建設工程違約索賠及管理程序-

1、建設工程違約索賠及管理程序班級姓名:工程管理0906謝俊欽摘要:建設工程合同是承包人進行工程建設,發(fā)包人支付價款的合同,包括勘察、設計、施工合同?？辈臁⒃O計、施工單位一方為承包人,建設單位一方為發(fā)包人。建設工程合同是承發(fā)包雙方在平等自愿基礎上訂立的明確權利義務的協(xié)議,是雙方在建設實施過程中遵循的最高行為準則。關鍵詞:建設工程合同;主要義務和違約責任;建設工程合同承包人建設工程合同是承包人進行工程建設,發(fā)包人支付價款的合同,包括勘察、設計、施工合同?？辈?、設計、施工單位一方為承包人,建設單位一方為發(fā)包人。建設工程合同是承發(fā)包雙方在平等自愿基礎上訂立的明確權利義務的協(xié)議,是雙方在建設實施過程中遵循

2、的最高行為準則。針對我國目前普遍存在的合同意識淡漠、違約行為不斷的狀況,明確各自權利義務,強化合同規(guī)范管理,嚴格追究違約責任,成為維護建設市場正常秩序的重要保障。下面作者結合學習合同法的體會,談談對建設工程合同違約責任及其承擔方式的認識。一、合同的違約和違約行為的分類合同法第60條規(guī)定,當事人應當按照約定全面履行自己的義務。建設工程合同是承包人進行工程建設,發(fā)包人支付價款的合同,包括勘察、設計、施工合同?？辈?、設計、施工單位一方為承包人,建設單位一方為發(fā)包人。建設工程合同是承發(fā)包雙方在平等自愿基礎上訂立的明確權利義務的協(xié)議,是雙方在建設實施過程中遵循的最高行為準則。針對我國目前普遍存在的合同意

3、識淡漠、違約行為不斷的狀況,明確各自權利義務,強化合同規(guī)范管理,嚴格追究違約責任,成為維護建設市場正常秩序的重要保障。下面作者結合學習合同法的體會,談談對建設工程合同違約責任及其承擔方式的認識。一、合同的違約和違約行為的分類合同法第60條規(guī)定,當事人應當按照約定全面履行自己的義務。說明只要是合同中明確規(guī)定的,當事人必須遵守,這是合同法律效力的具體表現(xiàn)。任何合同義務的不履行,都是對合同規(guī)定的違反,都將構成違約。違約行為的表現(xiàn)形式多種多樣,歸納起來可作如下分類:按照是否完全違背締約目的,違約行為可分為根本違約和非根本違約。按照合同是否履行與履行狀況,違約行為可分為不履行和不適當履行。不履行是指債務

4、人不按合同約定履行義務;不適當履行,又稱不完全履行,是指債務人履行義務不符合合同約定。不履行進一步可分為履行不能和拒絕履行,履約不能屬于債務人客觀上無法履行義務,拒絕履行屬于債務人能夠履行義務而主觀上不履行。不適當履行進一步可分為瑕疵履行和加害履行。按照是否造成侵權損害,違約行為可分為瑕疵履行和加害履行。瑕疵履行是指因債務人的履行有瑕疵,致使履行本身的價值或效用減少或喪失;加害履行是指債務人的履行不僅有瑕疵,而且瑕疵還導致債權人的其他權益受到損害。按照遲延履行的主體,違約行為可分為債務人給付遲延和債權人受領遲延。二、違約責任的承擔方式違約行為的后果直接導致對合同債權的侵害,必須承擔相應的違約責

5、任。違約責任以合同債務為發(fā)生前提,具有懲罰和補償雙重屬性。合同法以嚴格責任作為承擔違約責任的歸責原則,不論違約人在主觀上是否有過錯,都應當承擔違約責任。關于違約責任承擔方式,合同法等法律規(guī)定可以采用繼續(xù)履行、停止違約行為、賠償損失、支付違約金、執(zhí)行定金罰則及其他補救措施。繼續(xù)履行,又稱實際履行或強制履行,是指當事人一方違約的,對方有權請求人民法院或仲裁機構作出判決或裁決,強迫違約人按照合同履行義務。停止違約行為,是指當事人一方違約的,對方可以要求其停止違約行為;違約人也應當主動停止違約行為;人民法院有權責令違約人停止違約行為。賠償損失,是指當事人一方的違約行為給對方造成財產(chǎn)損失的,違約人應依法

6、向對方作出經(jīng)濟賠償。賠償損失是典型的補償方式。支付違約金,是指當事人一方違約時,向對方支付一定數(shù)額的金錢。根據(jù)性質不同,違約金可分為懲罰性違約金和賠償性違約金;根據(jù)來源不同,違約金又可分為約定違約金和法定違約金。定金罰則也是一種違約責任承擔方式。定金是指當事人一方向對方給付一定數(shù)額的金錢作為債權的擔保。定金對于債權的擔保作用主要體現(xiàn)為定金罰則,給付定金的一方不履行約定的債務的,無權要求返還定金;收受定金的一方不履行約定的債務的,應當雙倍返還定金。此外,還可采取其他一些補救措施,包括:防止損失擴大、暫時中止合同、要求適當履行、解除合同以及行使擔保債權等。根據(jù)建設工程合同,承包人應當按時按質按量完

7、成工程建設,發(fā)包人應當及時檢查驗收并支付工程價款。無論是發(fā)包人,還是承包人,只要其不履行合同規(guī)定的義務,都將構成違約行為。針對不同性質的違約行為,債權人有權依照合同法等法律的規(guī)定要求違約的債務人承擔相應的違約責任。三、建設工程合同發(fā)包人的主要義務和違約責任(一勘察、設計合同發(fā)包人的主要義務和違約責任1.勘察、設計合同發(fā)包人的主要義務在建設工程中,勘察、設計合同發(fā)包人的主要義務是:第一,向勘察人、設計人提供開展工作所需的基礎資料和技術要求,并對提供的時間、進度和資料的可靠性負責;第二,為勘察人、設計人提供必要的工作和生活條件;第三,按照合同規(guī)定向勘察人、設計人支付勘察、設計費;第四,維護勘察人、

8、設計人的工作成果,不得擅自修改,不得轉讓給第三人重復使用。2.勘察、設計合同發(fā)包人承擔違約責任合同法針對勘察、設計合同發(fā)包人的違約行為提出了三種具體方式,即發(fā)包人變更計劃、發(fā)包人提供的資料不準確、發(fā)包人未按照期限提供必需的勘察、設計工作條件。這三種違約行為都將導致勘察人、設計人支出額外的工作量,從而造成勘察、設計費用的不合理增加。為此發(fā)包人應當承擔不履行、不適當履行或遲延履行違約責任,按照勘察人、設計人實際消耗的工作量增付費用。合同法第285條規(guī)定,因發(fā)包人變更計劃,提供的資料不準確,或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、設計工作條件而造成勘察、設計的返工、停工或者修改設計,發(fā)包人應當按照勘察人、設計

9、人實際消耗的工作量增付費用。在這里發(fā)包人通過賠償損失的方式承擔違約責任。如果發(fā)包人未按合同規(guī)定的方式、標準和期限向勘察人、設計人支付勘察、設計費,發(fā)包人應當承擔不履行或遲延履行違約責任,適用合同法第109條的規(guī)定,當事人一方未支付價款或者報酬的,對方可以要求其支付價款或者報酬。發(fā)包人遲延支付勘察、設計費的,除應支付勘察、設計費外,還應承擔其他的違約責任,如支付違約金、賠償逾期利息等。由于發(fā)包人擅自修改勘察設計成果而引起的工程質量問題,發(fā)包人應當承擔責任;發(fā)包人擅自將勘察設計成果轉移給第三人使用,發(fā)包人應當賠償相應的損失。建設部、國家工商行政管理局頒布的建設工程設計合同規(guī)定,甲方應保護乙方的設計

10、版權,未經(jīng)乙方同意,甲方對乙方交付的設計文件不得復制或向第三方轉讓或用于本合同外的項目,如發(fā)生以上情況,乙方有權索賠。(二施工合同發(fā)包人的主要義務和違約責任1.施工合同發(fā)包人的主要義務在建設工程中,施工合同發(fā)包人的主要義務是:第一,作好施工前的各項準備工作;第二,為施工人提供必要的條件,配合施工人的工作;第三,按照合同規(guī)定向施工人支付工程預付款;第四,在不妨礙施工人正常作業(yè)的情況下,進行必要的監(jiān)督檢查;第五,按照合同規(guī)定向施工人支付工程進度款;第六,組織竣工驗收,支付竣工結算款。2.施工合同發(fā)包人承擔違約責任如果合同約定由發(fā)包人提供原材料、設備、場地、技術資料,而發(fā)包人未按約定的時間和要求提供

11、這些條件,如果發(fā)包人未按約定支付工程預付款或工程進度款,發(fā)包人應承擔不履行、不適當履行或遲延履行違約責任,適用合同法第283條規(guī)定,發(fā)包人未按照約定的時間和要求提供原材料、設備、場地、資金、技術資料的,承包人可以順延工程日期,并有權要求賠償停工、窩工等損失。在這里發(fā)包人承擔違約責任的方式是賠償損失,施工人有權要求工期和費用索賠。如果出現(xiàn)發(fā)包人提供的技術資料存在錯誤、發(fā)包人變更設計文件、發(fā)包人變更工程量、發(fā)包人未按約定及時提供建筑材料和設備、發(fā)包人未提供必要的工作條件致使施工人無法正常作業(yè)等情況,發(fā)包人應當承擔不履行、不適當履行或遲延履行違約責任,施工人可以停建、緩建,及時通知發(fā)包人并向發(fā)包人索

12、賠損失。為此合同法第284條規(guī)定,因發(fā)包人的原因致使工程中途停建、緩建的,發(fā)包人應當采取措施彌補或者減少損失,賠償承包人因此造成的停工、窩工、倒運、機械設備調遷、材料和構件積壓等損失和實際費用。在這里發(fā)包人承擔違約責任的方式是采取補救措施和賠償損失。隱蔽工程隱蔽后,如果發(fā)生質量問題,需要重新開挖,除去覆蓋物,必然造成返工浪費。因此施工人在隱蔽之前,首先應進行自檢,然后通知發(fā)包人和監(jiān)理工程師進行檢查驗收,發(fā)包人和監(jiān)理工程師檢查合格后,施工人才能進行隱蔽施工。在隱蔽前檢查隱蔽工程,既是發(fā)包人的權利,也是發(fā)包人的義務。如果發(fā)包人接到通知后不及時檢查,施工人就無法進行隱蔽施工,發(fā)包人應承擔遲延履行違約

13、責任。合同法第278條規(guī)定,隱蔽工程在隱蔽以前,承包人應當通知發(fā)包人檢查。發(fā)包人沒有及時檢查的,承包人可以順延工程日期,并有權要求賠償停工、窩工等損失。在這里發(fā)包人承擔違約責任的方式是賠償損失,施工人有權要求工期和費用索賠。施工人按照合同規(guī)定完成工程建設后,取得發(fā)包人支付的竣工結算款,這是施工人享有的合法權益。為此合同法第286條規(guī)定,發(fā)包人未按照約定支付價款的,承包人可以催告發(fā)包人在合理期限內(nèi)支付價款。發(fā)包人逾期不支付的,除按照建設工程的性質不宜折價、拍賣的以外,承包人可以與發(fā)包人協(xié)議將該工程折價,也可以申請人民法院將該工程依法拍賣。建設工程的價款就該工程折價或者拍賣的價款優(yōu)先受償。這是針對

14、工程價款為施工人設立的優(yōu)先受償權。通過這一法律設計,強化了對施工人合法權益的優(yōu)先救濟和保護,為解決久治不愈的業(yè)主拖欠工程款問題提供了必要的法律依據(jù)。四、建設工程合同承包人的主要義務和違約責任(一勘察、設計合同承包人的主要義務和違約責任1.勘察、設計合同承包人的主要義務在建設工程中,勘察、設計合同承包人的主要義務是:第一,按照勘察、設計合同規(guī)定的進度和質量要求向發(fā)包人提交勘察、設計成果;第二,配合施工,進行技術交底,解決施工過程中有關設計的問題,負責設計修改,參加工程竣工驗收。2.勘察、設計合同承包人承擔違約責任勘察、設計的質量是決定建設工程質量的基礎。如果勘察、設計的質量存在缺陷,整個建設工程

15、的質量也就失去了保障?？辈?、設計工作必須符合法律法規(guī)的有關規(guī)定,符合建設工程質量、安全標準,符合勘察、設計技術規(guī)范,符合勘察、設計合同的要求。如果勘察人、設計人提交的勘察、設計文件不符合質量要求,將承擔瑕疵履行違約責任;如果勘察人、設計人不按合同約定的期限提交勘察、設計文件,將承擔遲延履行違約責任。合同法第280條規(guī)定,勘察、設計的質量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、設計文件拖延工期,造成發(fā)包人損失的,勘察人、設計人應當繼續(xù)完善勘察、設計,減收或者免收勘察、設計費并賠償損失。在這里勘察人、設計人通過繼續(xù)履行和賠償損失的方式承擔違約責任。(二施工合同承包人的主要義務和違約責任1.施工合同承包人

16、的主要義務在建設工程中,施工合同承包人的主要義務是:第一,作好施工準備工作;第二,按照合同要求進行施工;第三,在不影響正常作業(yè)的前提下,隨時接受發(fā)包人對進度、質量的監(jiān)督檢查;第四,按照合同規(guī)定,按質如期完成工程,參加竣工驗收,進行工程交付;第五,在規(guī)定的保修期內(nèi),針對由于本方原因造成的工程質量問題,無償負責維修。2.施工合同承包人承擔違約責任施工的質量是決定建設工程質量的關鍵。在施工過程中,施工人應當按照設計文件和施工規(guī)范進行施工,不得偷工減料、粗制濫造,不得擅自修改工程設計,否則施工人對施工質量應承擔瑕疵履行違約責任;施工人不得延誤工期,否則將承擔遲延履行違約責任。為此合同法第281條規(guī)定,

17、因施工人的原因致使建設工程質量不符合約定的,發(fā)包人有權要求施工人在合理期限內(nèi)無償修理或者返工、改建。經(jīng)過修理或者返工、改建后,造成逾期交付的,施工人應當承擔違約責任。在這里施工人承擔違約責任的方式主要表現(xiàn)為繼續(xù)履行,同時還要承擔逾期交付引起的違約責任,發(fā)包人可從支付違約金、減少價款、行使擔保債權等方式中選擇適當方式要求施工人承擔違約責任。建設工程質量關系到國家利益、社會公共利益和社會公眾安全,關系到使用者的自身權益以及第三者的人身財產(chǎn)。施工人不僅應對施工質量負責,而且應對建設工程合理使用期間的質量安全承擔責任。如果由于施工人的原因,在合理使用期限內(nèi)發(fā)生了質量事故,造成發(fā)包人、最終用戶或者第三者

18、人身財產(chǎn)損害,那么施工人不僅應承擔加害履行違約責任,而且還要依法承擔相應的侵權責任,從而發(fā)生施工人違約責任與侵權責任之間的責任競合。為此合同法第282條規(guī)定,因承包人的原因致使建設工程在合理使用期限內(nèi)造成人身和財產(chǎn)損害的,承包人應當承擔損害賠償責任。發(fā)包人可以選擇違約責任或者侵權責任要求施工人賠償損失,其他受損害人可以根據(jù)侵權責任要求施工人承擔損害賠償責任。參考文獻1 合同法第60條2合同法第280條3合同法第281條4合同法第282條5合同法第283條6合同法第284條Engineering and claims proceduresAbstract:The construction con

19、tract is the contractor for construction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the agreement of

20、 clear rights and obligations entered into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process.Keywords:Construction contract; the primary duty and breach of contract; construction contract contractorThe con

21、struction contract is the contractor for construction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the

22、 agreement of clear rights and obligations entered into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process. The contract for our current common sense of apathy, constant breach, to clarify the respective ri

23、ghts and obligations, and strengthen the management of contract specifications, strict liability for breach of an important guarantee for safeguarding the normal order of the construction market. The combination of the following of the learning experience of the "Contract Law", talk on the

24、 construction contrac t liability for breach of its commitment to understanding. Breach of contract and breach of contract law. "The provisions of section 60, the parties shall fully fulfill their obligations in accordance withthe contract. The construction contract is the contractor for constr

25、uction projects, contracting to pay the price of the contract, including survey, design, construction contract. Survey, design, construction units, party contractor, the construction unit side to the Employer. The construction contract is a contract the agreement of clear rights and obligations ente

26、red into by the two sides equal on a voluntary basis, the highest code of conduct for both sides to follow in the construction and implementation process. The contract for our current common sense of apathy, constant breach, to clarify the respective rights and obligations, and strengthen the manage

27、ment of contract specifications, strict liability for breach of an important guarantee for safeguarding the normal orderof the construction market. The combination of the following of the learning experience of the "Contract Law", talk on the construction contract liability for breach of i

28、ts commitment to understanding.A, breach of contract and breach of classification"Contract law" in article 60, the parties shall fully fulfill their obligations in accordance with the contract. Instructions as long as it is clearly stipulated in the contract, the parties must comply with s

29、pecific performance of this contract the force of law. Non-performance of any contractual obligations are stipulated in the contract violation would constitute a breach of contract. Breach of the performance of a variety of forms can be summed up can be classified as follows: breach of contract can

30、be divided into fundamental breac h of contract and fundamental breach of contract is completely contrary to the Contracting purpose.In accordance with the contract is in compliance with the performance situation, the breach can be divided into non-performance or improper performance. Fails to perfo

31、rm the debtor fails to fulfill contractual obligations; improper performance, also known as incomplete performance is to fulfill their obligations of the debtor does not meet the contract. Non-performance can be further divided into fulfillment can not be refused to honor the performance can not bel

32、ong to the debtor an objective can not fulfill their obligations, refused to honor belonging to the debtor to fulfill the obligations of non-performance and subjective. Improper performance can be further divided into the defective performance and harm to fulfill. According to whether caused by tort

33、 damages, the breach can be divided into defective performance and harm to fulfill. Defective performance, the performance of the debtor's flawed, resulting in fulfillment of their value or utility of the reduction or loss; harm to fulfill means that the debtor fulfill not only flawed, and flaws

34、 also led to other creditor's rights are being infringed. In accordance with the main body of delay in performance, the breach can be divided into the debtor's payment delay and Delay in Acceptance.Second, the liability for breach of contract commitmentConsequences of the breach is a direct

35、result of a violation of the contract claims, must bear the corresponding liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of contract debt is the premise, with the dual attributes of punishment and compensation. Attributable to the principle of as liable for breach of contract law "stric

36、t liability, breach of human subjective fault, should bear the liability for breach of contract. Liability for breach of commitments, "contract law" the law can continue to fulfill the cessation of the breach, damages, payment of liquidated damages, and the implementation of the deposit pe

37、nalties and other remedial measures.Continue to perform, also known as the actual performance of specific performance, refers to the party breached the contract, the other party has the right to request the people's court or an arbitration institution to make a judgment or award, and forced the

38、breach of contract in accordance with thecontract to fulfill their obligations.Cessation of the breach, the party breached the contract, the other party may request the cessation of the breach; breach of contract should also take the initiative to stop the breach; People's Court has the right to

39、 be ordered to breach cessation of the breach.Compensation for damages is the party of the breach to the other party property losses, breach of contract law to make financial compensation to the other. Compensation for damages is a typical way of compensation. Payment of liquidated damages, to the o

40、ther party breached the contract, to pay a certain amount of money. According to the different nature of liquidated damages can be divided into the punitive damages the gold and compensation for breach of contract; According to different sources, liquidated damages can be divided into the agreed pen

41、alty and statutory liquidated damages.Deposit penalties for a breach of contract bear the way. Deposit refers to the parties a party to pay a certain amount of money as security for debt. The deposit for a security for debt role mainly for the deposit penalties to pay a deposit of one party does not

42、 perform the debt, no right to demand the return of the deposit; party accepting the deposit fails to perform the agreed debt obligations, should be double the return of the deposit.In addition, you can take some other remedial measures, including: preventing further loss, to suspend the contract, r

43、equiring the proper discharge, terminate the contract and the exercise of the secured claim.According to the construction contract, the contractor shall promptly complete the building according to the quality and quantity, the developer shall timely inspection and acceptance and pay the contract pri

44、ce. Either the Employer or the Contractor, as long as it does not fulfill obligations under the contract, would constitute a breach of contract. For the different nature of the breach of contract, the creditor is entitled to require the defaulting debtor in accordance with the provisions of the law

45、of the "Contract Law" to bear the corresponding liability for breach of contract.Three, the main construction contract, the Employer obligations and liability for breach of contract(A investigation, the main obligations of the Employer of the design contract and breach of contractInvestiga

46、tion, design contract for the Employer's obligationsIn construction engineering, surveying, design contract for the main obligations of the Employer is: first, to survey and design work required basic data and technical requirements, and provide the time, schedule, and reliability of the informa

47、tion is responsible for ; survey design to provide the necessary working and living conditions; the third survey, in accordance with the provisions of the contract paid to the surveyor or designer, design fees; Fourth, maintain the results of the work of the surveyor, designer, not modification shal

48、l not be transferable to a third party to re-use.Investigation, design, contract letting and liable for breach of"Contract Law" three specific ways for investigation, design contract for breach of the Employer, the Employer to change plans, inaccurate information provided by the Employer,

49、the Employer is not in accordance with the deadline to provide the necessary survey, design, working conditions. Three breaches will lead to the surveyor or designer spending the extra workload, resulting in the survey, increased design fee unreasonable. To this e nd the Employer shall be liable for

50、 non-performance, improper performance, or delay in performance, breach of contract, with pay in accordance with the surveyor, designer of the actual consumption of the amount of work. "Contract Law" Section 285 provides that, due to change the plan of the Employer, the information provide

51、d is not accurate, or not in accordance with the deadline to provide the necessary survey, design working conditions survey, design rework, downtime, or modify the design, the developer shall fees paid by the survey and design the actual consumption of the amount of work. Liable for breach of contra

52、ct here by way of compensation for the losses.If the Employer fails to contract provisions, standards and deadlines to pay survey to the surveyor or designer, design fees, the Employer shall be liable for failure or delay in performance, breach of contract, the provisions of section 109 of the appli

53、cable contract law, a party fails to to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may request to pay the price or remuneration. Employer delay in payment of survey and design fees, in addition to survey and design fees to be paid, we must also assume other liability for breach of contract, such

54、 as payment of liquidated damages and compensation for overdue interest and other. Contract modification to the survey and design results, the quality of the project, the developer shall bear the responsibility; contracting unauthorized survey designed for transfer to a third party, the Employer sha

55、ll compensate consequential losses. Ministry of Construction, issued by the State Administration for Industry, construction and engineering design, contract provisions, the employer shall protect the copyright of Party B, without B's consent, the design documents delivered by Party A may not be

56、copied or transferred to third parties or for projects outside of this contract, such as occurrence of the above, Party B shall be entitled to claim.(B The primary duty and breach of contract for the construction contract letting peopleThe main obligations of a construction contract bidding peopleIn

57、 construction projects, the main obligations of the construction contract letting people: first, to make all the preparatory work before construction; for the builder to provide the necessary conditions, with the construction work of the people; third, according to the contract paid to the construct

58、ion project prepayments; Fourth, in the case without prejudice to the normal operation of the construction people, make the necessary supervision and inspection; Fifth, to pay progress payments to the builder in accordance with the contract; sixth, organizational completion and acceptance of payment

59、 The final settlement amount.(2 Construction Contract the Employer liable for breach ofIf the contract to provide the raw materials, equipment, site, technical information, while the contract agreed upon by the person fails to request these conditions, if the Employer fails to pay the agreed project advance or progress payments by the Employer, the Employer shall bear thenon-performance inappropriate to perform or delay in performance, breach of contract, the application of the provisions of s