是詩人又是作家)I.在正式文體中：1.由下列詞語連接的并列主語："or ; either or；nor; neitheror；whetheror；notbut; not onlybut also" ; 等。e.g.What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無關(guān)。Neither you

9、 nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯。Not you but your father is to blame . 不是你，而是你父親該受責備。英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。它通常依據(jù)三項原則：1）語法一致； 2）意義一致； 3）就近一致?！菊Z法一致原則】I .主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式。e.g.I love / She loves music . 我/ 她愛好音樂。Are your mother a worker ? (誤)你母親是工人嗎？Is your mother a worker ?(正)（主語your mot

10、her 是單數(shù)第三人稱）II .主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動詞的形式。1.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)、單數(shù)代詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞（短語）”或“從句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.The work is important . 這項工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 為祖國服務是我們的義務。How and why he left was a sad story . 他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。2. 復數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復數(shù)謂語形式。e.g.The children are taken good care of . 孩子們得到很好的照料。T

11、hey have gone to Chengdu . 他們?nèi)コ啥剂?。II. 以“and ”或“both and”連接的并列主語：1.通常作復數(shù)用 。e.g.Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學。2. 如果并列主語指的是“同一個”人（事、物、抽象概念），作單數(shù)用。e.g.The worker and writer has come . 這位工人作家來了。A

12、 cart and horse was seen in the distance . 遠處能看見有一套馬車。Truth and honesty is the best policy . 真誠是最好的策略。3. “and”前、后的單數(shù)詞語都有“each,every ,many ,a ,no”等修飾時，仍作單數(shù)用。e.g. Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個男孩和每個女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity

13、.沒有哪個教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項活動。. 主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時：1. a）“many a + 單名 ”接單數(shù)謂語：“a good (great ) many + 復名”接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.Many a fine man has died for it . 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting . 許多家長出席了會議。b）"a / an + 單名+ or two " 大多接單數(shù)謂語： "one or two + 復名"接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.Only a

14、 word or two is (are )needed. 只需說一兩句。One or two reasoms were suggested . 提出一兩條理由。c）"a / an + 單名+ and a half"常接單數(shù)謂語；“one and a half +復名”多接復數(shù)謂語。e.g. A year and a half has passed . 一年半已過去了。One and a half tons of rice are sold . 已賣了一噸半大米。d） "more than one + 單名"大多接單數(shù)謂語。e.g.More than o

15、ne person was (were )absent . 不止一個人缺席。"more + 復名+ than one "接復數(shù)謂語。e.g.More students than one have been there . 不止一個學生去過那兒。"more than two (three,)+復名 " 接復數(shù)謂語。e.g. More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名學生聽了這場音樂會。2. 下列復合不定代詞一般作單數(shù)用：“someone ,somebody ,someth

16、ing ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,eveything ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。e.g.Is everybody here ? 都到齊了嗎？There was nothing special then. 那時沒什么特別情況。3. 下列不定代詞作復數(shù)用：“（a）few ,many ,several， both”等。e.g.Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 沒幾個（客人）是我們熟識的。Both / Both (of ) these are inte

17、resting . 兩部影片都有趣。4下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復數(shù)：1）“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.Who is your brother ?你兄弟是誰？Who are League Members .哪些是團員？2）"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.All (of the students ) are working hard .（所有的學生）都在用功。All (of the paint ) is fine .（這些油漆）都很好

18、。3）"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的）"，等。e.g.Half of the apples are bad .蘋果中有一半是壞的。Half of the apple is bad .這只蘋果壞了一半。.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時：1. 表示“運算”的數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù) 。e.g.Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。2.表“時間、距離、金額、度量衡”等的詞語，作“整體”看時作單數(shù)用，側(cè)重指“若干單位”時作復

19、數(shù)用。e.g.Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。Twenty years have passed since he left . 他離開已二十個年頭了。3.“分數(shù)、百分數(shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復數(shù)。e.g.About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了

20、百分之六十/五分之三的工作。4. "a number of (許多)/ a varlety of (各式各樣) "+復數(shù)名詞，常作復數(shù)用。e.g.A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 這個班有不少同學來自四川。There are a variety of toys in this shop.這家商店有各種各樣的玩具。但是，“the number(數(shù)目)/ the variety(種類)”+ of + 復數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。e.g.The number of students in this coll

21、ege has doubled . 這所大學的學生人數(shù)翻了一番。The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 這家商店貨物品種豐富。Not only you hut(also) he is wrong .不僅你錯了，他也錯了。2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個主語一致。e.g.In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people . 在遠處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。There is (are) a pen and some books on the

22、 desk .桌上有一支鋼筆和幾本書。II. 非正式文體中：有時依“就近一致原則”，但也可依“意義一致原則”或嚴格地依“語法一致原則”。e.g.Neither she nor I were there (意義一致) 我和他當時都不在那兒。（非正式）Neither she nor I was there .（就近一致）（譯文同上句）（正式）但是，如果依“就近一致原則”而與其他兩項原則相矛盾時，則常常認為是不太合符規(guī)范的。e.g.No one except his own supporters agree with him .僅他自己的支持者同意他的意見。（依“就近”和“意義”一致的原則；但語法上，“No one ”才是主語，謂語要改成“agrees”?！皩懽髦小币话阋馈罢Z法一致”原則。正所謂：“穿金戴銀能怎樣，平平凡凡又如何，只要你能知足，就什么都不缺”.要知道有的人雖然貧窮，但感