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1、國際貿(mào)易理論與實(shí)務(wù)雙語教程Theory and Practice of International Trade Bilingual course教學(xué)用課件Chapter 1 International Trade Theories and Policies國際貿(mào)易理論及政策Lesson 1 Basic Concepts of International Trade 國際貿(mào)易的基本概念1.International trade , Foreign trade and Overseas Trade國際貿(mào)易、對外貿(mào)易和海外貿(mào)易1.1 International Trade (also named W

2、orld Trade) 國際貿(mào)易International trade is the exchange of goods and services happened between the countries or regions across world, including visible products(substantial products) and invisible products (such as labor, technology, consultation etc.). For the traditional international trade, it only r

3、efers to the exchange of the goods in variety between countries and regions, not including services; In a modern international trade, the exchange covers the goods as well as services of different countries and regions over the world.1.2. Foreign Trade (also named import and export business) 對外貿(mào)易For

4、eign trade refers to the exchange activitiy about the goods and services operated by one country or region with other countries or regions.Foreign trade means the business activity regarded on the side of one country. For example, the trade between China and other countries, usually called as Chines

5、e Foreign Trade. International trade is the business activity regarded all over the world, 1.3. Overseas Trade海外貿(mào)易The foreign trade developed by the insular countries such as Japan, UK is named as Overseas Trade. 2. Export Trade, Import Trade, Transit Trade出口貿(mào)易、進(jìn)口貿(mào)易、過境貿(mào)易According to the different mo

6、vement directions of the goods, international trade is classified into export trade, import trade, and transit trade.2.1 Export Trade出口貿(mào)易The business of selling the merchandise including services produced or proceeded in domestic market to abroad market is called as Export Trade or Output Trade.2.2

7、Import Trade進(jìn)口貿(mào)易The business of buying the merchandise(including services) from abroad market, and imputing to domestic market is called as import trade or imput trade.2.3 Transit Trade過境貿(mào)易During the business between the country of production and the country of consumption, the transportation will b

8、e carried out usually through the third country while the third country charges for the transportation. Then the business is regarded as the transit trade by the third country. For instance, the business trade between the inland country and the non-neighboring countries has to be completed through t

9、he third countrys frontier, consequently the kind of business will be classified as the transit trade by the customs of the third country. 3. Direct Trade, Indirect Trade, Entrepot Trade直接貿(mào)易、間接貿(mào)易、轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易Depending on whether the third party gets involved in the trade, international trade is classified i

10、nto direct trade, indirect trade and entrepot trade. 3.1 Direct Trade直接貿(mào)易The direct trade is a business trade happened between the country of production and the country of consumption without the involvement of the third country. The both parties of a direct trade make negotiation, conclude a deal a

11、nd make settlement directly. When the merchandise is exported directly to the country of consumption from the country of production, it is a direct export for the producing country and a direct import for the consuming country.3.2 Indirect Trade間接貿(mào)易The indirect trade is the business trade made by th

12、e producing country and the consuming country through the third country. For some reasons such as political reasons and the inconvenience of communication between the 2 countries, the negotiation, contract conclusion and settlement in the business cannot be carried out directly between the export co

13、untry and the import country without the involvement of the third country, the indirect trade is necessary . 3.3 Entrepot Trade 轉(zhuǎn)口貿(mào)易An Entrepot is a business involving 3 parties which are the country of production, the country of consumption and the country of making entrepot trade. Sometimes, the m

14、erchandise is transported to the country of consumption from the country of the production though the 2 countries are not in direct business relationship as the third country has the business relationship with the 2 countries respectively.4. General Trade and Special Trade總貿(mào)易、專門貿(mào)易According to the di

15、fferent standards of import and export, international trade may be divided into general trade and special trade, both are statistical systems.4.1 General Trade總貿(mào)易It is a statistical method to classify import and export by countrys border. General trade is divided into general import and general expo

16、rt. All the merchandise moving into the border of a country are counted into the general import including what are consumed in domestic and what are transited or passed through the territory of the county; All the merchandise moved out of the border of a country are counted into general export inclu

17、ding the export of the home-made products, the re-export of foreign merchandise and transited goods or the goods passing through the border. The total sum of general import and general export are general trade. 4.2 Special Trade專門貿(mào)易It is a statistical method to classify import and export by countrys

18、 customs frontier. Special trade is divided into special import and special export. Special import is the goods moving into the customs frontier after paying tariff and making customs clearance; according to the standard, the goods which are moved into the border of a country but kept in the bonded

19、warehouse, or in the duty-free export processing zone are not taken as the import. 5. Visible Trade and Invisible Trade有形貿(mào)易、無形貿(mào)易According to the forms and contents of merchandise, international trade may be classified into visible trade and invisible trade. 5.1 Visible Trade有形貿(mào)易It is also named as c

20、argo trade, referred to the trade of substantial merchandise in import and export, in which the goods are visible and touchable. The import and export of visible merchandise have to go through customs, and indicated in the statistical data of import and export, constitute to the total amount of the

21、foreign trade of a country for a period of time. 5.2 Invisible Trade無形貿(mào)易It is referred to all the trade of non-material merchandise in international business, including trade of service and trade of technology. Usually, the invisible trade are not indicated in the statistics of customs as it neednt

22、go through customs, but instead shown on the international balance sheet as an important part of it6. Free-Liquidation Trade, Barter Trade自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易、易貨貿(mào)易In accordance with payment ways, international trade may be divided into free-liquidation trade and barter trade. 6.1 Free-Liquidation Trade自由結(jié)匯貿(mào)易It is

23、 also named as Cash-Liquidation trade, referring to the trade is on the payment by currency, on the condition that the payment currency must be convertible in international financial market. The characteristics of it is to make settlement in trade through bank as scheduled. For the time being, in in

24、ternational trade, the payment currencies are mainly Dollar, Euro, Pound, Yen, and Swiss Franc etc.6.2 Barter Trade易貨貿(mào)易 It is referred to the trade based on the barter trade agreement or barter contract concluded by bother parties, on the payment with the valuated goods. Free-liquidation trade is th

25、e most common one in the current international trade. Barter trade is more suitable to the countries which cannot carry out 7. International Trade Volume, Foreign Trade Volume, Quantum of Foreign Trade國際貿(mào)易額（值）、對外貿(mào)易額（值）、對外貿(mào)易量7.1 Foreign Trade Volume對外貿(mào)易額（值）Foreign Trade Volume consist of the total im

26、port volume and the total export volume of a country for a period of time. It is an important indicator to reflect the foreign trade situation of a country, measuring the scale of the import and export volume in form of currency amount. 7.2 International Trade Volume國際貿(mào)易額（值）It is the total trade vol

27、ume of countries all over the world indicated in form of currency ,the total sum of the export volume of all countries and regions. In order to avoid repeat calculation, International trade volume cannot be calculated by simply gathering the total sum of import volume and export volume of all counti

28、es because the export of one country (or region) is also the equivalent import of the other country (or region). 7.3 Quantum of Foreign Trade對外貿(mào)易量The foreign trade volume indicated in currency cannot exactly reflect the actual scale of a countrys foreign trade as it is often influenced by the fluctu

29、ation of price. As a result, the volumes of foreign trade for different periods cannot be compared directly. Example:1. Export Volume, generally on basis of FOB price, the export volume of chinas homeland in 2012 is 20489.35 billion dollars.2. Import Volume, generally on basis of CIF price, the impo

30、rt volume of chinas homeland in 2012 is 18178.26 billion dollars.3. Foreign Trade Volume: Import Volume + Export Volume. The total foreign trade volume of China in 2012 is 38667.60 billion dollars.4. Trade Balance: Export Volume Import Volume.(1) Trade Surplus: Export Volume Import Volume. Trade sur

31、plus of China mainland is 2311.09 billion dollars.(2) Trade Deficit: Export Volume, the initial publish of which symbolized the birth of the economics as an independent knowledge playing an important role in the development of capitalism society.1.1.1 Major Points of Absolute Advantage Law絕對優(yōu)勢論的主要論點(diǎn)

32、In the “Absolute Advantage Law” of Adam Smith, it is stated as follows : with different natural condition owned by every country and consequently different production condition of every country, based on the most favorable condition of which, it is beneficial to every country if every country makes

33、exchange of the commodity produced in the absolutely low production cost with other countries. The theory is also called as “Law of Absolute Cost” as he stressed but the commodities in absolutely low cost can be exchanged internationally. 1） Specialization Leading to the Enhancement of Productivity分

34、工導(dǎo)致勞動生產(chǎn)率提高1st, specialization has made workers more skillful on their jobs; 2nd, specialization has avoided the time loss caused by labour transition; 3rd, specialization has resulted into the invention of machines which made work easier and shortened working time , further advancing the improvement

35、 of working tools, and making one person able to finish the work of several persons, consequently to enhance the productivity. 2） The absolute advantage of cost is the principle of specialization分工的原則是成本的絕對優(yōu)勢In case that one nation may produce a kind of product at absolutely lower cost than the othe

36、r nation, the nation has the absolute advantage on the product.Since division of labour can spur the productivity greatly, Adam Smith thought, every person should get engaged into the production in which he specialized in, then made exchange of the products with other persons, which is beneficial to

37、 everyone at the most. 3） International specialization is based on natural advantage or acquired advantage owned by a nation. 國際分工是建立在一個國家所擁有的自然優(yōu)勢或獲得性優(yōu)勢的基礎(chǔ)之上The advantage is determined after comparing the production costs of nations, which is resulted from rich natural resource (such as geographic,

38、environmental, soil, climate, mineral conditions etc.) and the acquired advantage (such as highly skilled craft owned by local people).1.1.2 Argument of the Law of Absolute Advantage絕對優(yōu)勢論的論證Productivity is promoted with specialization resulting from divison of labor for trade. Every country shall pr

39、oduce the products which are at the lowest cost, and gain more through free trade. To illuminate the theory, Smith taked two examples as follows:Its presumed that Britain and Portugal both go into production of wine and wool, the production are as follows:Before specialization, the labor needed for

40、every unit of productCountry 國家 Wool 毛呢 Wine 酒 Labor (P/Y)勞動量 (人/年) Output (unit)產(chǎn)量(單位) Labor (P/ Y)勞動量 (人/年) Output(Unit)產(chǎn)量(單位) Britain 英國 80 1120 1Portugal葡萄牙 120 160 1According to the above data, Britain has absolute advantage on the production of wool while Portugal has absolute advantage on the

41、 production of wine, so the 2 countries may get into specialization.After specialization, the production of both countriesProduct 商品 Country 國家 Wool 毛呢 Wine 酒 Britain 英國 （80+120）802.5 Portugal 葡萄牙 （60+120）603 After trade, the products owned by the 2 countries are as follows: Product商品 Country國家 Wool

42、 毛呢 Wine 酒 Britain 英國 1.5( 0,5 unit more than before specialization)1 (Imported) Portugal 葡萄牙 1 (Imported)2 (1 unit more than before specialization) 1.2 The Law of Comparative Advantage of David Ricardo大衛(wèi)李嘉圖的比較優(yōu)勢論David Ricardo (1772-1823 ): a great British classic political economist, born in a rich

43、 capitalist Jewish Family in Britain. At his time, it happened that industrial revolution was growing rapidly in Britain with emerging capitalists. 1.2.1 The historian background for the theory forming該理論產(chǎn)生的歷史背景In 1815, the Britain parliament passed the amended Corn Laws which was a protectionism tr

44、ade policy to restrict the import of foreign grain, leading to other countries to obstruct the export from Britain through imposing high tariff on the British industrial products, hence cutting down the competition of industrial products. David Ricardo, as a British capitalist classical political ec

45、onomist, standing on the side of industrial capitalist, argued that Britain shall import corn from abroad in large quantity because Britains production advantage on textile is bigger than on corn. Therefore, Britain shall get engaged in the production of textile specially and export them to trade fo

46、r corn, to get comparative benefit to enhance the production of commodity. As a successor of Adam Smiths absolute cost theory, in his masterpiece named as Principles of Political economy and Taxation , he developed the law of absolute cost. Making use of analysis model of 2 countries (Britain and Po

47、rtugal)and 2 products (wool and wine), he gave the argument that it is comparative advantage to form the basis for trade instead of absolute advantage, established relative cost theory based on free trade and formulated all countries in different development stages may gain from international trade.

48、 1.2.2 Major arguments of the law of comparative advantage比較優(yōu)勢理論的主要論點(diǎn)In the law of comparative advantage, it takes the opinion that the gaps of productivity between 2 countries are not the same in all products. For the country which is more efficient in the production of all products, it shall conce

49、ntrate on the production of the products with bigger efficiency while the country with absolute disadvantage shall focus on the production of the products with smaller disadvantage, then both countries could save labor and gain in international trade. 1） The principle of specialization is comparativ

50、e advantage分工的原則是比較優(yōu)勢The definition of comparative advantage: In case that the opportunity cost(measured with other products) to produce a kind of product in one country is lower than the opportunity cost occurred in other countries, the country owns the comparative advantage on the products.2）The c

51、ore of comparative advantage theory is to engage in the production for which ones advantage over others is the largest or his disadvantages is the smallest比較優(yōu)勢的核心內(nèi)容是“兩優(yōu)取其重，兩劣取其輕”。 1.2.3 Argumentation for the law of comparative advantage 比較優(yōu)勢理論的論證2. The Evolution of Free Trade Policies自由貿(mào)易政策的演變There

52、are two phases in history in which free trade policies were prevailing: the first phase is the time of laissez faire capitalism with Britain as the leading country to carry out free trade policy from the middle of 19th century to World War I ; the second phase is from 1950s to the beginning of 1970s

53、 with the spread of global trade freedom.Lesson 4 Development of Theory and Policy of Protectionism 保護(hù)貿(mào)易理論和政策的演變1. Classical protectionism 古典保護(hù)貿(mào)易理論1 .1 Theories of Merchantilism 重商主義對外貿(mào)易學(xué)說Merchantilism Views on Trade重商主義的貿(mào)易觀點(diǎn)The merchantilism, emerging in the time of primitive accumulation of capita

54、l in Europe in 15-17 century, is the system of economic thought and policy on behalf of the interests of the commercial capital. It reveals the need for trade protection, and its the first theory of trade protection. The merchantilism considered money as the only form of wealth, and it can be divide

55、d into two phases. The early merchantilism was popular from the 15th to mid-16th century; it was also called the balance of bargains. In this period, the merchantilism believed that noble medal was the only form of wealth, and people could gain it by buying cheap and selling dear in commodity exchan

56、ge. Commodity exchange in domestic marketplace was realized by a group of people paying money to another group, which could cause no increase of the total wealth of the community as a whole but only the reallocation of wealth among domestic groups. Therefore, in order to obtain noble medal from comm

57、erce, a country has to embark on foreign trade. The later merchantilism was popular from the 15th to mid-16th century; it was also known as the theory of the balance of trade. The merchantilism in this period advocated abolishing the ban on monetary output which will cause other countries taking equ

58、ipotent measures of retaliation that may lead to the reduction or even elimination of the home countrys trade. It argued that as long as a country is able to maintain a trade surplus, its monetary wealth will be increased.Historically, protectionism was prevalent mainly in four periods: mercantilism

59、 in 16th-18th century, protective policy in the 1870s to World War I, ultra protective policy between the two world wars and the new protectionism emerged after the mid-1970s. 1.2 List Trade Protectionism 李斯特貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義List is the active advocator of infant industry protection policy, who is a German pol

60、itician, theorist and economist. In the book The National System of Political Economy he published in 1841, he systematically propounded a theory of infant industry protection for less economically developed countries, basing on the productivity theory with the stages of economic development as inde