英語詞匯學(xué)知識點(diǎn)整理

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上詞匯期末復(fù)習(xí)（C1-C7）Chapter 11、 Word 詞的定義(1) a minimal free form（最小的自由形式）(2) a sound unity (3) a semantic unity（meaning）(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.（具有句法功能）2、 Vocabulary詞匯的定義All the words in a language make up what is generally known as vocabulary. 一般來說，詞匯指的是一種語言里所有單詞的總和。詞

2、的總和構(gòu)成語言的詞匯。詞與詞匯之間的關(guān)系是個(gè)體與總體之間的關(guān)系。3、 Sound&Meaning發(fā)音和意義The connection between the sound (form) and meaning is arbitrary (任意的) and conventional. 二者的關(guān)系是約定俗成、隨意的4、 Sound & Form發(fā)音和形式(1) The written form of a natural language is the orthographical（正字的） record of the oral form.自然語言的書寫形式是口語形式的書寫記錄。(2

3、) The reasons of differences occur between sound and form: 發(fā)音與形式不同的原因：1 English alphabet was adopted from the Romans 英語字母表來自羅馬2 the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years. 發(fā)音改變快速3 Differences created by professional scribes. 專業(yè)抄寫員的不同4 More differences brought by the cont

4、inuing change of sounds and the standardization of spelling.發(fā)音不斷變化，書寫標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。5 borrowing : words were borrowed from other languages such as Latin, Greek, French, etc.外來詞5、 Classification of Words詞的分類(1) Basic & Non-basic Vocabulary1 Basic WordsThe basic vocabulary has the following characteristics:

5、基本詞匯特點(diǎn)：Ø 1. All national character 全民性 (indispensable to all the people who speak the language). Ø 2. Stability 穩(wěn)定性 （relatively stable or unchanged）Ø 3. Productivity 多產(chǎn)性 （form new words in combination with other roots and affixes )Ø 4. Polysemy 多義性 Ø 5. Collocability 搭配性2 No

6、n-basic WordsNon-basic vocabulary: terminology, jargon, slang, argot, dialectal words, archaisms, neologisms.非基本詞包含：專業(yè)術(shù)語、行話、俚語、黑話、方言、古語、新詞。(2) Content Words & Functional Words1 Content Words/Full words/National words：They denote clear notions. 能夠表達(dá)清楚的含義 Functional words/Empty words/Form words：Th

7、ey show the relation between notions. 顯示了與概念之間的關(guān)系(3) Native Words & Borrowed Words1 Native Words：Anglo-Saxon words brought by the Germanic tribes such as Angles, Saxons and the Jutes.2 Borrowed Words：loan words or borrowings. English has adopted almost all the major languages in the world. It in

8、cludes Denizens 同化詞Aliens非同化詞Translation loans 譯借詞Semantic loans 借義詞Chapter 21、 The Indo-European Language Family印歐語系(1) The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.印歐語系是由歐洲、近東和印度的大部分語言組成的。(2) The classification of Indo-European language family

9、:1 The Eastern Set2 The Western Set（Germanic）2、 Three phases of the Vocabulary Development詞匯發(fā)展三階段(1) Old English(450-1150)特點(diǎn)：Ø It has a small vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. 詞匯量小Ø It has small number of borrowings came from Latin and Scandinavian. 拉丁/斯堪的納維亞外來詞少Ø It is a hi

10、ghly inflected language. (it has the words full of endings.)完整詞尾(2) Middle English(1150-1500)特點(diǎn)：Ø It has a comparatively large vocabulary;詞匯量相對較大Ø It has absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words mainly from French and Latin;吸收大量發(fā)育和拉丁詞匯Ø Word endings become leveled.詞尾扁平(3) Modern

11、English(1500 up to the present)特點(diǎn)：Ø it has a huge and heterogeneous vocabulary; 巨大且多樣的詞匯Ø It has tremendous borrowings; 許多外來詞Ø It has words with lost endings. 詞尾消失3、 General Characteristic一般特征(1) Receptivity, adaptability and heterogeneity接受性、適應(yīng)性、異質(zhì)性(2) Simplicity of inflection簡潔性、屈折性

12、(3) Relatively fixed word-order相對固定的語序4、 Foreign Elements in the English Vocabulary英語詞匯中的外來成分(1) 主要外來成分：拉丁、希臘、法語、斯堪的納維亞語(2) 次要外來成分：意大利語、日耳曼語、荷蘭語、西班牙和葡萄牙語、凱爾特語5、 Growth of Contemporary English Vocabulary當(dāng)代英語詞匯的發(fā)展Modes of Vocabulary Development發(fā)展方式：Ø Creation 創(chuàng)詞 Semantic change 舊詞新義 Borrowing 借詞C

13、hapter 31、 Morphemes詞素(1) 詞素的定義：It is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 語素是最小的有意義的單位。它是語言中最小的構(gòu)詞單位。(2) 詞素的特點(diǎn)：1 All the morphemes have their own meanings, but they cannot be further divided, otherwise they will not make any sense.所有的詞素都有自己的意義；它們不能再細(xì)分了，否則將會沒有任何意義。2 Morphemes ma

14、y have some variants. 詞素可能會有一些變。e.g. - ation. May also be -tion, -sion,-ion, but they belong to the same suffix because they have the same meaning and grammatical function.2、 Morphs and Allomorphs形素和詞素變體(1) 形素的定義：The phonetic or orthographic strings or segments which realize morphemes are termed mor

15、phs. 體現(xiàn)詞素的語音串和拼寫字節(jié)被稱為形素。(2) 形素與詞素的關(guān)系：Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. 詞素是抽象的單位，是由分立的形素在話語中具體實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 (3) 詞素變體：An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme. 詞素變體指一套形素中的一個(gè)成員，表征一個(gè)詞素?？偨Y(jié)：語言中最小的不可再分的意義單位是詞素。 morph

16、eme又可稱為形位、語素等。詞素是抽象的，它是通過形素morph表現(xiàn)出來的。詞素還有變體形式，在語言學(xué)中稱為詞素變體allomorph。3、 Classifying Morphemes詞素分類(1) in terms of their capacity of occurring alone 根據(jù)能否獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)分類 Free vs. bound morphemes 自由詞素/粘著詞素Ø Free morphemes(自由詞素)：Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are free. Free morphemes have

17、complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.自由詞素是能獨(dú)立運(yùn)用的詞素，它有完整的意義，在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)自由的語法單位。舉例：man, wind, open, tourn 自由詞素都是詞根, 也叫自由詞根, 能用作詞或作為構(gòu)成新詞的構(gòu)詞要素。Ø Bound morphemes(粘著詞素)：Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are bound to other morp

18、hemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function. 粘著詞素不能獨(dú)立成詞，只能依附于其他詞素上以構(gòu)成詞或擔(dān)當(dāng)一定的語法功能。n 粘著詞素包括詞根（粘著詞根）和詞綴。舉例： bound root: -dict-, -ced- affix: -ion, -ist, -ic(2) on the basis of the capacity of forming new words根據(jù)能否構(gòu)成新詞分類 Derivational vs. inflectional morphemes派生詞素/屈折詞素Ø Deri

19、vational morphemes(派生詞素)Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when they are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.派生詞素附著于其它詞素可派生出新詞。英語中派生詞都是由這樣的詞素構(gòu)成的。派生詞素的特點(diǎn)：n 改變詞干的意義和詞性n 表明單詞內(nèi)的語義n 出現(xiàn)在一些詞類里的部分語素中n 在任何屈折詞綴添加之前出現(xiàn)Ø Inflectio

20、nal morphemes(屈折詞素)Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suffixes. 屈折詞素作為語法標(biāo)記表示詞的語法意義，屈折語素只限于詞綴。屈折詞素的特點(diǎn)：n 不改變詞干的意義和詞性n 表明句子中不同單詞的句法和語義關(guān)系n 出現(xiàn)于一些大的詞類里所有語素中n 出現(xiàn)于單詞的邊緣(3) on a semantic and syn

21、tactic basis根據(jù)語義和語法分類 Content/lexical vs. grammatical morphemes 實(shí)義詞素/語法詞素Lexical 詞匯/ content實(shí)義 morphemes are morphemes which have a lexical content and are used for the construction of new words as in compound words and derivational morphemes such as ship, -ize.實(shí)義詞素是擁有詞匯意義并且用來構(gòu)造新詞，就像復(fù)合詞和派生詞。Ø G

22、rammatical morphemes function primarily as grammatical markers. They encompass both inflectional affixes(-s) and free morphemes ( in, and, do, havefunctional words)語法詞素主要作為語法標(biāo)記，包含屈折詞綴和自由詞素。4、 Identifying Morphemes詞素的識別How to identify morphemes? They should be identifiable by their forms, meaning and

23、 distribution. 他們應(yīng)該通過形式、意義、分布來識別。5、 Morphemization and New Morphemes 詞素化和新詞素(1) Morphemization is the process of creating a morpheme using a word, or part of a word.詞素化是通過一個(gè)詞或者詞的一部分來創(chuàng)造一個(gè)詞素的過程。(2) two ways of creating new morphemes:1 clippingØ front clipping e.g. e-, info-, and docu-Ø back

24、cliping e.g. -net(from internet), -gate(from watergate)2 using an old form as a morpheme e.g. -speak (Clinton speak)6、 Morpheme and Word-formation詞素和構(gòu)詞In word-formation, morphemes are labeled root, stem, base and affix. 在構(gòu)詞法中, 語素被分為詞根、詞干、詞基和詞綴。1 Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word e

25、lements to modify meaning or function. All affixes are bound morphemes. 詞綴都是粘著詞素，依附于單詞或其他構(gòu)詞材料構(gòu)成新詞或表示詞的語法意義。Ø Two types of affixes: Inflectional affixes and Derivational affixes屈折詞綴和派生詞綴2 A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been rem

26、oved. 詞根是所有屈折詞綴和派生詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。3 A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 詞干是所有屈折詞綴被去掉后所剩余的那部分。4 A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. 詞基是任何一種詞綴都可

27、加在上面的形式。 它與詞根有區(qū)別，因?yàn)樗强梢詮呐缮嵌冗M(jìn)行分析的形式，在上面可以加上派生詞綴。但是詞根則不容許做進(jìn)一步的分析。詞基與詞干也是不同的，因?yàn)榕缮~綴和屈折詞綴都可以加在詞基上，而只有屈折詞綴可以加在詞干上。舉例：individualisticindividualist stem, baseindividual stem, basedividual basedivide root, stem, baseChapter 4一共9中構(gòu)詞方法：Ø Affixation (derivation) 詞綴法Ø Compounding 復(fù)合法 最重要的三種（往年考過）

28、6; Conversion/ Shifting 轉(zhuǎn)類法Ø Blending 拼綴法Ø Clipping/ Shortening 截短法Ø Acronymy 首字母拼音法Ø Back-formation 逆生法Ø Sound Reduplication 語音重疊法Ø Commonization of Proper Names 專有名詞的普通名詞化法1、 Affixation/Derivation 詞綴法/派生法構(gòu)成：派生詞Derivative(1) 定義： Affixation refers to the formation of wo

29、rds by adding word forming or derivational affixes to bases.詞綴法指的是給詞基添加派生詞綴或者可用于構(gòu)詞的詞綴來構(gòu)成新詞。 Derivation: a process by which new words are derived from old or base forms.派生是指一個(gè)新詞通過舊的或者基本形式派生出新的詞。(2) 分類：1) Prefixation前綴法Prefixation is defined as the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. 通

30、過給詞基添加前綴構(gòu)成新詞。前綴類型：1 Negative Prefixes表否定的前綴2 Reversative or Privative Prefixes 表逆向意義的前綴3 Pejorative Prefixes 表貶義的前綴4 Prefixes of Degree or Size 表程度大小的前綴5 Prefixed of Orientation and Attitude 表傾向和態(tài)度等意義的前綴6 Locative Prefixes 表方位意義的前綴7 Prefixes of Time and Order表時(shí)間和順序等意義的前綴8 Number Prefixes表數(shù)字的前綴9 Conv

31、ersion Prefixes用于轉(zhuǎn)換詞性的前綴10 Miscellaneous Prefixes其他種類意義的詞綴11 New Prefixes 新的前綴2) Suffixation后綴法Suffixation is the process of new words by adding word-forming or derivational suffixes to bases.通過給詞基添加可構(gòu)詞的詞綴或者派生后綴來構(gòu)成新詞。后綴類型： 1 noun suffixes 名詞后綴2 adjective suffixes 形容詞后綴3 adverb suffixes副詞后綴（如：-ward/-

32、wards）4 new suffixes 新后綴（如：-nik.的成員、-holic上癮、-burger漢堡的）l Prefixes:前綴特點(diǎn)：Preposed 放在詞前Grammatically unimportant (mostly not changing word class/ part of speech)語法上不特別重要，大多不改變詞類詞性。Modifying lexical meaning 修飾詞匯意思l Suffixes:后綴特點(diǎn)：Postposed 放在詞后Grammatically significant 語法意義重要Of less significance in lexi

33、cal meaning 詞匯意義上相對不那么重要2、 Compounding復(fù)合法構(gòu)成：復(fù)合詞(1) 定義：Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more bases. 復(fù)合法是通過添加兩個(gè)或以上的詞基來構(gòu)成新詞。A compound is “a lexical unit consisting of more than one base and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a single word.” 復(fù)合詞是一個(gè)詞匯單位，包括超過一個(gè)詞

34、基，在語法和語義上都作為一個(gè)單一的詞。(2) 寫法：Compounds can be written Ø solid (silkworm), Ø hyphenated (honey-bee) Ø and open (tear gas and easy chair)(3) 復(fù)合詞特點(diǎn)：What is the dividing line between compounds and free phrases?復(fù)合詞和自由詞組的區(qū)別界限：a. phonological features 語音特點(diǎn)b. semantic features 語義特點(diǎn)c. grammatical

35、 features 語法特點(diǎn)d. orthographical features 拼寫特點(diǎn)(4) 復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)詞方法：three major classes of compounds前三種是主要的復(fù)合詞：1 Noun compounds 名詞復(fù)合詞2 Adjective compounds 形容詞復(fù)合詞3 Verb compounds 動(dòng)詞復(fù)合詞4 preposition compounds5 pronoun compound6 conjunction compound 1 名詞復(fù)合詞：A. 詞匯層面分析：Ø N+NØ N+VØ V+NØ A+NØ

36、; N+VingØ Ving+NØ N+VerØ adv+NØ V+advØ Ving+advØ adv+VingB. 句法層面的分析：Ø S+V主語加謂語Ø V+O謂語加賓語Ø V+ADV謂語加副詞Ø PLACE地點(diǎn)（比如：hilding-place=hide in a place）Ø TIME時(shí)間（比如：day-dreamer=dream during the day）Ø INSTRUMENT工具、手段（比如：handwriting=write by hand）Ø

37、; OTHERS其他（比如：shadow-boxing=box against a shadow）Ø S+O主語加賓語Ø S+C主語加補(bǔ)語（比如：girlfriend=the friend is a girl）2 形容詞復(fù)合詞C. 基本層面：Ø N+VingØ ADJ+VingØ N+adjØ adj+adj（比如：deaf-mute聾啞的）Ø N+VedØ ADJ+VedØ ADV+VedØ N+Ned（比如：lion-hearted 非常勇敢的）Ø A+Ned（比如：short-s

38、ighted目光短淺的）Ø num+NedØ num+VingØ adv+VingØ Ved+advD. 內(nèi)部語法層面：Ø V+OØ V+ADVØ V+P.Ø N-ADV+ADJ（比如：homesick=Sick because of missing home）Ø Coordinating relation3 動(dòng)詞復(fù)合詞：E. Through Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)類比如：nickname=to nickname; honeymoon=to honeymoonF. Through Back Format

39、ion逆生法比如：lip-reading=to lip-read; mass production=to mass-produce.3、 Conversion轉(zhuǎn)類法構(gòu)成：轉(zhuǎn)類詞(1) 定義：Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one part of speech to the words of another part of speech, without any change in morphological structures.(2) 類型：1 Conversion to nouns 名詞轉(zhuǎn)類&#

40、216; deverbal nouns動(dòng)詞名詞化比如：wantwhat is wantedØ de-adjectival nouns形容詞名詞化a. full conversion完全轉(zhuǎn)換比如：a white 一個(gè)白人b. partial conversion部分轉(zhuǎn)換比如：the poor（得帶定冠詞才能表示名詞意思）2 Conversion to verbs動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)類Ø denominal verbs名詞動(dòng)詞化比如：to can the fruit（將水果放入罐頭中）Ø de-adjectival verbs 動(dòng)詞形容詞化比如：He walked so fast

41、so as not to wet his shoes.3 conversion to adjectives形容詞轉(zhuǎn)類比如：a gold ring （gold是名詞轉(zhuǎn)形容詞）4、 Blending拼綴法構(gòu)成：混合詞(1) 定義：Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word and vice versa. 拼綴法是通過合并兩個(gè)單詞的一部分或者一個(gè)單詞加上另一個(gè)單詞的一部分構(gòu)成新單詞的構(gòu)詞方法。(2) 結(jié)構(gòu)：1 頭+尾2 頭+頭3

42、 頭+詞4 詞+尾5、 Clipping截短法構(gòu)成：縮略詞(1) 定義： Clipping refers to the way of making a word by shortening or clipping a longer word known as clipping. 通過縮短或者截掉一個(gè)長單詞來構(gòu)新詞。(2) 類型：1 Front Clipping2 Back Clipping3 Front and back clipping4 Phrase clipping6、 Acronymy 首字母拼音法(1) 定義：Acronymy is the process of forming ne

43、w words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. 將社會和政治組織名稱的首字母或短語作為術(shù)語組合在一起形成新詞的過程。(2) 類型：Ø initialisms (alphabetisms)：首字母縮略詞1) 定義： Initialisms refer to words pronounced letter by letter, hence the name. 字母一個(gè)一個(gè)讀2

44、) 兩種類型：1 Letters representing full words2 Letters representing constituents in a compound or just parts of a wordØ acronyms： 首字母拼音詞1) 定義：Acronyms refer to a word from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. 可整體作為單詞發(fā)音2) 類型：1 pure acronyms2 hybrid acronyms3 syllabic acronyms7、 Back-forma

45、tion逆生法構(gòu)成：逆向派生詞定義：Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed suffix. It is also known as a reverse derivation. This is because many of the removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable parts of the words.逆生法（逆向派生法）是通過去除單詞所謂的后綴構(gòu)成新詞的

46、方法。所移除的后綴并不是真正的后綴，而是單詞的獨(dú)立部分。8、 Sound Reduplication語音重疊法構(gòu)成：語音重疊詞reduplicatives(1) 定義： Sound reduplication is the formation of compound words by repeating the same element with little or no change.(2) 類型：Four types:1 Words to imitate pure sounds e.g. tick-tuck模仿聲音2 Words to suggest alternating movemen

47、ts e.g. ping-pong暗示某種運(yùn)動(dòng)3 Words to disparage（貶義、蔑視） by suggesting 'instability, nonsense, insecurity, vacillation', etc. e.g. hocus-pocus4 words to intensify.增強(qiáng)語氣 e.g. teeny-weeny9、 Commonization of Proper Names 專有名詞的普通名詞化法Names of People 人名專有化 如：Ampere安培Names of Places 地名專有化 如：Champagne香檳（法國

48、尚帕涅）Names of Books 書名專有化 如：Utopia（烏托邦）Trade Name 商標(biāo)名 如：nylon 尼龍Chapter 51、 Word Meaning詞意(1) Reference所指含義1) 定義：Reference is the connection between the word form and what the form refers to in the world.所指含義是單詞形式和它在這個(gè)世界上所指事物之間的關(guān)系。2) 語言符號和其所指之間的關(guān)系：the relationship between the linguistic sign and its

49、referent: 1 arbitrary 任意性、隨意性2 conventional約定俗成3 the result of generalization and abstraction概括化與抽象化的結(jié)果reference + context = something definite即要賦予一定的語境l referencesymbol：意義通過符號表達(dá)l referencereferent（所指事物）：概括化合抽象化的結(jié)合l symbolreferent：任意性&約定俗成(2) Concept概念定義：Concept is a notion or idea, formed in th

50、e mind as a result of cognition, which reflects the objective world. Concept is beyond language.在人的頭腦中形成一些對客觀世界的反映概念和意義的區(qū)別：1 They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words.均與所指事物相關(guān)，是詞語的概念。2 Concept is universal to all men alike

51、regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 概念對于所有人來說都是相似的。3 But meaning belongs to language. 意義屬于語言層次。(3) Sense語義定義：The sense of a word shows its place in a system of semantic relationships with other words in the language. It is often used to substitute meaning.一個(gè)詞的語義表現(xiàn)了它和語言中的其他詞在語義系統(tǒng)上的關(guān)系，通常等

52、于意義。 Ø Sense denotes the relationships inside the language語義表現(xiàn)的是語言內(nèi)在關(guān)系。Ø Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things they stand for. 所指含義表示的是單詞和它們所象征事物之間的關(guān)系。2、 Motivation 理據(jù)(1) Onomatopoeic Motivation 擬聲理據(jù)In modern English, some words whose phonetic forms suggest their

53、meanings as the words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.通過模仿自然聲音或者噪音暗示單詞意義。l primary onomatopoeiasecondary onomatopoeia: e.g. splash/whisper(2) Morphological Motivation形態(tài)理據(jù)Compounds and derived words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the total of the

54、morphemes combined.復(fù)合詞和派生詞是多語素詞，他們的意義由語素結(jié)合而成。 e.g. airmail、miniskirt(3) Semantic Motivation語義理據(jù)It explains the meaning of a word generated through associations based on its conceptual meaning.語義理據(jù)解釋了一個(gè)詞通過聯(lián)想在概念意義的基礎(chǔ)上衍生出其他意義。e.g. mouth of a river: the opening part of the river(4) Etymological Motivati

55、on詞源理據(jù)the origins of words more often than not throw light on their meanings.單詞的起源往往能解釋它們的含義。3、 Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical Meaning語法意義定義：Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and the