學(xué)術(shù)英語社科Unit5五單元原文及翻譯

1、UNIT 5Sociology Matters1. Culture is the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior.It includes the ideas,values,customs,and artifacts of groups of people.Though culture differ in their customs,artifacts,and languages,they all share certain basic charact

2、eristics.Furthermore,cultural characteristics change as cultures develop ,and cultures infuence one another through their technological ,commercial, and artistic achievements.文化是指社會(huì)傳播學(xué)，海關(guān)，知識(shí)，材料的對(duì)象，和行為。它包括思想，價(jià)值觀， 習(xí)俗，和人群的文物。盡管文化在他們的習(xí)俗，文物，和語言不同，但是他們都有一些 共同的基本特性。此外，當(dāng)文化發(fā)展時(shí)文化特征也在變化，并且文化通過他們的技術(shù)， 商業(yè)，藝術(shù)成就相互影

3、響。Cultural universals 文化共性2. All societies,despite their differences,have developed certain general practices known as cultural universals.Many cultural universals are ,in fact,adaptations to meet essential human needs ,such as people's need for food ,shelter,and clothing. Anthropologist George

4、murdock compiled a list of cultural that included athletic sports, cooking ,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions.所有的社會(huì)，盡管他們的差別，已經(jīng)形成了一定的一般做法被稱為文化的共性。事 實(shí)上，許多文化的共性是為了滿足人類基本需求的適應(yīng)性，如人們所需要的食品，住房， 和服裝。人類學(xué)家喬治默多克編制了一份文化清單，包括體育運(yùn)動(dòng)，烹飪，葬禮儀式， 醫(yī)學(xué)，和性的限制。3. The cultural practices listed by Murdock may

5、 be universal,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.For example,one society may let its members choose their own marriage partners.Another may encourage marriages arranged by the parents.默多克上市的文化習(xí)俗可能是普遍的，但是他們的表達(dá)方式因文化的不同而不同。 例如，一個(gè)社會(huì)可以讓其成員選擇自己的婚姻伴侶。另一個(gè)可能鼓勵(lì)父母包辦的婚姻。4.

6、 Not only does the expression of cultural universals vary from one society to another,it may also change dramatically over time within a society. Each generation ,and each year for that matter,most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion. 不僅是從一個(gè)社會(huì)到另一個(gè)社會(huì)文化普遍

7、性表達(dá)的變化，它也可能在一個(gè)社會(huì)中隨著時(shí) 間的推移發(fā)生巨大的變化。對(duì)于這個(gè)問題每一代人和每年，大多數(shù)人的文化通過創(chuàng)新與 擴(kuò)散過程改變和擴(kuò)大。Innovation 創(chuàng)新5. The process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture is known as innovation. Innovation interests sociologists becauseof the potential social consequencesof introducing something new. There are two forms of

8、 innovation: discovery and invention. A discovery involves making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of reality.The finding of the DNA molecule and the identification of a new moon of Saturn are both acts of discovery.A significant factor in the process of discovery is the sharing of newf

9、ound knowledge with others.By contrast,an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.The bow and arrow ,the automobile,and the Internet are all examples of inventions.介紹一個(gè)新的想法或?qū)ο蟮揭粋€(gè)文化的過程稱為創(chuàng)新。社會(huì)學(xué)家對(duì)創(chuàng)新感興趣因?yàn)?介紹新東西的潛在的社會(huì)后果。創(chuàng)新主要有兩種形式：發(fā)現(xiàn)和發(fā)明。發(fā)現(xiàn)涉及已知的或 共享

10、的現(xiàn)實(shí)的某些方面的事物。 DNA 分子的發(fā)現(xiàn)和新的土星的衛(wèi)星識(shí)別都是發(fā)現(xiàn)的兩種 行為。發(fā)現(xiàn)過程的一個(gè)標(biāo)志是新知識(shí)與他人分享。相比之下，當(dāng)現(xiàn)有的文化項(xiàng)目組合成 的一種形式，這種沒有存在過時(shí)一個(gè)發(fā)明產(chǎn)生。弓和箭，汽車，和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是所有發(fā)明的 例子。Globalization,diffusion,and technology 全球化，傳播，和技術(shù)6. The familiar green Starbucks logo beckons you into a comfortable coffee shop where you can order decaf latte and a cinnamon rin

11、g.What 's unusual about that?This Starbucks happens to be located in the heart of Beijing 's Forbidden City,just outside the Palace of Heavenly Purity,former residence of Chinese emperors.In 2002 it was one of 25 Starbucks stores in China: four years later there were more than 90. The succes

12、s of Starbucks in a country in which coffee drinking is still a novelty(most Chinese are tea drinkers ) has been striking.熟悉的綠色星巴克標(biāo)志召喚你在舒適的咖啡店，你可以喝無咖啡因咖啡和肉桂環(huán)。 有什么特別的呢？這個(gè)星巴克是坐落在北京的故宮， 在乾清宮，中國(guó)皇帝的故居。在 2002 年它是在中國(guó) 25 星巴克店之一：四年后，星巴克店就超過 90。在一個(gè)國(guó)家中喝咖啡還是 一個(gè)新鮮事物(大多數(shù)中國(guó)人是喝茶的) ，星巴克的成功已經(jīng)打擊。7. The emergence of St

13、arbucks in China illustrates a rapidly escalating trend called globalization. Globalization may be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas. While public discussion of globalization is relat

14、ively recent, intellectuals have been pondering its social consequences for a long time.Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels warned in The Communist Manifesto of a world market that would lead to production in distant lands ,sweeping away existing working relationships.Today,more and more cultural express

15、ions and practices are crossing national borders,transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them. Sociologists use the term“diffusion ”to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.Diffusion can occur through a variety of

16、means ,among them exploration,military conquest, missionary work, the influence of the mass media , tourism, and the Internet.星巴克在中國(guó)的出現(xiàn)說明了一個(gè)快速上升的趨勢(shì)稱之為全球化。全球化可以定義為政府的政策，文化，社會(huì)運(yùn)動(dòng)，并通過貿(mào)易和交流思想的金融市場(chǎng)的全球一體化。雖然全球化的公開討論是相對(duì)較新，知識(shí)分子一直在思考其很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間的社會(huì)后果?？?馬克思和弗里德里希恩格斯警告說，在世界市場(chǎng)的共產(chǎn)黨宣言，在遙遠(yuǎn)的將來產(chǎn)生的結(jié) 果是清除現(xiàn)有的工作關(guān)系。今天，越來越多的文化

17、表現(xiàn)形式和實(shí)踐是跨越國(guó)界，將接觸 到他們的社會(huì)習(xí)俗。社會(huì)學(xué)家用“擴(kuò)散”是指通過這樣一個(gè)過程，文化項(xiàng)目已經(jīng)從組到 組或社會(huì)。擴(kuò)散可以通過多種方式發(fā)生，其中勘探，軍事征服，傳教，大眾傳媒的影響， 旅游，和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。8.Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term “McDonaldization ”to describe the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society,both

18、 in the United States and throughout the world.For example.hair salons and medical clinics now take walk-in appointments. In Hong Kong,sex selection clinics offer a menu of items, from fertility enhancement to methods of increasing the likelihood of producing a child of the desired sex.社會(huì)學(xué)家喬治瑞澤爾杜撰了一

19、個(gè)術(shù)語“麥當(dāng)勞化” ，通過它的快餐店的原則來主宰社 會(huì)某些領(lǐng)域描述的過程中，無論是在美國(guó)和世界各地。為 example.hair 沙龍和醫(yī)療診所， 現(xiàn)在需要預(yù)約的預(yù)約。在香港，選擇性別診所提供的菜單，從肥力的提高來增加生產(chǎn)所 需的性別的孩子的可能性的方法。9.McDonaldization is associatedwith the melting of cultures ,so that we see more and more similarities in cultural expression.In Japan,for example,African entrepreneurs hav

20、e found a thriving market for hip-hop fashions popularized by teens in the United States. In Austria,the McDonald 's organization itself has drawn on Austrians'love of coffee,cake,and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain. Many critical observers believe that McDonaldization and

21、globalization serve to dilute the distinctive aspects of a societ'ys culture.麥當(dāng)勞化與文化相關(guān)的熔化，使我們看到在文化表達(dá)更多的相似之處。在日本，例 如，非洲的企業(yè)家有一個(gè)蓬勃發(fā)展的市場(chǎng)嘻哈時(shí)尚的美國(guó)青少年推廣。在奧地利，麥當(dāng) 勞的組織本身已經(jīng)對(duì)奧地利人喜歡咖啡，蛋糕，和會(huì)話創(chuàng)建麥咖啡連鎖快餐店。許多關(guān) 鍵的觀察家認(rèn)為，麥當(dāng)勞化和全球化為稀的獨(dú)特方面的社會(huì)文化。10.Some societies try to protect themselves from the invasion of too much c

22、ulture from other countries, especially the economically dominant United States. The Canadian government, for example,requires that 35 percent of a station 's daytime radio programming be devoted to Canadian songs or artists.In Brazil, a toy manufacturer has eclipsed Barbie's popularity by d

23、esigning Susi, a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls.Susi has a slightly smaller chest,much wider thights,and darker skin than Barbie.Her wardrobe includes the skimpy bikinis favored on Brazilian braches as well as a soccer shirt honoring the Brazilian team.According to the toy company's m

24、arketing director, “We wanted Susi to be more Latin,more voluptuous. We Latins appreciate those attributes.”Brazilians seem to agree:Five Susi dolls are sold for every two Barbies.一些國(guó)家試圖保護(hù)自己免受其他國(guó)家太多文化的入侵，特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)上占統(tǒng)治地位的 美國(guó)。例如，加拿大政府，要求一個(gè)站的日間廣播節(jié)目百分之 35 致力于加拿大歌曲或藝 術(shù)家。在巴西，一個(gè)玩具制造商已經(jīng)超過了芭比娃娃的普及，通過設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)洋娃娃，蘇 西，

25、看起來更像巴西女孩蘇西。一個(gè)稍小的胸部，更廣泛的thights，皮膚比芭比黑暗。她的衣柜包括緊身比基尼青睞巴西分支以及足球球衣紀(jì)念巴西隊(duì)。根據(jù)玩具公司的營(yíng)銷 總監(jiān)，“我們希望蘇西更拉丁，更性感。我們拉丁人欣賞的那些屬性。 ”巴西人似乎都同 意：五蘇西的每?jī)蓚€(gè)芭比娃娃的銷售。11.Technology in its many forms has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements. Sociologist Gerhard Lenski has d

26、efined technology as“cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires”.Today's technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation. Press conferences, often carried simultaneously on the Internet, now trumpet new developments.在它的許多形式的技術(shù)增加了文化傳播的速度和擴(kuò)大文化元素的分布。社會(huì)學(xué)家格哈德倫斯基定義為“文化信息技術(shù)如何應(yīng)用環(huán)境的物質(zhì)資源來滿足人的需要和愿望。 “今天的科技發(fā)展，不再需要等待在限制流通期刊出版。新聞發(fā)布會(huì)，往往同時(shí)進(jìn)行，在互 聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，現(xiàn)在小號(hào)的新發(fā)展。12.Sociologist William F.Ogburn made a useful distinction between the elements of material and nonmaterial culture. Material cult