兩板式塑料注塑模的澆口分流道和主流道的優(yōu)化、模具的發(fā)展

1、兩板式塑料注塑模的澆口，分流道和主流道的優(yōu)化摘要：本文介紹了兩板式塑料注塑模的澆口，分流道和主流道的優(yōu)化尺寸大 小。電子收款機(ECR)的塑料制品被用于這項研究中，其中有三個電子元器件 鑄塑料制品包括登記套管頂部，底部套管和紙架。本文的主要目的是找出澆口， 主流道和分流道的最正確尺寸和最正確布局，找出導(dǎo)致澆口，主流道和分流道尺寸不 合適的原因。這項研究中使用了三種類型的軟件，如CAD工具軟件UG被用來 設(shè)計3D建模，犀牛軟件作為標(biāo)桿處理工具被用來設(shè)計澆口、分流道、主流道和 Moldex軟件作為仿真工具被用來分析塑性流動。因此，修正了型腔進給系統(tǒng)的 位置和尺寸大小，以消除短桿，過充和兩板系列注塑

2、模具焊縫問題。關(guān)鍵詞：計算機建模；仿真流動；優(yōu)化.簡介通常的注塑過程包括三個階段：注射，合模和冷卻階段。本文介紹了隨著計 算機日益廣泛的應(yīng)用在設(shè)計工程，仿真軟件在模具制造行業(yè)的重大影響,而大量 的商用軟件市場也增加了1。ECR塑料產(chǎn)品采用相同的材質(zhì)和色彩，然而各局部 尺寸大小不同。每個局部都有它自己的模具，但這個研究，所有的局部都用了這 種系列的模具。設(shè)計模具的困難階段是決定這種系列注射模具的澆口、分流道、 主流道的布局、位置、大小與水孔的位置，。為了探討了流動行為，Moldex 軟件仿真軟件用于分析塑性流動。.方法本研究首先從設(shè)計產(chǎn)品三維造型的ECR使用UG軟件，然后在文件被轉(zhuǎn)移 到犀牛軟件

3、后處理。在犀牛軟件的進給系統(tǒng)如澆口，分流道，主流道，水口和模 具設(shè)計進行了設(shè)計。最后，Moldex軟件從犀牛軟件中使用進口文件。塑料原料, 工藝條件決定前要進行注射，合模，冷卻和熱曲線分析。如果結(jié)果不符合，必須 修改后再進行，如圖1所示。and steel enterprises, research and development of special series of die steel, molds and other mold-specific carbide special tools, auxiliary materials, and some promotion. However

4、, due to the quality is not stable enough, the lack of the necessary test conditions and test data, specifications and varieties less, large molds and special mold steel and specifications are required for the gap. In the steel supply, settlement amount and sporadic users of mass-produced steel supp

5、ly and demand contradiction, yet to be effectively addressed. In addition, in recent years have foreign steel mold set up sales outlets in China, but poor channels, technical services support the weak and prices are high, foreign exchange settlement system and other factors, promote the use of much

6、current.Mold supporting materials and special techniques in recent years despite the popularization and application, but failed to mature production technology, most still also in the exploratory stage tests, such as die coating technology, surface treatment technology mold, mold guide lubrication t

7、echnology Die sensing technology and lubrication technology, mold to stress technology, mold and other anti-fatigue and anti-corrosion technology productivity has not yet fully formed, towards commercialization. Some key, important technologies also lack the protection of intellectual property.China

8、s mold standard parts production, the formation of the early 80s only small-scale production, standardization and standard mold parts using the coverage of about 20%, from the market can be assigned to, is just about 30 varieties, and limited to small and medium size. Standard punch, hot runner comp

9、onents and other supplies just the beginning, mold and parts production and supply channels for poor, poor accuracy and quality.Die trendmold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network directionmold software features integratedDie software features of integrated sof

10、tware modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve

11、 optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcams software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry, advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system

12、, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc. Shanghai Jiaotong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijin

13、g Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensionalTwo-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modem technical require

14、ments of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of

15、CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. I

16、n addition, Cimatran company Moldexpert, Delcams Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flo

17、w simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die importa

18、nt sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatrons software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically ge

19、nerated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting, calibration and other processing results.mold software applications, networking trendWith the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and th

20、e rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its 21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve

21、agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-directionmold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficientSophisticated, complex, large-scale mold devel

22、opment, testing equipment have become increasingly demanding. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 3|im, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Moto

23、r Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm x 3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establish

24、ment from the measurement of physical 一 model output of engineering drawings the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and

25、 contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Rolands PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopsons TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-di

26、mensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.CNC EDMJapan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the companys AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmie

27、r company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.high-speed milling machine (HSM)Milling is an important means of cavity

28、 mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more an

29、d more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP71 O-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8|im, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDFs high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm x 5000mm x 1800mm, spee

30、d up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.mold materials and surface treatment technology developed rapidlyIndustry to the level of mold,

31、 material application is the key. Due to improper selection and use of materials, causing premature die failure, which accounts for more than 45% failure die. In the mold material, commonly used cold work tool steel with CrWMn, Crl2, Crl2MoV and W6Mo5Cr4V2, flame hardened steel (such as Japan, AUX2,

32、 SX105V (7CrSiMnMoV), etc.; used a new type of hot work die steel American H13, Sweden QRO80M, QRO90SUPREME, etc.; used a pre-hardened plastic mold steel (such as the U.S. P20), age-hardening steel (such as the U.S. P21, Japan NAK55, etc.), heat treatment hardened steel (such as the United States, D

33、2, Japan, PD613, PD555, Sweden wins the White 136, etc.), powder die steel (such as Japan KAD 18 and KAS440), etc.; panel drawing die used HT300, QT60-2, Mo-Cr, Mo-V cast iron, large-scale mold with HT250. more regular use of Precision Die Hard Steel Results YG20 and other alloys and carbide, in the

34、 mold surface treatment, the main trends are: the infiltration of a single element to the multi-element penetration, complex permeability (such as TD method) development; by the general diffusion to the CVD, PVD, PCVD, ion penetration , the direction of ion implantation, etc.; can use the coating ar

35、e: TiC, TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN, Cr7C3, W2C, etc., while heat from the air treatment means to the development of vacuum heat treatment. In addition, the current strengthening of the laser, glow plasma Nitriding and electroplating (plating) enhanced anti-corrosion technologies are also more and more at

36、tention.mold industry new techniques, new ideas and new models have been gradually recognizedIn the forming process, the main function of composite stamping die, superplastic forming, plastic precision molding technology, plastic mold gas-assisted injection technology and hot runner technology, high

37、-pressure injection molding technology. On the other hand, with the continuous development of advanced manufacturing technology and raise the level of mold industry as a whole, in the mold industry, there are some new design, production, management ideas and models. Concrete are: to adapt to the cha

38、racteristics of mold-piece production flexible manufacturing technologies; to create the best management and effective teamwork, lean production; to enhance rapid response capabilities of Concurrent Engineering, Virtual Manufacturing and global agile manufacturing, manufacturing of new production ne

39、tworks philosophy; extensive use of standard parts common parts of the division of work mode of production; meet the environmental requirements of sustainable development and green design and manufacturing.SummaryThe 21st century, in the new situation of economic globalization, with capital, technol

40、ogy and labor market re-integration of equipment manufacturing in China after joining the WTO will become the world*s equipment manufacturing base. In the modem manufacturing industry, no matter which industry, engineering equipment, are increasingly used to provide the products from the mold indust

41、ry. In order to meet the users high-precision mold manufacturing, short delivery time, the urgent demand low-cost, mold industry is extensive application of modem advanced manufacturing technology to speed up the mold industry, technological progress, to meet the basic sectors of the mold process eq

42、uipment urgent needs.模具的開展1模具在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的地位模具是大批量生產(chǎn)同形產(chǎn)品的工具，是工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的主要工藝裝備。采用模具生產(chǎn)零部件，具有生產(chǎn)效率高、質(zhì)量好、本錢低、節(jié)約能源和原材 料等一系列優(yōu)點，用模具生產(chǎn)制件所具備的高精度、高復(fù)雜程度、高一致性、高 生產(chǎn)率和低消耗，是其他加工制造方法所不能比較的。已成為當(dāng)代工業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重 要手段和工藝開展方向?，F(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟的基礎(chǔ)工業(yè)。現(xiàn)代工業(yè)品的開展和技術(shù)水平的 提高，很大程度上取決于模具工業(yè)的開展水平，因此模具工業(yè)對國民經(jīng)濟和社會 開展將起越來越大的作用。1989年3月國務(wù)院公布的關(guān)于當(dāng)前產(chǎn)業(yè)政策要點 的決定中，把模具列為機械工業(yè)技術(shù)改造序

43、列的第一位、生產(chǎn)和基本建設(shè)序列 的第二位（僅次于大型發(fā)電設(shè)備及相應(yīng)的輸變電設(shè)備），確立模具工業(yè)在國民經(jīng)濟 中的重要地位。1997年以來，又相繼把模具及其加工技術(shù)和設(shè)備列入了當(dāng)前 國家重點鼓勵開展的產(chǎn)業(yè)、產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)目錄和鼓勵外商投資產(chǎn)業(yè)目錄。經(jīng) 國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)，從1997年到2000年，對80多家國有專業(yè)模具廠實行增值稅返還 70%的優(yōu)惠政策，以扶植模具工業(yè)的開展。所有這些，都充分表達了國務(wù)院和國 家有關(guān)部門對開展模具工業(yè)的重視和支持。目前全世界模具年產(chǎn)值約為600億美 元，日、美等工業(yè)興旺國家的模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值已超過機床工業(yè)，從1997年開始， 我國模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)值也超過了機床工業(yè)產(chǎn)值。2我國模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀

44、及開展趨勢由于歷史原因形成的封閉式、“大而全”的企業(yè)特征，我國大局部企業(yè)均設(shè)有 模具車間，處于本廠的配套地位，自70年代末才有了模具工業(yè)化和生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化 這個概念。生產(chǎn)效率不高，經(jīng)濟效益較差。模具行業(yè)的生產(chǎn)小而散亂，跨行業(yè)、 投資密集，專業(yè)化、商品化和技術(shù)管理水平都比較低。據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，全國現(xiàn)有模具專業(yè)生產(chǎn)廠、產(chǎn)品廠配套的模具車間（分廠） 近17000家，約60萬從業(yè)人員，年模具總產(chǎn)值達200億元人民幣。但是，我國 模具工業(yè)現(xiàn)有能力只能滿足需求量的60%左右，還不能適應(yīng)國民經(jīng)濟開展的需 要。目前，國內(nèi)需要的大型、精密、復(fù)雜和長壽命的模具還主要依靠進口。據(jù)海 關(guān)統(tǒng)計，1997年進口模具價值6.3億

45、美元，這還不包括隨設(shè)備一起進口的模具； 1997年出口模具僅為7800萬美元。目前我國模具工業(yè)的技術(shù)水平和制造能力， 是我國國民經(jīng)濟建設(shè)中的薄弱環(huán)節(jié)和制約經(jīng)濟持續(xù)開展的瓶頸。模具工業(yè)產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的現(xiàn)狀按照中國模具工業(yè)協(xié)會的劃分，我國模具基本分為10大類，其中，沖 壓模和塑料成型模兩大類占主要局部。按產(chǎn)值計算，目前我國沖壓模占50%左 右，塑料成形模約占20%,拉絲模（工具）約占10%,而世界上興旺工業(yè)國家 和地區(qū)的塑料成形模比例一般占全部模具產(chǎn)值的40%以上。我國沖壓模大多為簡單模、單工序模和符合模等，精沖模，精密多工位 級進模還為數(shù)不多，模具平均壽命缺乏100萬次，模具最高壽命到達1億次以上,

46、精度到達35um,有50個以上的級進工位，與國際上最高模具壽命6億次，平 均模具壽命5000萬次相比，處于80年代中期國際先進水平。我國的塑料成形模具設(shè)計，制作技術(shù)起步較晚，整體水平還較低。目前 單型腔，簡單型腔的模具達70%以上，仍占主導(dǎo)地位。一模多腔精密復(fù)雜的塑 料注射模，多色塑料注射模已經(jīng)能初步設(shè)計和制造。模具平均壽命約為80萬次 左右，主要差距是模具零件變形大、溢邊毛刺大、外表質(zhì)量差、模具型腔沖蝕和 腐蝕嚴重、模具排氣不暢和型腔易損等，注射模精度已到達5um以下，最高壽 命已突破2000萬次，型腔數(shù)量已超過100腔，到達了 80年代中期至90年代初 期的國際先進水平。模具工業(yè)技術(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)

47、狀我國模具工業(yè)目前技術(shù)水平參差不齊，懸殊較大。從總體上來講，與發(fā) 達工業(yè)國家及港臺地區(qū)先進水平相比，還有較大的差距。在采用CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP等技術(shù)設(shè)計與制造模具方面，無論是應(yīng)用的廣 泛性，還是技術(shù)水平上都存在很大的差距。在應(yīng)用CAD技術(shù)設(shè)計模具方面，僅 有約10%的模具在設(shè)計中采用了 CAD,距拋開繪圖板還有漫長的一段路要走； 在應(yīng)用CAE進行模具方案設(shè)計和分析計算方面，也才剛剛起步，大多還處于試 用和動畫游戲階段；在應(yīng)用CAM技術(shù)制造模具方面，一是缺乏先進適用的制造 裝備，二是現(xiàn)有的工藝設(shè)備（包括近10多年來引進的先進設(shè)備）或因計算機制 式（IBM微機及其兼容機、HP工作站等）

48、不同，或因字節(jié)差異、運算速度差異、 抗電磁干擾能力差異等，聯(lián)網(wǎng)率較低，只有5%左右的模具制造設(shè)備近年來才開 展這項工作；在應(yīng)用CAPP技術(shù)進行工藝規(guī)劃方面，基本上處于空白狀態(tài)，需要 進行大量的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化基礎(chǔ)工作；在模具共性工藝技術(shù)，如模具快速成型技術(shù)、拋光 技術(shù)、電鑄成型技術(shù)、外表處理技術(shù)等方面的CAD/CAM技術(shù)應(yīng)用在我國才剛 起步。計算機輔助技術(shù)的軟件開發(fā)，尚處于較低水平，需要知識和經(jīng)驗的積累。 我國大局部模具廠、車間的模具加工設(shè)備陳舊，在役期長、精度差、效率低，至 今仍在使用普通的鍛、車、銃、包U、鉆、磨設(shè)備加工模具，熱處理加工仍在使用 鹽浴、箱式爐，操作憑工人的經(jīng)驗，設(shè)備簡陋，能耗高。設(shè)備

49、更新速度緩慢，技 術(shù)改造，技術(shù)進步力度不大。雖然近年來也引進了不少先進的模具加工設(shè)備，但 過于分散，或不配套，利用率一般僅有25%左右，設(shè)備的一些先進功能也未能得 到充分發(fā)揮。缺乏技術(shù)素質(zhì)較高的模具設(shè)計、制造工藝技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人，尤其缺乏知 識面寬、知識結(jié)構(gòu)層次高的復(fù)合型人才。中國模具行業(yè)中的技術(shù)人員，只占從業(yè) 人員的8%12%左右，且技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人的總體技術(shù)水平也較低。1980年 以前從業(yè)的技術(shù)人員和技術(shù)工人知識老化，知識結(jié)構(gòu)不能適應(yīng)現(xiàn)在的需要；而 80年代以后從業(yè)的人員，專業(yè)知識、經(jīng)驗匱乏，動手能力差，不安心，不愿學(xué) 技術(shù)。近年來人才外流不僅造成人才數(shù)量與素質(zhì)水平下降，而且人才結(jié)構(gòu)也

50、出現(xiàn) 了新的斷層，青黃不接，使得模具設(shè)計、制造的技術(shù)水平難以提高。模具工業(yè)配套材料，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)狀近10多年來，特別是“八五”以來，國家有關(guān)部委已屢次組織有關(guān)材料 研究所、大專院校和鋼鐵企業(yè)，研究和開發(fā)模具專用系列鋼種、模具專用硬質(zhì)合 金及其他模具加工的專用工具、輔助材料等，并有所推廣。但因材料的質(zhì)量不夠 穩(wěn)定，缺乏必要的試驗條件和試驗數(shù)據(jù)，規(guī)格品種較少，大型模具和特種模具所 需的鋼材及規(guī)格還有缺口。在鋼材供應(yīng)上，解決用戶的零星用量與鋼廠的批量生 產(chǎn)的供需矛盾，尚未得到有效的解決。另外，國外模具鋼材近年來相繼在國內(nèi)建 立了銷售網(wǎng)點，但因渠道不暢、技術(shù)服務(wù)支撐薄弱及價格偏高、外匯結(jié)算制度等 因素

51、的影響，目前推廣應(yīng)用不多。模具加工的輔助材料和專用技術(shù)近年來雖有所推廣應(yīng)用，但未形成成熟 的生產(chǎn)技術(shù)，大多仍還處于試驗摸索階段，如模具外表涂層技術(shù)、模具外表熱處 理技術(shù)、模具導(dǎo)向副潤滑技術(shù)、模具型腔傳感技術(shù)及潤滑技術(shù)、模具去應(yīng)力技術(shù)、 模具抗疲勞及防腐技術(shù)等尚未完全形成生產(chǎn)力，走向商品化。一些關(guān)鍵、重要的 技術(shù)也還缺少知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護。我國的模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件生產(chǎn)，80年代初才形成小規(guī)模生產(chǎn)，模具標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化程 度及標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件的使用覆蓋面約占20%,從市場上能配到的也只有約30個品種，且 僅限于中小規(guī)格。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)凸凹模、熱流道元件等剛剛開始供應(yīng)，模架及零件生產(chǎn)供 應(yīng)渠道不暢，精度和質(zhì)量也較差。3模具的開展趨勢模具CA

52、D/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三維化、智能化和網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向開展 (1)模具軟件功能集成化模具軟件功能的集成化要求軟件的功能模塊比較齊全，同時各功能模塊 采用同一數(shù)據(jù)模型，以實現(xiàn)信息的綜合管理與共享，從而支持模具設(shè)計、制造、 裝配、檢驗、測試及生產(chǎn)管理的全過程，到達實現(xiàn)最正確效益的目的。如英國Delcam 公司的系列化軟件就包括了曲面/實體幾何造型、復(fù)雜形體工程制圖、工業(yè)設(shè)計 高級渲染、塑料模設(shè)計專家系統(tǒng)、復(fù)雜形體CAM、藝術(shù)造型及雕刻自動編程系 統(tǒng)、逆向工程系統(tǒng)及復(fù)雜形體在線測量系統(tǒng)等。集成化程度較高的軟件還包括： Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。國內(nèi)有上海交通大學(xué)金屬塑性成型有限

53、元分 析系統(tǒng)和沖裁模CAD/CAM系統(tǒng)；北京北航海爾軟件的CAXA系列軟 件；吉林金網(wǎng)格模具工程研究中心的沖壓模CAD/CAE/CAM系統(tǒng)等。(2)模具設(shè)計、分析及制造的三維化傳統(tǒng)的二維模具結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計已越來越不適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代化生產(chǎn)和集成化技術(shù)要 求。模具設(shè)計、分析、制造的三維化、無紙化要求新一代模具軟件以立體的、直 觀的感覺來設(shè)計模具，所采用的三維數(shù)字化模型能方便地用于產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)的CAE 分析、模具可制造性評價和數(shù)控加工、成形過程模擬及信息的管理與共享。如 Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等軟件具備參數(shù)化、基于特征、全相關(guān)等特點， 從而使模具并行工程成為可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Mol

54、dexpert, Delcam公 司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D專業(yè)注塑模設(shè)計軟件，可進行 交互式3D型腔、型芯設(shè)計、模架配置及典型結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。澳大利亞Moldflow公 司的三維真實感流動模擬軟件MoldflowAdvisers已經(jīng)受到用戶廣泛的好評和應(yīng) 用。國內(nèi)有華中理工大學(xué)研制的同類軟件HSC3D4.5F及鄭州工業(yè)大學(xué)的Z-mold 軟件。面向制造、基于知識的智能化功能是衡量模具軟件先進性和實用性的重要 標(biāo)志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模專家軟件能根據(jù)脫模方向自動產(chǎn)生分型線 和分型面，生成與制品相對應(yīng)的型芯和型腔，實現(xiàn)模架零件的全相關(guān)，自動產(chǎn)生 材料明

55、細表和供NC加工的鉆孔表格，并能進行智能化加工參數(shù)設(shè)定、加工結(jié)果 校驗等。(3)模具軟件應(yīng)用的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化趨勢隨著模具在企業(yè)競爭、合作、生產(chǎn)和管理等方面的全球化、國際化，以 及計算機軟硬件技術(shù)的迅速開展，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使得在模具行業(yè)應(yīng)用虛擬設(shè)計、敏捷制造 技術(shù)既有必要，也有可能。美國在其21世紀制造企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略中指出，到2006 年要實現(xiàn)汽車工業(yè)敏捷生產(chǎn)/虛擬工程方案，使汽車開發(fā)周期從40個月縮短到4 個月。模具檢測、加工設(shè)備向精密、高效和多功能方向開展(1)模具檢測設(shè)備的日益精密、高效精密、復(fù)雜、大型模具的開展，對檢測設(shè)備的要求越來越高?，F(xiàn)在精密 模具的精度已達23pm,目前國內(nèi)廠家使用較多的有意大利、美國、日

56、本等國 的高精度三坐標(biāo)測量機，并具有數(shù)字化掃描功能。如東風(fēng)汽車模具廠不僅擁有意 大利產(chǎn)3250mmx3250mm三坐標(biāo)測量機，還擁有數(shù)碼攝影光學(xué)掃描儀，率先在 國內(nèi)采用數(shù)碼攝影、光學(xué)掃描作為空間三維信息的獲得手段，從而實現(xiàn)了從測量 實物一建立數(shù)學(xué)模型一輸出工程圖紙一模具制造全過程，成功實現(xiàn)了逆向工程技 術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。這方面的設(shè)備還包括：英國雷尼紹公司第二代高速掃描儀 (CYCLON SERIES2)可實現(xiàn)激光測頭和接觸式測頭優(yōu)勢互補，激光掃描精度為 0.05mm,接觸式測頭掃描精度達0.02mm。另外德國GOM公司的ATOS便攜式 掃描儀，日本羅蘭公司的PIX-30、PIX-4臺式掃描儀和英

57、國泰勒霍普森公司 TALYSCAN150多傳感三維掃描儀分別具有高速化、廉價化和功能復(fù)合化等特 點。(2)數(shù)控電火花加工機床日本沙迪克公司采用直線電機伺服驅(qū)動的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM 具有驅(qū)動反響快、傳動及定位精度高、熱變形小等優(yōu)點。瑞士夏米爾公司的 NCEDM具有P-E3自適應(yīng)控制、PCE能量控制及自動編程專家系統(tǒng)。另外有些 EDM還采用了混粉加工工藝、微精加工脈沖電源及模糊控制(FC)等技術(shù)。(3)高速銃削機床(HSM)銃削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速銃削具有工件溫升低、切 削力小、加工平穩(wěn)、加工質(zhì)量好、加工效率高(為普通銃削加工的510倍)及可 加工硬材料(60

58、HRC)等諸多優(yōu)點。因而在模具加工中日益受到重視。瑞士克朗 公司UCP710型五軸聯(lián)動加工中心，其機床定位精度可達8pim,自制的具有矢量 閉環(huán)控制電主軸，最大轉(zhuǎn)速為42000r/mino意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速銃床, 其加工范圍達2500mmx5000mmxl800mm,轉(zhuǎn)速達20500r/min,切削進給速度達 20m/mino HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽車覆蓋件模具、壓鑄模、 大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可達0.01mm。模具材料及外表處理技術(shù)開展迅速模具工業(yè)要上水平，材料應(yīng)用是關(guān)鍵。因選材和用材不當(dāng)，致使模具過 早失效，大約占失效模具的45%以上。在模具材料

59、方面，常用冷作模具鋼有 CrWMn、CM2、Crl2MoV 和 W6Mo5Cr4V2,火焰淬火鋼（如日本的 AUX2、 SX105V（7CrSiMnMoV）等；常用新型熱作模具鋼有美國H13、瑞典QRO80M、 QRO90SUPREME等;常用塑料模具用鋼有預(yù)硬鋼（如美國P20）、時效硬化型鋼（如 美國P21、日本NAK55等）、熱處理硬化型鋼（如美國D2,日本PD613、PD555、 瑞典一勝白136等）、粉末模具鋼（如日本KAD18和KAS440）等；覆蓋件拉延模 常用HT300、QT60-2、Mo-Cr、Mo-V鑄鐵等，大型模架用HT250。多工位精密 沖模常采用鋼結(jié)硬質(zhì)合金及硬質(zhì)合金Y

60、G20等。在模具外表處理方面，其主要趨 勢是：由滲入單一元素向多元素共滲、復(fù)合滲（如TD法）開展；由一般擴散向CVD、 PVD、PCVD、離子滲入、離子注入等方向開展；可采用的鍍膜有：TiC、TiN、 TiCN、TiAlN、CrN、Cr7c3、W2c等，同時熱處理手段由大氣熱處理向真空熱 處理開展。另外，目前對激光強化、輝光離子氮化技術(shù)及電鍍（刷鍍）防腐強化等 技術(shù)也日益受到重視。模具工業(yè)新工藝、新理念和新模式逐步得到了認同在成形工藝方面，主要有沖壓模具功能復(fù)合化、超塑性成形、塑性精密 成形技術(shù)、塑料模氣體輔助注射技術(shù)及熱流道技術(shù)、高壓注射成形技術(shù)等。另一 方面，隨著先進制造技術(shù)的不斷開展和模