有關(guān)電子商務(wù)與貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)(英文版)(ppt-60頁(yè))課件

1、EC AND BUSINESS OPERATION電子商務(wù)與貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)請(qǐng)用5分鐘書面回答以下問(wèn)題，答完后請(qǐng)?jiān)谡n后交過(guò)來(lái)：企業(yè)名稱，規(guī)模，行業(yè)，產(chǎn)品姓名，職位，學(xué)歷，就業(yè)時(shí)間你家里有沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī)，能不能上網(wǎng)，對(duì)你的計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用能力進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。你所在單位計(jì)算機(jī)有多少臺(tái)，有無(wú)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，能不能上網(wǎng)，有沒(méi)有網(wǎng)站，有沒(méi)有信箱，利用率如何。你，以及單位，在與其他機(jī)構(gòu)，如政府部門之間的文件交換是什么形式？政府部門有沒(méi)有要求這你或單位提供電子文檔？單位有沒(méi)有計(jì)算機(jī)管理系統(tǒng)？如ERP，如有，利用水平如何。單位有沒(méi)有集成制造系統(tǒng)，如有，利用率如何？WHAT IS EC什么是電子商務(wù)Definitions and Content

2、 of FieldElectronic Commerce (EC) is where business transactions take place via telecommunications networks, especially the Internet.Electronic commerce describes the buying and selling of products, services, and information via computer networks including the Internet.The infrastructure for EC is a

3、 networked computing environment in business, home, and government.E-Business describes the broadest definition of EC. It includes customer service and intrabusiness tasks. It is frequently used interchangeably with EC. Pure Vs. Partial Electronic CommerceThree dimensionsthe product (service) sold p

4、hysical / digital;the process physical / digital the delivery agent (or intermediary) physical / digitalTraditional commerceall dimensions are physicalPure ECall dimensions are digitalPartial ECall other possibilities include a mix of digital and physical dimensionsPhysical agentDigital agentDigital

5、 ProductPhysical ProductPhysical processDigital processVirtual processVirtual delivery agentVirtual productElectronic commerce areasThe core of electronic commerceThe Dimensions of Electronic CommerceTraditional commerceA market is a network of interactions and relationships where information, produ

6、cts, services, and payments are exchanged.The market handles all the necessary transactions.An electronic market is a place where shoppers and sellers meet electronically.In electronic markets, sellers and buyers negotiate, submit bids, agree on an order, and finish the execution on- or off-line.Ele

7、ctronic MarketsAn interorganizational information system (IOS) involves information flow among two or more organizations.Its major objective is efficient routine transaction processing, such as transmitting orders, bills, and payments using EDI or extranets.Scope: An IOS is a unified system encompas

8、sing two or several business partners.A typical IOS includes a company and its suppliers and and/or customers.Interorganization Information SystemsBusiness-to-businessBusiness-to-customerIntra business transactionsOthersClassification of Electronic CommerceClassification of EC by the Nature of the T

9、ransactionsAPPLICATION OF EC IN DIFFERENT FIELD電子商務(wù)在不同領(lǐng)域中的應(yīng)用RetailingElectronic MarketingDirect marketingCustomizationOnline customer serviceElectronic shopping malls:Intermediaries (e.g. Internet Mall)Stores (e.g. Amazon, J.C.Penney Online)Electronic intermediariesGlobal marketingCustomers can orde

10、r from cyberstores 24 hours a day, 7 days a week from any place in the world11Shopper/PurchaserSeller/SupplierElectronic Market(Transaction Hander)Electronic commercenetwork(Infrastructure)Product/service information requestPurchase requestPayment or payment advicePurchase fulfillment requestPurchas

11、e change requestResponse to fulfillment requestShipping noticePayment approvalElectronic transfer of fundsElectronic transfer of fundsShopper/Purchasers BankPayment remittance noticeElectronic transfer of fundsTransaction Handlers Bank(Automated Clearing House)Seller/Suppliers BankElectronic Markets

12、 Prentice Hall, 2000Response to information requestPurchase acknowledgmentShipping noticePurchase/service delivery (if online)Payment acknowledgmentActive Electronic IntermediariesPure electronic mallCompanys retailing business exists only on the InternetElectronic distributorstake full responsibili

13、ty of fulfilling orders and collecting paymentsElectronic brokersassist the search process of finding the appropriate products and their vendorsPartial electronic mallElectronic mall as one of existing distribution channelsAiding Comparison ShoppingSearch hypertext files by agentsSearch in a web-bas

14、ed database both by human and software agents within an e-mallComparable item retrieval and tabular comparisonComparisons over multiple mallsComparisons as a multiple criteria decision makingInternet Consumers and Market ResearchThe Importance of CustomersCompetition“fighting” on customersto succeed

15、 : control the 3Cs Customerscustomers becomes a King/Queento succeed : finding and retaining customers ChangeEC is a new distribution channelto succeed : convince customers to go online and then to choose your company over the online competitorsThe major pressures are labeled the 3CsOne-to-One Marke

16、tingRelationship marketing “Overt attempt of exchange partners to build a long term association, characterized by purposeful cooperation and mutual dependence on the development of social, as well as structural, bonds”“Treat different customers differently”Able to change the manner its products are

17、configured or its service is delivered, based on the individual needs of individual customersConsumer Demographics (1998)Variables Influencing Decision Making ProcessAge (mostly 21-30 year-old)Marital status (41% married & 39% single)Educational level (81% with at least some college education & 50%

18、obtained at least baccalaureate degree)Ethnicity (87% white in America)Occupation (26% educational-related field, 22% computers & 22% other professionals) Prentice Hall, 20008Answering customer inquiresProviding technical and other informationLetting customers track accounts or order statusAllowing

19、customers to customize and order online Prentice Hall, 200021Types of Customer Service FunctionsTools of Customer ServicePersonalized Web Pagesused to record purchases and preferencedirect customized information to customers efficientlyChat Roomdiscuss issues with company experts; with other custome

20、rs E-mailused to disseminate information, send product information and conduct correspondence regarding any topic, but mostly inquiries from customersFAQsnot customized, no personalized feeling and contribution to relationship marketingUsing online technology to conduct surveysMore efficient, faster

21、, and cheaper data collection, and a more geographically diverse audience than those found in off-line surveysAbility to incorporate radio buttons, data-entry fields and check boxes in the surveysEliminating the data reentry errors (from questionnaires to the computer, for analysis)Not suitable for

22、every customer or product it is skewed toward highly educated males with high disposal incomeOnline Market ResearchOnline Market Research MethodPost strategic queries to news groupsPost surveys on your Web siteOffer rewards for participationPost strategic queries on your Web sitePost relevant conten

23、t to groups with a pointer to your Web site surveyPost a detailed survey in special e-mail questionnairesCreate a chat room and try to build a community of consumersAdvertisement in Electronic CommerceWhy Internet Advertisement?Three-quarters of PC users gave up some television timeInternet users ar

24、e well educated with high-income, which makes them a desired target for advertisersAds can be updated any time with a minimal cost; therefore they are timely and very accurateAdvertising MethodsBannersBanner Swapping Banner ExchangesPaid Advertising and Ad AgenciesSplash ScreenURL (Universal Resourc

25、e Locators)E-mailChat RoomsBBSEC in Service IndustriesTravel and Tourism ServicesBy the year 2000, close to 25 percent of all business-to customer Internet commerce will be related to tourismThe Internet is an ideal place to plan, explore, and arrange almost any tripIBMs vision of seamless electroni

26、c travel using smart cardsThe Employment Placement MarketEmployers are looking for employees with specific skills, and individuals are looking for a jobVery volatile marketMoved to the InternetMillions of job seekers, hundred of thousands of jobsReal Estate: From Virtual Realtors to Virtual RealityY

27、ou can view many properties on the screenYou can sort and organize propertiesYou can find detailed information about the propertiesYou can search, compare and apply for loansTrading Stocks OnlineCosts between $7 and $20 per transaction (Vs. $30 - $100 in traditional brokerage)No waiting on busy tele

28、phone linesNo oral communication, less chance for errorsPlace orders from anywhere, any time, day or nightNo biased broker to push youConsiderable amount of free informationImplementation Issues in Banking and Online TradingCyberbanking and Personal Finance Encrypted SSL Session & Digital Certificat

29、e Verification InitiatedExternal FirewallB of AWeb ServerInternal FirewallB of A Application ServerBank of America Security SystemLogon ScreenUser IDUser PasswordB of AWeb SiteCustomersComputerSecuring Financial TransactionsApplication Case: Security at NationsBankBilling OnlineConsumerBill Consolid

30、atorBillersPhoneCredit CardUtilitySuch payments can be made into any bank account. Many people pay their monthly rent and other bills directly into the payees bank accounts. Electronic Credit Card Systemon the InternetThe PlayersCardholderMerchant (seller)Issuer (your bank)Acquirer (merchants financ

31、ial institution, acquires the sales slips)Brand (VISA, Master Card)Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)on the InternetAn Architecture of Electronic Fund Transfer on the InternetInternetPayerCyber BankBankCyber BankPayeeAutomatedClearinghouseVANBankVANPaymentGatewayPaymentGatewayOTHER E-PAYMENTSmart CardsE

32、lectronic Cash and MicropaymentsElectronic Check SystemsAuctions: From Theory to PracticeEarly auctioning done on local area networksthe auctioning of pigs in Taiwan and Singaporethe auctioning of flowers in Hollandthe auctioning of cars in Japan Auctions on the Internet started in 1995similar to of

33、fline auctions, except for the fact that they are done on a computersome last days, others a short timedetailed information is availablestart bidding by sending e-mail or filling out an electronic formnames of bidders are kept coded to maintain privacyBenefits and LimitationsBenefits For sellerSells

34、 goods efficientlySells goods with little action or effortCreates a greater range of potential buyersSells excess inventories quickly via this processFor buyersGets a huge variety of goodsFinds quality goods for largely discounted pricesLimitationsInability to physically see the itemsPossibility of

35、fraudLess competitive atmosphere may prevail on the NetOnline PublishingThe electronic delivery of newspapers, magazines, news, and other information through the InternetOnline Publishing Today and TomorrowToday mainly used for disseminating information and for conducting sales transactions interact

36、ivelyTomorrow include more customized material that the reader will receive free, or will pay forVirtual Teaching and UniversitiesKnowledge DisseminationMany universities are offering limited courses and degrees but use innovative teaching methods and multimedia supportMBA program in Hong Konglectur

37、es are delivered as an interactive TV (iTV)students can decide what and when they want to attend the lecturelecture, support material, exercises etc. are provided on the WebERP AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT企業(yè)資源計(jì)劃與工商管理Business-to-Business Electronic CommerceMajor ConceptsOrder fulfillment: Deliver right or

38、der on timeFront office operations: Order taking, advertisement, CRMBack office operations: Accounting, finance, inventor, packaging, logisticsLogistics: Managing the flow of goods, information and money along the supply chainSupply ChainDefinitionAll activities associated with the flow and transfor

39、mation of goods from raw materials to end users2nd TierSupplierUpstreamInternalDownstream2nd TierSupplier2nd TierSupplier1st TierSupplier1st TierSupplierAssembly/Manufacturing andPackagingDistributionCentersRetailersCustomersGrainProducerProcessingFacilityPackagingDistributorStoreCustomersCorrugateM

40、anufacturerLumberCompanyLabelManufacturerGrainCerealPackaged CerealLabelsWordPaperboardThe bullwhip effectSlight changes in actual demand create problemsPartners build “just in case” inventoriesLack of trust among partnersStockpilling result in huge costThe manufacturers can not plan productionCanno

41、t order material from suppliersSupply Chain ManagementDefinition: Flow of material, information, money, etc. from raw material suppliers through factories to customersIt includes: organizations, procedures, peopleSCM: Integration of the business processes along the chain, Planning, Organizing, contr

42、ol of many activitiesActivities: Purchasing, delivery, packaging, checking, warehousing, etc.IT as problem solverEvolution of Software IntegrationCompletely Independent of each otherMRP= Material Requirements Planning:Inventory, productionMRPII=Manufacturing Requirements Planningmore integrated, MRP

43、+Finance+laborERP=Enterprise Resources PlanningAll functional areasExtended ERP=Include suppliers, customersFrom SAP to mySAP.comSAP=Traditional ERP=Automate and Integrate transactionsMySAP.com = web based comprehensive systemWorkplace - a personalized, role-based interfaceMarketplace - one stop des

44、tination for business professional to collaborateBusiness Scenarios - products for the Internet and intranetApplication-hosing - hosting Web applications for SMEs Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)ERP = Integrating business processes and activities in real timeSolves many supply chain problemsNecess

45、ary for medium to large corporationsHelpful also for some SMEsNeed to interface with EC order taking systemManages all routine transactions in the Enterprise Recently extended to suppliers and customersPost ERP (2nd Generation)1st generation - transaction processing orientation2nd generation includi

46、ng decision making capabilitiesEC requires decision supportEC requires business intelligenceSCM software: Production Planning, Manpower utilization, Profitability models, market analysis. Integration of SCM capabilitiesOther added functionalities: CRM, KMASPLeasing information systems applicationBac

47、k to the days of “time sharing”A risk prevention strategyVery popular with ERP (expensive, cumbersome)INFRASTRUCTURE OF EC電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)A global networked environment is known as the InternetA counterpart within organizations, is called an intranetAn extranet extends intranets so that they can be accessed

48、by business partners.INTERNET，INTRANET， EXTRANETPublic/ExternalInternet UsersIntranetClientsServersERPLegacy systemsE-mail serversWeb serversDatabasesFirewalls54The Intranet Tunneling InternetExtranetIntranetFirewallIntranetFirewall55The ExtranetSuppliersVPNDistributorsVPNCustomersVPN Prentice Hall,

49、 2000EnterpriseConsumersSuppliersClientsBusiness PartnersDistributorsVPNInternetIntranetExtranetIntranetIntranetIntranetIntranetVPNVPNVPNVPNRemoteEmployeesBasic Concept of Extranets Revisited Prentice Hall, 2000Elements of ExtranetsComponents of ExtranetsIntranetsWeb serverFirewallsInternet Service

50、Provider (ISP)Tunneling technologyInterface softwareBusiness applicationMethods to Configure ExtranetsThey can be implemented using a direct leased line with full control over it, linking all intranetsA secure link can be created across the Internet, which can be used by the corporation as a virtual

51、ly private network (VPN)58Summary : Internet, Intranet, and ExtranetNetwork Typical Type of Type Users Access Information InternetAny individual with dial-up access or LANUnlimited, public; no restrictionsGeneral, public and advertisementIntranetAuthorized employees ONLYPrivate and restrictedSpecifi

52、c, corporate and proprietaryExtranetAuthorized groups from collaborating companiesPrivate and outside authorized partnersShared in authorized collaborating group Prentice Hall, 2000TO BE A INTERNET BUSINESSMAN充分利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)做一個(gè)現(xiàn)代商人（第14講）考場(chǎng)作文開(kāi)拓文路能力分解層次(網(wǎng)友來(lái)稿)江蘇省鎮(zhèn)江中學(xué) 陳乃香說(shuō)明：本系列稿共24講，20XX年1月6日開(kāi)始在資源上連載【要義解說(shuō)】文章主旨確

53、立以后，就應(yīng)該恰當(dāng)?shù)胤纸鈱哟?，使幾個(gè)層次構(gòu)成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體，形成一篇完整的文章。如何分解層次主要取決于表現(xiàn)主旨的需要?！静呗越庾x】一般說(shuō)來(lái)，記人敘事的文章常按時(shí)間順序分解層次，寫景狀物的文章常按時(shí)間順序、空間順序分解層次；說(shuō)明文根據(jù)說(shuō)明對(duì)象的特點(diǎn)，可按時(shí)間順序、空間順序或邏輯順序分解層次；議論文主要根據(jù)“提出問(wèn)題分析問(wèn)題解決問(wèn)題”順序來(lái)分解層次。當(dāng)然，分解層次不是一層不變的固定模式，而應(yīng)該富于變化。文章的層次，也常常有些外在的形式：1小標(biāo)題式。即圍繞話題把一篇文章劃分為幾個(gè)相對(duì)獨(dú)立的部分，再給它們加上一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)潔、恰當(dāng)?shù)男?biāo)題。如世界改變了模樣四個(gè)小標(biāo)題：壽命變“長(zhǎng)”了、世界變“小”了、勞動(dòng)變“輕

54、”了、文明變“綠”了。 2序號(hào)式。序號(hào)式作文與小標(biāo)題作文有相同的特點(diǎn)。序號(hào)可以是“一、二、三”，可以是“A、B、C”，也可以是“甲、乙、丙”從全文看，序號(hào)式干凈、明快；但從題目上看，卻看不出文章內(nèi)容，只是標(biāo)明了層次與部分。有時(shí)序號(hào)式作文，也適用于敘述性文章，為故事情節(jié)的展開(kāi)，提供了明晰的層次。 3總分式。如高考佳作人生也是一張答卷。開(kāi)頭：“人生就是一張答卷。它上面有選擇題、填空題、判斷題和問(wèn)答題，但它又不同于一般的答卷。一般的答卷用手來(lái)書寫，人生的答卷卻要用行動(dòng)來(lái)書寫。”主體部分每段首句分別為：選擇題是對(duì)人生進(jìn)行正確的取舍，填空題是充實(shí)自己的人生，判斷題是表明自己的人生態(tài)度，問(wèn)答題是考驗(yàn)自己解

55、決問(wèn)題的能力。這份“試卷”設(shè)計(jì)得合理而且實(shí)在，每個(gè)人的人生都是不同的，這就意味著這份人生試卷的“答案是豐富多彩的”。分解層次，應(yīng)追求作文美學(xué)的三個(gè)價(jià)值取向：一要?jiǎng)蚍Q美。什么材料在前，什么材料在后，要合理安排；什么材料詳寫，什么材料略寫，要通盤考慮。自然段是構(gòu)成文章的基本單位，恰當(dāng)劃分自然段，自然就成為分解層次的基本要求。該分段處就分段，不要老是開(kāi)頭、正文、結(jié)尾“三段式”，這種老套的層次顯得呆板。二要波瀾美。文章內(nèi)容應(yīng)該有張有弛，有起有伏，如波如瀾。只有這樣才能使文章起伏錯(cuò)落，一波三折，吸引讀者。三要圓合美。文章的開(kāi)頭與結(jié)尾要遙相照應(yīng)，把開(kāi)頭描寫的事物或提出的問(wèn)題，在結(jié)尾處用各種方式加以深化或回

56、答，給人首尾圓合的感覺(jué)。【例文解剖】 話題：忙忙，不亦樂(lè)乎 忙，是人生中一個(gè)個(gè)步驟，每個(gè)人所忙的事務(wù)不同，但是不能是碌碌無(wú)為地白忙，要忙就忙得精彩，忙得不亦樂(lè)乎。 忙是問(wèn)號(hào)。忙看似簡(jiǎn)單，但其中卻大有學(xué)問(wèn)。忙是人生中不可缺少的一部分，但是怎么才能忙出精彩，忙得不亦樂(lè)乎，卻并不簡(jiǎn)單。人生如同一張地圖，我們一直在自己的地圖上行走，時(shí)不時(shí)我們眼前就出現(xiàn)一個(gè)十字路口，我們?cè)撓蚰膬海鎸?duì)那縱軸橫軸相交的十字路口，我們?cè)撛鯓舆x擇?不急，靜下心來(lái)分析一下，選擇適合自己的坐標(biāo)軸才是最重要的。忙就是如此，選擇自己該忙的才能忙得有意義。忙是問(wèn)號(hào)，這個(gè)問(wèn)號(hào)一直提醒我們要忙得有意義，忙得不亦樂(lè)乎。 忙是省略號(hào)。四季在有

57、規(guī)律地進(jìn)行著冷暖交替，大自然就一直按照這樣的規(guī)律不停地忙，人們亦如此。為自己找一個(gè)目標(biāo)，為目標(biāo)而不停地忙，讓這種忙一直忙下去。當(dāng)目標(biāo)已達(dá)成，那么再找一個(gè)目標(biāo)，繼續(xù)這樣忙，就像省略號(hào)一樣，毫無(wú)休止地忙下去，翻開(kāi)歷史的長(zhǎng)卷，我們看到牛頓在忙著他的實(shí)驗(yàn)；愛(ài)迪生在忙著思考；徐霞客在忙著記載游玩；李時(shí)珍在忙著編寫本草綱目。再看那位以筆為刀槍的充滿著朝氣與力量的文學(xué)泰斗魯迅，他正忙著用他獨(dú)有的刀和槍在不停地奮斗。忙是省略號(hào)，確定了一個(gè)目標(biāo)那么就一直忙下去吧!這樣的忙一定會(huì)忙出生命靈動(dòng)的色彩。 忙是驚嘆號(hào)。世界上的人都在忙著自己的事，大自然亦如此，小蜜蜂在忙，以蜂蜜為回報(bào)。那么人呢?居里夫人的忙，以放射性元

58、素的發(fā)現(xiàn)而得到了圓滿的休止符；愛(ài)因斯坦在忙，以相對(duì)論的問(wèn)世而畫上了驚嘆號(hào)；李白的忙，以那豪放的詩(shī)歌而有了很大的成功；張衡的忙，因?yàn)槟堑貏?dòng)儀的問(wèn)世而讓世人仰慕。每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該有效率的忙，而不是整天碌碌無(wú)為地白忙。人生是有限的、短暫的，因此，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該在有限的生命里忙出屬于他的驚嘆號(hào)；都應(yīng)在有限的生命里忙出他的人生精彩篇章。 忙是萬(wàn)物、世界、人生中都不可缺少的一部分。作為這世上最高級(jí)動(dòng)物的我們，我們?cè)诿κ裁茨?我們要忙得有意義，有價(jià)值，我們要忙出屬于我們的精彩。我們的忙不能永遠(yuǎn)是問(wèn)號(hào)，而應(yīng)是省略號(hào)和感嘆號(hào)。忙就要忙得精彩，忙得不亦樂(lè)乎。 解剖：本文將生活中的一句口頭禪“忙得不亦樂(lè)乎”機(jī)智翻新，擬作

59、標(biāo)題，亮出一道美麗的風(fēng)景。并據(jù)此展開(kāi)述說(shuō)，讓人神清氣爽。文章開(kāi)篇扣題，亮出觀點(diǎn)：忙，是人生中一個(gè)個(gè)步驟，不能碌碌無(wú)為地白忙，要忙就忙得精彩，忙得不亦樂(lè)乎。然后，作者分別用問(wèn)號(hào)、省略號(hào)、驚嘆號(hào)巧妙設(shè)喻，抓住這三種標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的特征，擺實(shí)事，講道理，入情入理，入理入心。深刻地闡明人生忙，忙要像問(wèn)號(hào)一樣，經(jīng)常問(wèn)問(wèn)自己，不能盲目，不能瞎忙，要忙得有意義；人生如四季一樣是有規(guī)律的，要選準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，像省略號(hào)一樣，毫無(wú)休止地忙下去，忙出生命靈動(dòng)的色彩；而人生有限，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)有限的生命里忙出屬于他的驚嘆號(hào)，忙出人生精彩的篇章。結(jié)尾，作者用一個(gè)段落總結(jié)全文，照應(yīng)開(kāi)頭，照應(yīng)題目，有力收束?！揪}解析】閱讀下面的材料，根據(jù)

60、要求作文。在一處地勢(shì)十分險(xiǎn)惡的峽谷，谷底奔騰著咆哮的急流，峽谷間有一座索橋，幾根光禿禿、晃悠悠的鐵索橫在峽谷間，它是通過(guò)這個(gè)地方的唯一路徑，這里經(jīng)常有人因?yàn)槭ё愣肷罟?。有一天，有三個(gè)人來(lái)到了這里。一個(gè)聾子，一個(gè)瞎子，還有一個(gè)健康的人。聾子看看這座橋，很害怕，但是他聽(tīng)不到急流的聲音，他用眼睛看著腳下步伐，很順利地過(guò)去了。瞎子不知峽谷的險(xiǎn)惡，他心平氣和，十分穩(wěn)妥地通過(guò)了。第三個(gè)人是健康人，一直猶豫不敢走這索橋，可是又沒(méi)有其他路可走。于是，他十分緊張地硬著頭皮走上索橋，到了橋中央，他看到腳下萬(wàn)丈深淵，云霧升騰，聽(tīng)到谷底急流咆哮，早已兩腿顫顫，面如土色，一不小心跌下橋去。請(qǐng)就“不要把困難看得太明白