unit2_.A_Brief_History_of_the_UK

1、 Unit TwoA Brief History of the UKA Brief History of the UK The reason most people find it so hard be happy is that they always see the past better than it was, the present worse than it is , and the future less resolved than it will be . Marcel Pagnol (French writer)ObjectivesUnit structureStarter

2、Teaching PointsLesson ReviewA Brief History of the UKObjectivesAcquire a general idea about the British history.Learn about the major stages and important figures in British history. Find out the influences of British history on other English speaking countries. History Prehistory to the Norman Conq

3、uestThe Celts : The StonehengeThe Roman invasion: Hardrians WallThe Anglo Saxon conquestThe Viking and Danish invasionThe Norman conquestWilliam the ConquerorsignificanceShaping of the NationHenry II& his achievementsHenry III& the Origin of ParliamentDecline of Feudalism in EnglandThe Tudor

4、MonarchyHenry VIII& his achievementsMary I: Bloody MaryElizabeth I : Elizabethan AgeThe StuartMonarchyJames ICharles I & the Civil WarThe RestorationThe Glorious RevolutionStarterTell about the following pictures and the special period related to them. abWhat?What?StonehengeStonehenge (史前巨石陣

5、) (1)2022-7-47Age: ac. 3100 BCLocation: Wiltshire, UK Types of stone:bluestone, Sarsen, Welsh SandstoneOne of the wonders of the world, which is believed to have been built from 4000 BC to 2000 BC. Now as a world heritage site, Stonehenge and all its surroundings remain powerful witnesses to the onc

6、e great civilizations of the Stone and Bronze Ages. why was it built?2022-7-4Reason:sacrifice to the sun and the moonKing ArthurA legendary figure in the 5th century AD in British history. According to the legend, Arthur gathered a company of knights who sat together at Arthurs castle. He created th

7、e famous “round table” at which all would have equal right to be the king, sense of democracy. He united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur, drove the Saxons back.Statue of King Arthur The Lady of the Lake gives Excalibur to King ArthurTeaching PointsA BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UKHistoric

8、PeriodsTimeMajor IncidentsEarly settlers5000BC-55BCIberians first , then Celts (about 700BC) Roman Period55BC410ADChristianity was brought to BritainThe Anglo-Saxons446-871Viking invasionNorman Rule10661381 Magna Carta; Black DeathTransition to Modern Age14551688 The War of Roses; English Renaissanc

9、eRise of BritishEmpire16881900Industrial Revolution; Colonial ExpansionFall of BritishEmpire19141945WWI; WWIIPrehistory to the Norman Conquest2022-7-412Earliest Settlers:The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians (伊比利亞人).Earliest Settlers (1) The Iberians2022-7-413 They came from the Iber

10、ian Peninsula between 3,000 and 2,000 B.C. Their social system was a tribal society. They left no written records. Earliest Settlers (2) The Celts2022-7-414 From 700 B.C. Celts came in several successive waves from the Upper Rhineland (萊茵蘭地區(qū))and began to inhabit British Isles. The fair-haired Celts

11、imposed themselves as an aristocracy on the conquered tribes of Iberians throughout Britain and Ireland. So these people found refuge in the mountains to the north and west.The Roman Conquest （55BC-410AD）2022-7-415In 55BC，the great Roman general Julius Caesar (凱撒) sailed across the English Channel w

12、ith 10 000 men after he had conquered Gaul (高盧，現(xiàn)在法國) . He returned the next year and defeated some of the Celts, but he returned to Rome before long.In 43 AD, the Roman Emperor Claudius(克勞迪斯大帝) invaded Britain again. In the next decades, the Romans defeated the Celtic tribes, and completely conquere

13、d the southern part of the island of Great Britain, including present-day England and Wales however never able to completely defeat or control what is now Scotland.Britannia（43AD-410AD）2022-7-416Britannia:A province of Roman Empire Pushing into Scotland, The Romans built a gigantic wall, Hadrians Wa

14、ll, to control the frontier. The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. The location of Hadrians Wall Hadrians Wall Hadrians Wall is a stone and timber fortification built by the Roman Empire across the width of what is now northern England. . The Significance of Roman conqu

15、est 2022-7-418In 410 Rome abandoned Britain.After nearly four centuries of occupation, it left little that was permanent, yeta. a network of roads, still in use for 1400 years;b. a number of towns: London, York, and others bearing suffix cester (Leicester, Worcester);Christianity;c. water and sewage

16、 systems.Invaders of three Teutonic(日耳曼人的) tribes came to Britain in the mid-5th century. firstly the Jutes in the mid-5th century the Saxons ：from the end of 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century the Angles ：who came in the second half of the 6th century, and who were to give their name t

17、o the English people. Anglo-Saxon Britain, Viking raids and Norman invasion (410 1066)By 850AD, the country was under sustained attacks from Viking raids. The Saxon king, Alfred the Great, also known as “Father of the British Navy”, gradually pushed the Vikings northwards and eventually into the sea

18、. By 955, Alfreds grandson Eadred, ruled over a united England and the government became centralized. Alfred the GreatEadredViking invasions renewed till 1066 when King Harold marched north and won a victory over the Vikings. In October 1066, William of Normandy, known as “William the Conqueror”, de

19、feated Harolds army in the battle of Hastings（黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役）, and crowned himself William I in London on Christmas Day 1066, becoming the first Norman king of England. William the ConquerorKing HarlodSignificances of Norman Conquest Significances of Norman Conquest (1):(1):Establishment of Feudalism Feudal

20、 Hierarchy(等級制度等級制度 ): a.The king was the sole and ultimate owner of all land, which he gave to nobles and the Church in return for military and other services. b.The vassals(諸侯,封臣 ) could subdivide(再分，細分) their fiefs(封地 ) into smaller fiefs and bestow（贈給） them upon their own followers. C. Thus a ne

21、w and more elaborate hierarchy of nobility came into being.Centralization of powerThe king required not only his vassals but also the vassals of his vassals to take an oath that they would be faithful to him against all other men. duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron公爵, 侯爵, 伯爵, 子爵, 男爵Significances o

22、f Norman Conquest Significances of Norman Conquest （2 2）：）：LanguageLanguage 牛的肉是牛的肉是“牛肉牛肉”，豬的肉就是，豬的肉就是“豬肉豬肉 Old English Anglo-Norman Modern Englishpig pork (porc)ox beef (boeuf)deer venison (venison) calf veal (veal)sheep mutton (mutton)as the language of the ruling classes in England for nearly 300

23、 years Words borrowed from Old French Language1. Government and law: government, legislature, court2. Art and culture: dance, language, art3. Enjoyment of Life : leisure, fashion, cuisineShaping of the nation (1). Henry II(亨利二世) (1133-1189)1). He expanded common law(普通法)to cover all Englishmen, and

24、appointed able men as royal judges.2). “Assize session” (巡回法庭)： It is the circuits of judges who traveled the country at least once a year, which gave rise to the appearance of the jury systems.3). Foreign territorial claims: lordship over Ireland, consolidation in Scotland.4). Strengthening royal c

25、ontrol over the church. After Henry II, the English started running into problems, either with the Barons, the people or the pretenders（覬覦高位者） of the throne. 、 The constant religious wars between Turkish Muslims and wars against France led to financial problems, and the confrontation（對峙，沖突） between

26、King John and his barons in 1215. King John was defeated by the barons and was forced to sign the Magna Carta, the Great Charter, the spirit of which was the limitation of the powers of the king, and the freedom of the Church. It is regarded as the foundation of English liberty. Magna CartaJohn of E

27、ngland signs Magna Carta. John of England Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects (the barons) in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges.（特權(quán)）Shaping of the nation (2). Henry III (1207-1272) The origin of ParliamentDuring H

28、enry IIIs reign, the system of Parliament was formed, but Parliament only met by royal invitation, and its role was to offer advice not to make decisions. There were still no elections, no parties, and the most important part of the parliament was the House of Lords instead of the House of Commons.P

29、arliament The English parliament in front of the King Shaping of the nation (3). Decline of Feudalism in England The Hundred Years War (1337-1453) The Black Death (1348-1349) The Peasant Uprising(1381) The Wars of the Roses(1455-1485)Hundred Years War with France (13371453) As the French kings grew

30、stronger, they were eager to regain their large piece of land of Aquitaine(阿基坦，法西南部地區(qū)) which had long been occupied by the English. In 1337, Edward III declared a war that was to last for a hundred years. The English were brilliantly successful till 1422. Encouraged by Joan of Arc, the national hero

31、ine, the French drove the English out of France. By 1453, Calais was the only part of France that was still in the hands of the English. Edward IIISaint Joan of Arc Black Death (1348 1349) Black Death spread through Europe in the 14th century, and swept through England in 1348 without any cure, kill

32、ing half of the population and causing enormous economic losses. Transition to the Modern Age (1455s 1688s) The Wars of Roses This period was called the Wars of Roses, which lasted for about 30 years, caused by the two branches of the Plantagenet family, the house of Lancaster and the House of York,

33、 both a tt e m p t i n g t o d o m i n a t e t h e government. Richard IIILancaster Rose York Rose Henry TudorThe last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between King Richard III and Henry Tudor, descendant of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster. Richard III lost his crown and his life. After his v

34、ictory, Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (Edward IVs daughter), thus uniting the house of Lancaster and York, and putting the country under the rule of the Tudors.(1455s1487s)The Tudor Monarchy (1). Henry VIII(1491-1547)& his achievement 1). The founding of the Royal Navy 2). Strengthening

35、the central administration 3). The composition of the Parliament 4). Establishing the church of England (英國國教) through the Act of Supremacy(至尊法案)The Stuart Monarchy （斯圖亞特王朝） （1）. James I (詹姆士一世) “ Divine Right of Kings” （君權(quán)神授） The gunpowder plot (火藥陰謀案) Charles I &The Civil Wars （1642-1651）Reaso

36、ns :Charles hoped to unite the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland into a new single kingdom, fulfilling the dream of his f a t h e r, J a m e s I o f England (James VI of Scotland). James Stuart believed in the Divine Right to rule as he pleased. This brought him into conflict w i t h t h e E

37、 n g l i s h Parliament. James I of England Oliver Cromwell Charles ICharles IIResults :By 1645 Cromwell won the decisive Battle of Naseby（納西比戰(zhàn)役 ）. Charles was captured and put on trial for treason in 1649. Cromwell dissolved parliament and started Englands only period of dictatorship. Cromwells fai

38、lure to put in place a workable alternative to the monarchy resulted in the Restoration（復辟）, the return of Charles II from his exile in France. (4). The Glorious Revolution(光榮革命) The overthrow of King James II of England takes place in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by

39、 William of Orange who, as a result , ascended the English throne as William III of England. “Bill of Rights(權(quán)利法案)”marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制) in England. Civil War (1642-1649) Background: Charles I believed in “divine rights of king”(君權(quán)神授）and dismissed the parli

40、ament for 11 years (1629-1640). It was only when he needed an army to fight against Scotland that he recalled the parliament but was refused by the parliament Between The Roundheads (supporters of the parliament, led by Cromwell) The cavaliers (supporters of the king) Result The execution of Charles

41、 I and his son was driven out of England Cromwell established the Republican England, the commonwealth of England Glorious Revolution (1688) Background James II was a catholic, the parliament invited his daughter and son-in-law from Holland to take the throne. Effects marked the real beginning of th

42、e constitutional monarchy, a monarchy with the power limited by parliament Bill of Rights (1689, Signed by William and Mary) -confirmed the principle of parliamentary supremacy -guaranteed free speech within two houses - excluded any roman catholic from the sucessionI Vocabulary BuildingMatch each of the items on the left with its meaning on the right.1. Stonehenge2. Briton3. Renaissance4. King Arthur5. Archbishop6. pilgrimage7. Black Death8. monastery 9. Winston C