農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境專業(yè)英語

1、農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境專業(yè)英語農(nóng)業(yè)資源與環(huán)境專業(yè)英語Self-introductionGoalsGoals（1 1）Literature searchingLiterature searching（2 2）Translation skillsTranslation skills（3 3）Writing of Scientific and Writing of Scientific and Technical papersTechnical papers（4 4）Share Ideas, Experience and Results Share Ideas, Experience and Results

2、 of your researchof your researchDescription of the CourseThe nature of the curriculum: Compulsory courseThe nature of the curriculum: Compulsory courseAntecedence courses: EnglishAntecedence courses: English、Soil scienceSoil science、Plant Plant nutritionnutrition Reference booksReference books：Engl

3、ish Course for Science of English Course for Science of Resources and EnvironmentResources and Environment許宏修主編;環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語彭舉威主編；英漢科技翻譯教程韓其順主編；英語科技論文寫作精要辜嘉銘編著；Duration of course: Duration of course: 36 hours36 hoursTypes of activities: learning-based classes, case Types of activities: learning-based

4、 classes, case study, workshop, translation exercise, watching study, workshop, translation exercise, watching video related to environmental issue.video related to environmental issue.Test mode: attendance(20%); Performance in Test mode: attendance(20%); Performance in class(50%); housework(30%)cla

5、ss(50%); housework(30%) ContentsUnit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English Unit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional Purposefor Professional PurposeUnit 2 The translation of English for Unit 2 The translation of English for Special PurposeSpecial PurposeUnit 3 Reading Comprehension and Unit

6、3 Reading Comprehension and Translation of English for Agricultural Translation of English for Agricultural Resources and EnvironmentResources and EnvironmentUnit 4 Writing of Scientific and Unit 4 Writing of Scientific and Technical PapersTechnical PapersUnit 1 The Basic Knowledge of English Unit 1

7、 The Basic Knowledge of English for Professional Purposefor Professional Purpose1.1 The characters of Language1.1 The characters of Language1.2 The characters of Grammar1.2 The characters of Grammar1.3 The characters of Words and 1.3 The characters of Words and ExpressionsExpressions1.4 The characte

8、rs of the Structure1.4 The characters of the Structure1.1 The characters of 1.1 The characters of LanguageLanguage1.1.1 Accuracy 1.1.1 Accuracy 準(zhǔn)確：表達(dá)上不使用模棱兩可的詞。準(zhǔn)確：表達(dá)上不使用模棱兩可的詞。e.g. Water supply and Drainage Engineering offers a e.g. Water supply and Drainage Engineering offers a particular challenge

9、 because particular challenge because almost every process of every process of wastewater treatment that is designed and built by wastewater treatment that is designed and built by engineers is unique. One processengineers is unique. One process rarely duplicate anotherduplicate another exactly.1.1.

10、2 Brevity 1.1.2 Brevity 簡(jiǎn)潔：避免不必要的潤(rùn)飾和重復(fù)，但不簡(jiǎn)潔：避免不必要的潤(rùn)飾和重復(fù)，但不排除長(zhǎng)句的使用。排除長(zhǎng)句的使用。e.g. Be strict to the examination and approval of the e.g. Be strict to the examination and approval of the new projects in new projects in HuaiHeHuaiHe River basin, and River basin, and carry out the carry out the environment

11、 influence assessment system. The projects environment influence assessment system. The projects which are not in accord with the Tenth-Five-year plan which are not in accord with the Tenth-Five-year plan should not be approved.should not be approved. e.g. Metals expand when heated and contract when

12、 e.g. Metals expand when heated and contract when cooledcooled1.1.3 Clarity 1.1.3 Clarity 清晰：清晰主要是強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、清晰：清晰主要是強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、概念清晰、關(guān)系分明、句子連貫。概念清晰、關(guān)系分明、句子連貫。1.1 The characters of 1.1 The characters of LanguageLanguage？結(jié)論科技推理歸納總結(jié)分析問題提出問題 邏輯、語法詞使用的普遍邏輯、語法詞使用的普遍表示原因表示原因語氣轉(zhuǎn)折語氣轉(zhuǎn)折邏輯順序邏輯順序表示限制表示限制表示假設(shè)表示假設(shè)because,

13、 because of , due to, owing to, as , because, because of , due to, owing to, as , as a result of, caused by, foras a result of, caused by, forbut, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwisebut, however, nevertheless, yet, otherwiseso, thus, therefore, furthermore, moreover, so, thus, therefore, furthermo

14、re, moreover, in addition toin addition toonly, if only, except, besides, unlessonly, if only, except, besides, unlesssuppose, assuming provided, suppose, assuming provided, providingproviding The characters of 1.2 The characters of GrammarGrammar1.2.1 1.2.1 大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)大量使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)（1/31/3及物動(dòng)詞）及物動(dòng)詞）

15、一方面是因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w反映的是客觀事實(shí)及據(jù)此作出的科學(xué)推論一方面是因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w反映的是客觀事實(shí)及據(jù)此作出的科學(xué)推論，語言運(yùn)用要求體現(xiàn)客觀性和普遍性，避免使用人稱作主語以免，語言運(yùn)用要求體現(xiàn)客觀性和普遍性，避免使用人稱作主語以免主觀臆斷主觀臆斷，更少有主觀色彩，更少有主觀色彩；另一方面是因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w描述的是科研的對(duì)象、手段、過程，使另一方面是因?yàn)榭萍嘉捏w描述的是科研的對(duì)象、手段、過程，使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)用被動(dòng)語態(tài)更能說明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出更能說明需要論證的對(duì)象，更能使其位置鮮明、突出。e.g. During this oxidation process, pollutants e.g

16、. During this oxidation process, pollutants are broken downare broken down into carbon dioxide (CO into carbon dioxide (CO2 2), water ), water (H(H2 2O), nitrates, O), nitrates, sulphatessulphates and biomass (micro- and biomass (micro-organisms). organisms). e.g. By optimizing the oxygen supply wit

17、h so-e.g. By optimizing the oxygen supply with so-called aerators, the process can be called aerators, the process can be significantly significantly acceleratedaccelerated. .1.2.2 1.2.2 名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)特別是名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)特別是動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式動(dòng)詞的非謂語形式（不定式，動(dòng)（不定式，動(dòng)名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞）名詞，現(xiàn)在分詞，過去分詞）使用的頻率高使用的頻率高 e.g. e.g. The mastery of a for

18、eign language The mastery of a foreign language will be will be of great use to of great use to your study of agricultural your study of agricultural resource and environment resource and environment e.g.e.g. The demands for sophisticated analysis, The demands for sophisticated analysis, coupled wit

19、h some serious limitations on coupled with some serious limitations on computational capability, led to a host of computational capability, led to a host of special techniques for solving a corresponding special techniques for solving a corresponding set of special problems.set of special problems.1

20、.2.3 1.2.3 非人稱的語氣和客觀的態(tài)度，常用非人稱的語氣和客觀的態(tài)度，常用It+It+及物動(dòng)詞及物動(dòng)詞+ +加不定式結(jié)構(gòu)加不定式結(jié)構(gòu)e.g. It makes no difference to take this medicine e.g. It makes no difference to take this medicine before or after meals.before or after meals.e.g. Although the quantities of water used for e.g. Although the quantities of water u

21、sed for potable reuse are limited, because it is a potable reuse are limited, because it is a hotly debated subject to reuse reclaimed water hotly debated subject to reuse reclaimed water that encompasses important issues related to that encompasses important issues related to advanced wastewater tr

22、eatment, public health, advanced wastewater treatment, public health, and public acceptance.and public acceptance.1.2.4 長(zhǎng)句較多，但因?qū)I(yè)英語多為說明性的，從句與從句之間、長(zhǎng)句較多，但因?qū)I(yè)英語多為說明性的，從句與從句之間、主從句之間、短語之間、短語與句子間關(guān)系較簡(jiǎn)單，可借助專業(yè)主從句之間、短語之間、短語與句子間關(guān)系較簡(jiǎn)單，可借助專業(yè)知識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文邏輯關(guān)系解決知識(shí)，根據(jù)上下文邏輯關(guān)系解決 e.g. Unfortunately, it is universal e.g. Un

23、fortunately, it is universal that that the polluted the polluted rivers can be found near densely populated areas all rivers can be found near densely populated areas all over the world, over the world, supportsupport no fish, no fish, areare high in bacterial high in bacterial content(usually inclu

24、ding pathogenic organismscontent(usually including pathogenic organisms（病原體）（病原體）) ) sincesince, in extreme cases, the polluted rivers , in extreme cases, the polluted rivers whichwhich appear muddily blue-green from chokingappear muddily blue-green from choking（令人窒息的）（令人窒息的） algaealgae（藻類）（藻類） and

25、and stinkstink（發(fā)出臭味）（發(fā)出臭味） from putrefaction( from putrefaction(腐腐敗敗) and fermentation) and fermentation（發(fā)酵）（發(fā)酵）. . That That 引出主語從句，引出主語從句，since since 引出原因狀語從句，在引出原因狀語從句，在sincesince從句中從句中，包含由關(guān)系代詞，包含由關(guān)系代詞whichwhich引出的定語從句，修飾引出的定語從句，修飾 the polluted the polluted riversrivers1.2.5 1.2.5 省略句較多：為了簡(jiǎn)潔，有時(shí)省略

26、掉句子中的一省略句較多：為了簡(jiǎn)潔，有時(shí)省略掉句子中的一些成分，如狀語從句中的主語和謂語、定語從句中的關(guān)些成分，如狀語從句中的主語和謂語、定語從句中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞聯(lián)詞whichwhich或或whatwhat，從句中的助動(dòng)詞等，但基本不省略，從句中的助動(dòng)詞等，但基本不省略形容詞、副詞。形容詞、副詞。e.g. e.g. If not well controlledIf not well controlled, , the inland water the inland water may be more deteriorate.may be more deteriorate.常見的省略句型有：常見的省略句

27、型有： As already discussed; If possible; As As already discussed; If possible; As described above; If so; As explained before; described above; If so; As explained before; When (If) necessary; As indicated in Fig.1; When (If) necessary; As indicated in Fig.1; When needed; As previously mentioned; Wher

28、e When needed; As previously mentioned; Where feasible; When in use; Where possible.feasible; When in use; Where possible.1.2.6 1.2.6 條件語句較多，最常用的是條件語句較多，最常用的是IfIf條件句。條件句。e.g. The huge investment in the infrastructuree.g. The huge investment in the infrastructure( (基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施) ) will be erased quickly

29、if proper will be erased quickly if proper maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are maintenance and rehabilitation procedures are enforced and funded.enforced and funded.1.2.7 1.2.7 較多使祈使語氣和公式化表達(dá)方式較多使祈使語氣和公式化表達(dá)方式在理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中常采用在理論分析和公式推導(dǎo)中常采用Assumed that , Assumed that , Suppose that,LetSuppose t

30、hat,Let等祈使語氣等祈使語氣表達(dá)方式。表達(dá)方式。e.g. Be careful not to simply assume they are e.g. Be careful not to simply assume they are caused by climate change.caused by climate change.e.g. Suppose that P=0 at x=ye.g. Suppose that P=0 at x=y構(gòu)詞法：構(gòu)詞法：通過學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法，可以運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞規(guī)律，分析詞的構(gòu)成，加通過學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法，可以運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞規(guī)律，分析詞的構(gòu)成，加強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯的理解和記憶。甚至遇到生詞

31、也可能通過解析而辯義識(shí)詞，強(qiáng)對(duì)詞匯的理解和記憶。甚至遇到生詞也可能通過解析而辯義識(shí)詞，以便迅速擴(kuò)大和鞏固詞匯，提高閱讀和翻譯的能力。以便迅速擴(kuò)大和鞏固詞匯，提高閱讀和翻譯的能力。英語構(gòu)詞主要有以下三種方法：英語構(gòu)詞主要有以下三種方法： 1.1.合成法合成法(compounding)(compounding)： 由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上獨(dú)立的詞獨(dú)立的詞合成一個(gè)合成一個(gè)新新詞詞，叫合成法。這種方法不論在普通詞匯或是科技詞匯的構(gòu)詞中，叫合成法。這種方法不論在普通詞匯或是科技詞匯的構(gòu)詞中，都占有很大的數(shù)量。一般來說，合成詞的前者往往都占有很大的數(shù)量。一般來說，合成詞的前者往往修飾修飾后者。后者

32、。1.3 The characters of Words and 1.3 The characters of Words and Expressions Expressions (1)(1)復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成方式復(fù)合名詞的構(gòu)成方式 名詞十名詞名詞十名詞 news-papernews-paper（報(bào)紙），（報(bào)紙），test-tubetest-tube（試管（試管) ) 形容詞十名詞形容詞十名詞 green-house(green-house(溫室溫室) )，dark-room(dark-room(暗室暗室) ) 動(dòng)名詞十名詞動(dòng)名詞十名詞freezing-point(freezing-point(冰點(diǎn)

33、冰點(diǎn)) )，working-table(working-table(工作臺(tái)工作臺(tái)) ) 動(dòng)詞十名詞動(dòng)詞十名詞work-shop(work-shop(車間車間) )，grind-stone(grind-stone(磨石，砂輪磨石，砂輪) ) 副詞十名詞副詞十名詞out-break(out-break(爆發(fā)爆發(fā)) )，over-coat(over-coat(大衣大衣) ) 代詞代詞+ +名詞名詞he-goat(he-goat(公山羊公山羊) )，she-wolf(she-wolf(母狼母狼) ) 動(dòng)詞十副詞動(dòng)詞十副詞break-down(break-down(崩潰崩潰) )，get-togethe

34、r(get-together(聯(lián)歡聯(lián)歡) ) 名詞十介詞名詞十介詞editor-in-chief(editor-in-chief(總編輯總編輯) )，father-in-law(father-in-law(岳父岳父) ) (2)(2)復(fù)合形容復(fù)合形容詞詞的構(gòu)成方式的構(gòu)成方式 形容詞十名詞形容詞十名詞first-hand(first-hand(第一手的第一手的) )，low-temperature(low-temperature(低溫的低溫的) ) 形容詞形容詞+ +形容詞形容詞light-blue(light-blue(淺藍(lán)的淺藍(lán)的) )，red-hot(red-hot(灼熱的灼熱的) ) 名

35、詞名詞+ +形容詞形容詞colourcolour-blind(-blind(色盲的色盲的) )，world-wide(world-wide(全世界規(guī)模的全世界規(guī)模的) ) 形容詞十名詞十形容詞十名詞十eded( (或或-d)small-sized(-d)small-sized(小型的小型的) )，open-minded(open-minded(胸襟開闊胸襟開闊的的) ) 名詞十過去分詞名詞十過去分詞man-made(man-made(人造的人造的) )，snow-covered(snow-covered(雪蓋著的雪蓋著的) ) 名詞名詞+ +現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞man-eating(man-eat

36、ing(吃人的吃人的) )，earth-shaking(earth-shaking(震動(dòng)世界的震動(dòng)世界的) ) 副詞副詞+ +分詞分詞far-reaching(far-reaching(意義深遠(yuǎn)的意義深遠(yuǎn)的) )，well-informed(well-informed(消息靈通的消息靈通的) ) 副詞十介詞十名詞副詞十介詞十名詞up-to-date(up-to-date(最新式的最新式的) )，out-of-date(out-of-date(過時(shí)的過時(shí)的) ) 數(shù)詞十名詞數(shù)詞十名詞(+(+eded)five-year-planed()five-year-planed(五年計(jì)劃五年計(jì)劃) )，f

37、our-cornered(four-cornered(四角的四角的) ) 副詞十形容詞副詞十形容詞ever-green(ever-green(常綠的常綠的) )，over-sensitive(over-sensitive(過敏的過敏的) ) 形容詞十分詞形容詞十分詞ready-made(ready-made(現(xiàn)成的現(xiàn)成的) )，good-looking(good-looking(好看的好看的) ) 名詞名詞+ +名詞名詞+ +eded iron-willed( iron-willed(有鋼鐵意志的有鋼鐵意志的) ) (3)(3)復(fù)合代復(fù)合代詞詞的構(gòu)成方式的構(gòu)成方式 代詞賓格或物主代詞十代詞賓格

38、或物主代詞十self(selves) himselfself(selves) himself，ourselvesourselves 某些不定代詞某些不定代詞(some(some，anyany，nono，every)every)十十(body(body，oneone，thing) thing) everybody everybody，everythingeverything，nobodynobody，no oneno one，nonenone，nothingnothing (4)(4)復(fù)合復(fù)合動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成方式的構(gòu)成方式 副詞副詞+ +動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞overcome(overcome(克服克服) )，

39、uphold(uphold(主張主張, , 支持支持) ) 名詞名詞+ +動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞sun-bathe(sun-bathe(行日光浴行日光浴) ) (5)(5)復(fù)合副復(fù)合副詞詞的構(gòu)成方式的構(gòu)成方式 名詞名詞+ +名詞名詞sideways(sideways(橫著橫著) )；名詞；名詞+ +副詞副詞headfirst(headfirst(頭朝下頭朝下) ) 形容詞十名詞形容詞十名詞meanwhile(meanwhile(同時(shí)同時(shí)) )； 介詞介詞+ +名詞名詞beforehand(beforehand(事先事先) )2派生法派生法(affixation) (affixation) ： 在一個(gè)單詞前或

40、后加上一個(gè)詞綴在一個(gè)單詞前或后加上一個(gè)詞綴( (詞詞頭或詞尾頭或詞尾) )，變成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫派生法。詞綴有前綴，變成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫派生法。詞綴有前綴( (詞詞頭頭) )和后綴和后綴( (詞尾詞尾) )二種。加前綴一般只引起詞意變化，而不引起詞二種。加前綴一般只引起詞意變化，而不引起詞類轉(zhuǎn)化。加后綴則往往可使詞類轉(zhuǎn)化，有時(shí)詞意也隨之而變化。類轉(zhuǎn)化。加后綴則往往可使詞類轉(zhuǎn)化，有時(shí)詞意也隨之而變化。加加前綴前綴(prefix)(prefix)的的單詞如：?jiǎn)卧~如：ununfair(fair(不公正的不公正的) )，disdislike(like(厭惡厭惡) )，a amoral mo

41、ral ( (超道德超道德的的) )，supersuperman(man(超人超人) )，cocooperate(operate(合作，協(xié)作合作，協(xié)作) )，foreforetell(tell(預(yù)言預(yù)言) )，bibicycle(cycle(自行車自行車) )，tritricycle(cycle(三輪車三輪車) )等。等。加加后綴后綴(postfix)(postfix)的的單詞如：?jiǎn)卧~如：pigpigletlet( (豬崽豬崽) )，friendfriendshipship( (友誼友誼) )，socialsocialist ist ( (社會(huì)主義者社會(huì)主義者) )，happihappines

42、sness( (幸福幸福) )，childchildlessless( (無子女無子女的的) )，pointpointeded( (尖銳的尖銳的) )為了描述各種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和物質(zhì)特性，科技英語中有許多表示數(shù)量、為了描述各種科學(xué)現(xiàn)象和物質(zhì)特性，科技英語中有許多表示數(shù)量、大小、程度、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)的形容詞，除一般形容詞外，大多數(shù)由動(dòng)大小、程度、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)的形容詞，除一般形容詞外，大多數(shù)由動(dòng)詞、名詞派生而來，如動(dòng)詞后加詞、名詞派生而來，如動(dòng)詞后加-able-able，- -eded，- -inging，-ire-ire；名詞后；名詞后加加-al-al，- -icic，- -iousious等。等。 int

43、er-inter-表示表示“在一起在一起, , 交互交互” ” pref.pref.（前綴）（前綴） (1)(1)在在之間；在之間；在之中：之中： international. ernational. intercity. (2) (2)在在中間；在中間；在里面：里面： inter-tropical. inter-tropical. 南北回歸之間的南北回歸之間的, ,熱帶地區(qū)熱帶地區(qū) (3)(3)相互的；相互地：相互的；相互地： interrelate. interconnect .interdependenceinterrelate. interconnect .i

44、nterdependence (4) (4)交互的；交互地：交互的；交互地： intermingleintermingleun-un-用于形容詞之前用于形容詞之前, , 表示表示“不不”pref.pref.（前綴）（前綴） (1) (1)不：不：unhappy, unacceptedunhappy, unaccepted (2) (2)對(duì)對(duì)相對(duì)的；與相對(duì)的；與相反的：相反的： unrestunrest (3) (3)表示表示“做相反之動(dòng)作做相反之動(dòng)作”：unbindunbind Desiredesirable( Desiredesirable(令人滿意的，值得想要的令人滿意的，值得想要的)un

45、desirable)undesirable im-im-(1)pref. (1)pref. （用于（用于b, m, pb, m, p之前）之前） = in-= in-表示表示“否定否定, ,與與.相反相反”之義之義 * *impatient, impractical, impossibleimpatient, impractical, impossible(2)(2)表示表示“向向內(nèi)，在內(nèi)，在上上”之義之義 * *migrate(immigrate, emigrate)migrate(immigrate, emigrate) * *port-(import , export)port-(imp

46、ort , export)in- in- 或或 ilil- - 或或 im- im- 或或 irir- - 在在 l l之前，之前，in- in- 通常轉(zhuǎn)化為通常轉(zhuǎn)化為 ilil- -， illiterate, illogicalilliterate, illogical 在在 r r 之前，之前， in- in- 通常轉(zhuǎn)化為通常轉(zhuǎn)化為 irir-, irregular, irresistible-, irregular, irresistible 3 3 轉(zhuǎn)化法（轉(zhuǎn)化法（conversionconversion）：）：把把一個(gè)詞一個(gè)詞從一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另從一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種詞類；基本一種詞類

47、；基本不改變不改變?cè)~形，只是在使用時(shí)改變其詞類。詞形，只是在使用時(shí)改變其詞類。Try to do it. Let me have a try. Try to do it. Let me have a try. Black/ to blacken ; hot / to heat ; full / to Black/ to blacken ; hot / to heat ; full / to fillfillCorrect(Correct(正確的正確的) Correct) Correct（糾正）（糾正）Sample(Sample(樣品樣品)sample)sample（取樣）（取樣）1.3 The

48、 characters of Words and 1.3 The characters of Words and ExpressionsExpressions 1 1.3.1 .3.1 專業(yè)（專業(yè)（specialspecial）詞匯，半專業(yè)（）詞匯，半專業(yè)（semi-specialsemi-special）詞）詞匯匯 專業(yè)詞匯：專業(yè)詞匯：詞義專一，且詞形越長(zhǎng)詞義就越專一，出現(xiàn)頻詞義專一，且詞形越長(zhǎng)詞義就越專一，出現(xiàn)頻 率不高率不高e.g. e.g. Pilot-scalePilot-scale( (小規(guī)模試驗(yàn)小規(guī)模試驗(yàn)) )；chemical-physicalchemical-physical

49、( (物理物理化學(xué)化學(xué)) )；activated sludgeactivated sludge( (活性污泥活性污泥) )；water consumptionwater consumption( (用水量用水量) )；wastewater flowwastewater flow( (污水量污水量) )半專業(yè)詞匯：半專業(yè)詞匯：在不同的領(lǐng)域有不同的含義在不同的領(lǐng)域有不同的含義e.g. foundatione.g. foundation( (基金，基礎(chǔ)，地基基金，基礎(chǔ)，地基) )；frame(frame(框架，屋架，框架，屋架，畫面等畫面等) )；operationoperation( (操作，運(yùn)行

50、，作業(yè)，手術(shù)，運(yùn)算操作，運(yùn)行，作業(yè)，手術(shù)，運(yùn)算) )；loadload( (負(fù)荷，加載，裝填等負(fù)荷，加載，裝填等) ).2 前后綴出現(xiàn)的頻率高：前后綴出現(xiàn)的頻率高：據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，現(xiàn)代專業(yè)科技英語中，據(jù)有關(guān)統(tǒng)計(jì)，現(xiàn)代專業(yè)科技英語中，有有50%50%以上的詞匯源于希臘語、拉丁語等外來語，而這些外來語以上的詞匯源于希臘語、拉丁語等外來語，而這些外來語詞匯構(gòu)成的一個(gè)顯著特征就是廣泛使用詞綴（前綴詞匯構(gòu)成的一個(gè)顯著特征就是廣泛使用詞綴（前綴prefixprefix和后綴和后綴suffixsuffix） hydrolyhydrolysis(sis(水解作用水解作用) )，biodegradb

51、iodegradableable（生物可降解的），（生物可降解的），absorpabsorptiontion（吸收）（吸收） 表示行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等抽象概念：表示行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)等抽象概念： -ance -ence, -oty, -ment, -ness, -ance -ence, -oty, -ment, -ness, -sion, -tion, -th, -ur -sion, -tion, -th, -ure e 表示某種性質(zhì)和特征：表示某種性質(zhì)和特征： -able-able，-ible-ible -ant, -ent, -al, -ic, -ant, -ent, -al, -ic, -i

52、cal, -ive, -ousical, -ive, -ous1.3.3 1.3.3 專業(yè)英語較多使用了詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化專業(yè)英語較多使用了詞性的轉(zhuǎn)化常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換類型有：名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞常見的詞性轉(zhuǎn)換類型有：名詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)名詞Standard(n.)standardized(v.); former(adj.)the Standard(n.)standardized(v.); former(adj.)the former(n.); wide(adj.)widen(v.)former(n.); wide(adj.)widen(v.)1.3.4 1.3.4 廣泛使用縮寫（廣泛使用縮寫（AbbreviationAbbreviation）詞）詞COD chemical oxygen demand COD chemical oxygen demand 化學(xué)需氧量化學(xué)需氧量BOD biochemical oxygen demand BOD biochemical oxygen demand 生化需氧量生化需氧量TOC total organic c