2022年中石油職稱英語版選讀第課知識點(diǎn)整理及習(xí)題

1、15. Conventional Petroleum Reservoir 1. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. The three basic typ

2、es of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil, gas, and condensate. The formation of petroleum reservoirs can be divided into four stages: 1油藏或油氣藏，是儲藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂縫的地層中的碳水化合 物。大部分儲集巖是石灰?guī)r、白云巖、沙巖或混合性巖石。油氣藏有三種基本類 型：油藏、氣藏和凝析氣藏。油藏的形成可以分為以下四個階段：1) With burial of plankton, algae and other protein rich life forms un

3、der layers of sand and mud at a source rock, and continuous accumulation of sand, the buried material heats up at 500 C to 700 C. 1)浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白質(zhì)的生物埋藏于烴源巖砂泥層中，隨著沙子的 50 至 70 攝氏度。不斷沉積，埋藏生物溫度上升到 2) High temperature, combined with pressure, triggers a cooking process. 2) 地下高溫、高壓觸發(fā)了“ 蒸煮” 的生油過程。3) Event

4、ually, the buried residue transforms into liquid hydrocarbons. 3)最后，埋藏的生物殘骸會轉(zhuǎn)換成流體狀的烴類物質(zhì)。4) Later on they migrate from the source rock to porous rocks and get trapped in impermeable layers of rock. 4)然后，這些烴類物質(zhì)從烴源巖運(yùn)移到有孔隙的巖石，并且成藏于非滲透性巖層 之間。2. Oil Reservoir. An oil reservoir generally contains three flu

5、ids - gas, oil, and water - with oil the dominant product. In the typical oil reservoir, these fluids occur in different phases because of the variance in their gravities. Gas, the lightest, occupies the upper part of the reservoir rocks; water, the lower part; and oil, the intermediate section. 2油藏

6、。油藏通常有三種流體：油、氣和水，其中油是主要產(chǎn)品。這三種流體 由于重力差異呈現(xiàn)不同的形態(tài)， 三者中最輕的氣處在油藏的最上部；水處在最底 部；油位于中間。3. Although the structural traps in which oil accumulates exist in various forms, the oil usually occurs in association with gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zo

7、ne. The proportion of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is frequently lower than the proportion of water to oil. However, while some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always under

8、lain by a continuous body of water. Where a considerable volume of water does underlie the oil in the same sedimentary bed it is referred to as the aquifer, and being under pressure also, it contributes to the total energy of the reservoir. 3聚集石油的構(gòu)造圈閉雖然有多種形式，但石油通常總是和天然氣、 鹽水伴生 的?？傆幸欢康乃椭胁吭凸采?。水與油之比通

9、常約為 10%30%。水也會產(chǎn)生在氣頂中， 但是水與氣之比常常要比水與油之比低。含油帶中雖然總是存在一定量的隙間水， 但在含油帶的下面又并不總是存在著連續(xù)的水體。在同一沉積巖中，石油的下面如果確實(shí)存在數(shù)量可觀的水體，就稱之為“ 含水層” 。而且，因?yàn)楹畬右渤惺苤邏?，所以能對形成油藏的總能量有一定的作用?. The oil itself, when under pressure, contains an appreciable quantity of dissolved gas. The actual amount of gas will be governed by the pressu

10、re and temperature inside the reservoir, and the oil is said to be saturated if it cannot dissolve any more gas under these particular pressure and temperature conditions. On the other hand, the oil is said to be undersaturated if it could dissolve more gas at the same pressure and temperature. In m

11、any cases there can be more gas in the reservoir than the oil is capable of holding in solution. This extra gas being lighter than the oil, will have formed a gas cap above the oil accumulation. If the pressure of a saturated oil reservoir is reduced for any reason, gas will come out of solution, an

12、d this is an important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir. 4在高壓條件下石油溶解有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的天然氣，天然氣的溶解數(shù)量受油藏內(nèi)部壓力和溫度制約。 如果在特定的壓力和溫度條件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的天然氣，就說石油“ 飽和” 了。反之，如果在相同壓力和溫度條件下，石油還能夠 溶解更多的天然氣，就說石油“ 沒有飽和” 。在許多情況下，油藏中的天然氣比石油所能溶解的天然氣數(shù)量要多，這些多余的天然氣由于比油輕， 就會在石油的凝集面上形成“ 氣項(xiàng)” 。如果飽和油藏的壓力因?yàn)槟撤N原因而減少，天然氣就會 從石油中游離

13、出來。這是從油藏中開采出石油的一個重要因素。5. The reservoir crude may range from a very heavy viscous oil, containing little or no dissolved gas under very low pressure, to an extremely light, thin, straw-colored oil containing a large amount of dissolved gas under considerable pressure. The viscosity of the oil depends

14、 roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. The less viscous an oil is,and the more gas it has in it, the more readily will it flow through the interstices of the rock into the bottom of the well. The interstices of the whole of the reservoir

15、 rock were originally occupied by salt water. When the oil migrated into the upper part of this rock, it displaced the salt water from it. Not all of the salt water was displaced, however, and a certain amount remained in the interstices of the rock along with the oil. This remaining water is called

16、 connate water or interstitial water, and has to be taken into account when working out the volume of oil present in the reservoir rock. 5儲層原油多種多樣， 有非常粘稠、在低壓下很少含氣或根本不含氣的重質(zhì)油，也有稀薄、 淡黃色、 在相當(dāng)壓力下含有溶解氣的輕質(zhì)油。石油的粘度大致取決于密度，同時在很大程度上也取決于溶解氣的多少。石油粘度越小， 溶解的天然氣就越多，也就越容易透過巖石的間隙流入井底。儲集巖的孔隙原先都是充滿鹽水 的。當(dāng)石油運(yùn)移到巖層上部時，油就把鹽

17、水置換出來。然而，并不是全部鹽水都 會被置換的， 總有一定數(shù)量的鹽水和石油一起留存在巖石的孔隙里。這些殘留的 水稱為“ 原生水” 或者“ 隙間水” 。在估算儲油巖中的石油含量時，必須考慮原 生水的存在。6. Gas Reservoir and Gas Condensate Reservoir. In addition to its occurrence as a cap or in solution, gas may accumulate independently of the oil; if so, the reservoir is called a gas reservoir. Asso

18、ciated with the gas, in most instances, are salt water and some oil. 6氣藏和凝析氣藏。除了以溶解氣或氣頂?shù)男问酱嬖谕?，氣也可以?dú)立存在，這就叫做氣藏。大部分情況下，氣藏中還會有一些伴生鹽水和油。7. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually found at great depth, produce substantial quantities of liquid petroleum alon

19、g with the gas. This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production. The liquid fraction is known ascondensate and the type of reservoir is known as a gas co

20、ndensate reservoir. 7某些通常位于地層深處的高壓高溫氣藏，在生產(chǎn)天然氣的同時還生產(chǎn)相當(dāng)數(shù) 量的液態(tài)石油。 這種液態(tài)石油并非產(chǎn)生于獨(dú)立的油層，而是呈氣態(tài)存在于地下氣 藏中的。氣藏中的這部分天然氣， 在生產(chǎn)過程中因壓力下降而凝結(jié)，成為液態(tài)即“ 凝析油” ，這種類型的氣藏就是通常所說的“ 凝析氣藏” 。8. As the pressure of a condensate reservoir falls as a result of production, the gas will start to precipitate the condensate partly in the

21、reservoir and partly in the well bore. This complex phenomenon, which is the reverse of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as retrograde condensation. 8 .當(dāng)凝析氣藏的壓力因?yàn)殚_采而下降時，會有一部分天然氣在氣藏里凝聚，還有 一部分在井筒里凝聚。 因?yàn)橥ǔＴ跍囟取?壓力不是很高的條件下發(fā)生的情況正好 相反（氣體會從油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），

22、所以，這種復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象叫做“ 反轉(zhuǎn)凝 析” 。9. Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical proposition. If, therefore, the reservoir is being produced for the sake of its condensate only it is important to prevent retrograde condensation taking place in

23、the reservoir. This is achieved by maintaining the pressure of the reservoir by re-injecting or cycling the produced gas back into the reservoir after the condensate liquid has been extracted from it at the surface. Alternatively, if the dry gas has a ready sale, the reservoir pressure can be mainta

24、ined by water injection. Gas recovery as such is, unlike oil, not improved sufficiently by water displacement to justify the expense of such an operation. 9.在氣藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油將停留在原地，想要開采出來是不大可能的。因此，如果確實(shí)僅僅是為了獲得凝析油而開采這個氣藏，防止在地下發(fā)生反轉(zhuǎn)凝析就很重要。 可以通過保持氣藏壓力做到這一點(diǎn)，方法是把地面上脫去凝析液的氣體再度注入氣藏，也稱為“ 干氣回注” 。如果干氣準(zhǔn)備銷售，可以改用注水的辦法

25、維持氣藏壓力。 和注水驅(qū)油情況不同， 用注水提高天然氣采收率的作法尚不 十分完善，結(jié)果往往得不償失。參考譯文：常規(guī)油氣藏 1油藏或油氣藏，是儲藏于地下滲透性、孔隙性或有裂縫的地層中的碳水化 合物。大部分儲集巖是石灰?guī)r、白云巖、沙巖或混合性巖石。油氣藏有三種基本 類型：油藏、氣藏和凝析氣藏。油藏的形成可以分為以下四個階段：1)浮游生物、海藻或其他富含蛋白質(zhì)的生物埋藏于烴源巖砂泥層中，隨著沙子 的不斷沉積，埋藏生物溫度上升到 50 至 70 攝氏度。2)地下高溫、高壓觸發(fā)了“ 蒸煮” 的生油過程。3)最后，埋藏的生物殘骸會轉(zhuǎn)換成流體狀的烴類物質(zhì)。4)然后，這些烴類物質(zhì)從烴源巖運(yùn)移到有孔隙的巖石，并

26、且成藏于非滲透性巖 層之間。2油藏。油藏通常有三種流體：油、氣和水，其中油是主要產(chǎn)品。這三種流體由于重力差異呈現(xiàn)不同的形態(tài)，三者中最輕的氣處在油藏的最上部；水處在最底部；油位于中間。3聚集石油的構(gòu)造圈閉雖然有多種形式，但石油通常總是和天然氣、鹽水伴 生的?？傆幸欢康乃椭胁吭凸采Ｋc油之比通常約為 10%30%。水也 會產(chǎn)生在氣頂中， 但是水與氣之比常常要比水與油之比低。含油帶中雖然總是存 在一定量的隙間水， 但在含油帶的下面又并不總是存在著連續(xù)的水體。在同一沉 積巖中，石油的下面如果確實(shí)存在數(shù)量可觀的水體，就稱之為“ 含水層”。而且，因?yàn)楹畬右渤惺苤邏海阅軐π纬捎筒氐目偰芰坑幸?/p>

27、定的作用。4在高壓條件下石油溶解有相當(dāng)數(shù)量的天然氣，天然氣的溶解數(shù)量受油藏內(nèi) 部壓力和溫度制約。 如果在特定的壓力和溫度條件下，石油再也不能溶解更多的 天然氣，就說石油“ 飽和” 了。反之，如果在相同壓力和溫度條件下，石油還能 夠溶解更多的天然氣，就說石油“ 沒有飽和” 。在許多情況下，油藏中的天然氣比石油所能溶解的天然氣數(shù)量要多，這些多余的天然氣由于比油輕， 就會在石油的凝集面上形成“ 氣項(xiàng)” 。如果飽和油藏的壓力因?yàn)槟撤N原因而減少，天然氣就 會從石油中游離出來。這是從油藏中開采出石油的一個重要因素。5儲層原油多種多樣，有非常粘稠、在低壓下很少含氣或根本不含氣的重質(zhì) 油，也有稀薄、淡黃色、在

28、相當(dāng)壓力下含有溶解氣的輕質(zhì)油。石油的粘度大致取決于密度， 同時在很大程度上也取決于溶解氣的多少。石油粘度越小， 溶解的天然氣就越多， 也就越容易透過巖石的間隙流入井底。儲集巖的孔隙原先都是充滿鹽水的。當(dāng)石油運(yùn)移到巖層上部時，油就把鹽水置換出來。然而，并不是全部鹽水都會被置換的， 總有一定數(shù)量的鹽水和石油一起留存在巖石的孔隙里。這些殘留的水稱為“ 原生水” 或者“ 隙間水” 。在估算儲油巖中的石油含量時，必須考慮原生水的存在。6氣藏和凝析氣藏。 除了以溶解氣或氣頂?shù)男问酱嬖谕?，氣也可以?dú)立存在，這就叫做氣藏。大部分情況下，氣藏中還會有一些伴生鹽水和油。7某些通常位于地層深處的高壓高溫氣藏，在生產(chǎn)

29、天然氣的同時還生產(chǎn)相當(dāng)數(shù)量的液態(tài)石油。 這種液態(tài)石油并非產(chǎn)生于獨(dú)立的油層，而是呈氣態(tài)存在于地下氣藏中的。 氣藏中的這部分天然氣， 在生產(chǎn)過程中因壓力下降而凝結(jié)，成為液態(tài)即“ 凝析油” ，這種類型的氣藏就是通常所說的“ 凝析氣藏” 。8 .當(dāng)凝析氣藏的壓力因?yàn)殚_采而下降時，會有一部分天然氣在氣藏里凝聚，還有一部分在井筒里凝聚。 因?yàn)橥ǔＴ跍囟取?壓力不是很高的條件下發(fā)生的情況正 好相反（氣體會從油藏中逸出而不是凝聚），所以，這種復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)象叫做“ 反轉(zhuǎn) 凝析” 。9.在氣藏中凝聚的大部分凝析油將停留在原地，想要開采出來是不大可能的。因此，如果確實(shí)僅僅是為了獲得凝析油而開采這個氣藏，防止在地下發(fā)生反

30、轉(zhuǎn)凝析就很重要。 可以通過保持氣藏壓力做到這一點(diǎn)，方法是把地面上脫去凝析液的氣體再度注入氣藏，也稱為“ 干氣回注” 。如果干氣準(zhǔn)備銷售，可以改用注水的 辦法維持氣藏壓力。 和注水驅(qū)油情況不同， 用注水提高天然氣采收率的作法尚不 十分完善，結(jié)果往往得不償失。詞組：1. be divided into 被分成 2. combined with 與.結(jié)合 3. transform into 轉(zhuǎn)變成，形成 4. later on 后來，隨后 5. migrate from 移居，遷移 6. get trapped in 被困在 7. occur in 發(fā)生于，存在 8. exist in 存在于 9.

31、 an amount of 一些數(shù)量的 10. be referred to 涉及到，被提及 11. contribute to 有助于；捐獻(xiàn) 12. in many cases 在很多情況下 13. range from （范圍）從 .到. 14. take into account 考慮到，顧及到 15. work out 解決，算出16. in addition to 除.之外語法：一、although 引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句 1. Although the structural traps in which oil accumulates exist in various forms, t

32、he oil usually occurs in association with gas and salt water. （其 中包含一個定語從句）二、時間狀語從句 1. However, while some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of water. 2. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a

33、large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. 三、定語從句1. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas which it holds in solution. 2. In certain instances gas reservoirs of high pressure and temperature, which are usually fo

34、und at great depth, produce substantial quantities of liquid petroleum along with the gas. 3. This liquid does not come from a separate oil zone, but exists as a gas in the reservoir and is made up of that part of the reservoir gas which condenses as its pressure is reduced by production. 4. This co

35、mplex phenomenon, which is the reverse of what usually happens under less extreme conditions of temperature and pressure, is known as retrograde condensation. 5. Most of the condensate which falls out in the reservoir will remain there where its recovery is not a practical proposition. 課后題：一、簡答題1. W

36、hats the three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs? 2. What are the difference about three fluids? 3. What is the relationship between oil and water in paragraph 3? 4. What is the state of “ saturated” ?5. What is the important factor in the production of oil from the reservoir? 6. What is gas Res

37、ervoir? 7. How does the retrograde condensation come? 二、詞匯單選題1. The following few rules _ the secret of correct book-keeping. A. contain B. maintain C. obtain D. sustain 2. A nation of immigrants is more _ than say, Chinese society. A. applicable B. considerable C. permeable D. available 3. Some are

38、as of disagreement have also been _ over the course of the century. A. continuous B. nervous C. obvious D. enormous 4. This method of manufacture evolved out of a long _ of trial. A.access B. process C. proceed D. progress 5. We are optimistic that the situation would even out _ . A. separately B. a

39、ctually C. individually D. eventually 6. So a lot hangs on whether the _ between gene and disease is real. A. achievement B. association C. assessment D. accomplishment 7. However, the _ of sea protected will still be less than half that on land. A. exhibition B. disposition C. proportion D. operati

40、on 8. I feel that that period in my life was _ valuable. A. absolutely B. frequently C. merely D. extremely 9. _ if you are out of work and have some spare time, why not volunteer? A. occasionally B. alternatively C. sufficiently D. approximately 三、選詞填空combination migrate dominant quantity condition

41、 factor complex expense transform into get trapped in be referred to contribute to range from in addition toA、單詞填空1. She bought fame at the _ of her happiness and health. 2. You can use these clauses in any _ to achieve the desired effect. 3. Taobao is _ in China but has little consumer reach outsid

42、e the country. 4. In production, we demand not only _ but also quality. 5. These workers _ from country to country in search of work. 6. This important _ was scanted by most of us. 7. We have to stay with the film in such a _. B、詞組填空1. We might _ our circumstances genuinely believing there is no oth

43、er way. 2. Your claim should _ the insurance company. 3. It has representation in the Danish Parliament _ its own local government. 4. But if you fail to strike the balance then it would _ another problem. 5. But science can only effectively _ these if it remains as open as possible. 6. Estimates of

44、 the total cost _ $11 billion to as high as $100 billion. 四、課文填空 1. With burial of plankton, algae and other p_ rich life forms under layers of sand and mud at a s_ rock, and c_ accumulation of sand, the buried m_ heats up at 500 C to 700 C. 2. Although the structural traps in which oil a_ e_ in var

45、ious forms, the oil usually occurs in a_ with gas and salt water. A certain amount of water always occurs together with the oil in the middle zone. The p_ of water to oil is usually about 10 to 30 percent. Water also occurs in the gas cap, but the proportion of water to gas is f_ lower than the prop

46、ortion of water to oil. 3. A_, if the dry gas has a ready sale, the reservoir pressure can be maintained by water injection. Gas r_ as such is, unlike oil, not improved s_ by water displacement to justify the e_ of such an operation. 4. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurfac

47、e pool of hydrocarbons c_ in p_, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks being limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a c_ of these. 五、語法挑錯題1. However, where some interstitial water is always present in the oil zone, the latter is not always underlain by a continuous body of wa

48、ter. 2. The viscosity of the oil depends roughly on its gravity and also to a large extent on the quantity of gas what it holds in solution. 3. A petroleum reservoir, or oil and gas reservoir, is a subsurface pool of hydrocarbons contained in permeable, porous or fractured rock formations, with most reservoir rocks been limestones, dolomites, sandstones, or a combination of these. 4. The three basic types of hydrocarbon reservoirs are oil,