語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣課件

1、語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣Hundreds of passengers were killed in the crash.This proposal was generally considered as not very practical.It is thought that he will come.He is thought to come.He is expected to come.He is reported to have been driving carelessly.I am interested in what you told me.I was annoyed by

2、mosquitoes all night.Hundreds of passengers were ki Lecture 3英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法虛擬語(yǔ)氣 Subjunctive Mood廣東白云學(xué)院應(yīng)用外語(yǔ)系李慶華 Lecture 3英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法虛擬I.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣簡(jiǎn)介： 語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)說(shuō)話內(nèi)容的看法的一種語(yǔ)法范疇。在英語(yǔ)中，可用不同的動(dòng)詞形式表示說(shuō)話的語(yǔ)氣。動(dòng)詞的三種語(yǔ)氣：1、陳述語(yǔ)氣所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)是符合客觀 現(xiàn)實(shí)的。 e.g. Flowers blossom in the spring. He played the piano well.2、祈使語(yǔ)氣表示號(hào)召、命令、請(qǐng)求、勸告等。 e.g. Let us

3、 help you. Keep off the grass.3、虛擬語(yǔ)氣與事實(shí)相反，表達(dá)的是懷疑、憂慮 推測(cè)、祝愿等。I.動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)氣簡(jiǎn)介： 語(yǔ)氣表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)說(shuō) 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的概念： 虛擬語(yǔ)氣是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式，表示說(shuō)話人的一種愿望，假設(shè)，懷疑，猜測(cè)，建議等含義，虛擬語(yǔ)氣所表示的含義不是客觀存在的事實(shí)，有時(shí)是跟過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反的一種假設(shè)，有時(shí)是跟現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)，還可以是對(duì)未來(lái)不太可能或者按照目前各種跡象或知識(shí)，科學(xué)水平推測(cè)完全不可能發(fā)生的一種純主觀的愿望。虛擬語(yǔ)氣最常見(jiàn)的模式，即以時(shí)間為界限，分為過(guò)去，現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)；除了這三種常見(jiàn)模式外，另外還有些特殊情況，比如虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝，含蓄條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，

4、某些特殊句型中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣，某些詞等等。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的概念： III.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的運(yùn)用 1） if虛擬條件句 2）省略if的倒裝句 3）錯(cuò)綜條件句 4）含蓄條件句（with，but for，不定式，分詞等后） 5）should+動(dòng)詞原形的形式（表建議的advise， suggest等詞或從句后） 6）wish，would rather，as if等后的虛擬語(yǔ)氣的形式 III.虛擬語(yǔ)氣的運(yùn)用 1） if虛擬條件句 5Examples:1. If I were you, Id take them away. 如果我是你的話，我就會(huì)帶走他們。（不可能是你，所以這是不存在的事實(shí)，所以用虛擬語(yǔ)氣） 2. If

5、 I had met Tom, I could have told him. 如果我碰見(jiàn)了Tom，我早就告訴他了。（事實(shí)上當(dāng)時(shí)沒(méi)碰到也沒(méi)有告訴他，這跟過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反。）3. If it should rain this afternoon, the football match would be cancelled. (事實(shí)上今天上午天氣晴朗，天氣預(yù)報(bào)也說(shuō)下午也沒(méi)有雨，下雨的可能性極小。)Examples:1. If I were you, Id4. He suggested that our class should be divided into five groups. 他建議說(shuō)我們的班

6、應(yīng)該分成五個(gè)小組。（suggest作為建議的意義講，它所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞需要用should do 形式，類(lèi)似的動(dòng)詞還有許多。如果作為暗示的意思則不用虛擬，另外注意insist的用法。）4. He suggested that our class5.He speaks to us as if he had been there. 他給我們講的好像他去過(guò)那兒。（as if 引導(dǎo)的從句。） 6. I wish it were spring all the year round. 要是一年到頭都是春天該多好?。。╳ish 是個(gè)特殊動(dòng)詞，它所引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句后面要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，但是要分幾種情況。）7

7、. Had he known her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他會(huì)去看她的。8.Igotcaughtintraffic;otherwiseIwouldhavebeenheresooner.（這是個(gè)含蓄條件句。）9. If I had taken the doctors advice the other day, I would not be ill now.(這是個(gè)錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間復(fù)雜句。)5.He speaks to us as if he had1、if條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 2）if虛擬條件句過(guò)去式 did/were條件從

8、句結(jié)果主句would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形had+過(guò)去分詞would/should/could/might+have 過(guò)去分詞 were+不定式 should +動(dòng)詞原形would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1、if條件句中的虛擬語(yǔ)氣 2）if虛擬條件句過(guò)去式1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If I were you, I should buy it. 如果我是你，我就買(mǎi)了它。 （現(xiàn)在） If I had time, I would study French. 如果我有時(shí)間，我會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)的。 （現(xiàn)在） If she kn

9、ew English, she would not ask me for help. 如果她懂英語(yǔ)的話，她不會(huì)找我?guī)兔Φ?。（現(xiàn)在） If I were a bird, I could fly freely in the sky. (虛擬條件句) 1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反If I were you, I shou2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反1If she had worked harder，she would have succeeded.2If my lawyer had been here last Saturday，he would have prevented me from going3I didnt

10、 see your sister at the meetingIf she had come，she would have met my brother4You didnt let me driveIf we had driven in turn，you wouldnt have got so tired5. If you had got up earlier, you could have caught the train. 2.與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反1If she had worked h3.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1. Everybody would be very happy if the hot su

11、mmer were to be finished tomorrow. 2.If I were to fail my Maths test, I would have to take it again at the end of the term.3.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.4.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.5.If I were to go abroad, I would go to France.6.If it shou

12、ld rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.3.與將來(lái)事實(shí)相反1. Everybody would be1. 在suggest, advise, propose, insist, demand, desire, request, require, decide, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示建議、要求、決定或命令等，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形，其中should可以省略，主句中的時(shí)態(tài)不限。We proposed that the medicine (should) be cleaned again

13、. 我們提出把那臺(tái)機(jī)器再清洗一次。 The captain ordered that we (should) leave the village before daybreak. 上尉下令叫我們?cè)谔炝燎半x開(kāi)村莊。 The students requested that the teachers sing a song at the English evening. 學(xué)生們要求老師們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)晚會(huì)上唱一支歌。 1. 在suggest, advise, propose, The workers demanded that their pay (should) be raised. 工人們要求增加工資。

14、 He insisted that John (should) do the job. 他堅(jiān)決要求約翰干這項(xiàng)工作。 She suggested that the meeting (should) be put off till next week. 她建議會(huì)議應(yīng)該推遲至下一周。 The workers demanded that thei注意 insist作“力言”、“強(qiáng)調(diào)” 認(rèn)為解時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything. 邁克力言他從未偷過(guò)東西。 只有當(dāng)作“堅(jiān)決要求”、“堅(jiān)持要”解時(shí)賓語(yǔ)從句才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 I

15、insist she should go there with her mother. 我堅(jiān)持要她同她母親到那兒去。 Suggest作“暗示”、“表明”解時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 Her pale face suggested that she was seriously ill. 蒼白的臉上可以看出，她病得很厲害。 只有當(dāng)suggest作“建議”解時(shí)，才用虛擬語(yǔ)氣We suggested that the sports meet (should) be put off until next Saturday. 我們建議把運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲到下星期六。 注意 insist作“力言”、“強(qiáng)調(diào)” 認(rèn)為解

16、時(shí)賓語(yǔ)2. 在句型It is suggested (requested, proposed, ordered) that . 中，that 后面的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用： should + 動(dòng)詞原形。 It was suggested that the sports meet be put off until next Saturday. 大家建議把運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)推遲到下星期六。 It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望我們到今晚將一切準(zhǔn)備就緒。 It was ordered that the medicine b

17、e sent there by plane. 命令馬上用飛機(jī)把藥送往那里。 2. 在句型It is suggested (reques3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句中。 由suggestion, order, advice, desire, idea, request, proposal等名詞做主語(yǔ)的句子里，其表語(yǔ)錄從句用虛擬語(yǔ)氣表示建議、命令或要求等。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形，其中should可以省略。 My advice is that more trees (should) be planted around the village. 我的建議是在村莊周?chē)喾N些樹(shù)。 Th

18、eir proposal is that we should set up a spare time school for them. 他們的提議是要我們?yōu)樗麄兂闪⒁凰鶚I(yè)余學(xué)校。 His idea is that we (should) discuss the report. 他的意見(jiàn)是我們應(yīng)討論一下這個(gè)報(bào)告。 3. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于表語(yǔ)從句中。 由suggestion,4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于同位語(yǔ)從句中。 作名詞suggestion, order, proposal, idea, plan等的同位語(yǔ)從句中用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式為should+動(dòng)詞原形，其中should可以省略。例如： We a

19、ll agreed to his suggestion that we (should) go to Beijing for sightseeing. 我們都同意他的意見(jiàn)，去北京觀光。 What do you think of the idea that we should begin the second experiment at once? 你認(rèn)為我們立即開(kāi)始第二次實(shí)驗(yàn)的意見(jiàn)怎么樣？ 4. 虛擬語(yǔ)氣用于同位語(yǔ)從句中。 作名詞suggestio虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些句型中的運(yùn)用1. 在would rather（寧愿），后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)或?qū)?lái)可能相反愿望時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式；表示過(guò)去

20、未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用過(guò)去完成式，同。 I would rather he came next Saturday. I would rather he would come next Saturday.我寧愿他下星期六來(lái)。 I would rather you had told him.May I go on?- I would rather you didnt.虛擬語(yǔ)氣在某些句型中的運(yùn)用1. 在would rather（3. 在句型“It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, better) that . ”中，that 后面的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用： shoul

21、d + 動(dòng)詞原形。 It was a great pity that you (should) have made so many mistakes in your math exercise. 太遺憾了，你居然在數(shù)學(xué)練習(xí)中犯了那么多錯(cuò)誤 It will be better that she stay with her grandmother. 她和她的祖母在一起就好了。3. 在句型“It is a pity (a shame, 4. 由as if或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句中，也用虛擬語(yǔ)氣 （過(guò)去時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)She loves the child as if he were

22、 her own.“How wild his white hair lookedas if it had been electrified. ” She feels as if/as though she were in danger. 4. 由as if或as though引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從5. 在It is (high/about) time that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去式得虛擬語(yǔ)氣。 It is time we went to bed.Its about time you began your work.6. 在有in case , for fear that , lest等詞

23、組引導(dǎo)的從句中Hes working hard for fear that he should fall behind. 5. 在It is (high/about) time thIf only 后表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的愿望。If only I had remembered to buy some fruit.If only it would stop raining.If only I had more money, I could buy the new clothes.If only I could swim.If only 后表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的愿望。2. 在句型 “It is important (ne

24、cessary, strange, impossible, natural, imperative, essential) that . ” 中，that 后面的從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用： should + 動(dòng)詞原形。 Its necessary that we should have a walk now. 我們有必要出去散散步。 Its natural that she should do so. 她這樣做是很自然的。 Its important that we should take good care of the patient. 重要的是我們要照顧好病人。 2. 在句型 “It is i

25、mportant (neces在動(dòng)詞wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。漢語(yǔ)一般可譯為“但愿”，“可惜”，“悔不該”，“就好了”等。從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去式（動(dòng)詞be的過(guò)去式用were）；I wish it were spring all the year round. 要是一年到頭都是春天該多好啊！ I wish I could help you. 但愿我能幫助你。 如表示過(guò)去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就用過(guò)去完成式（had+過(guò)去分詞）； She wishes she had been here last week. 她想要是她上星期在這里就好了。 表示與將來(lái)事實(shí)可能相反的愿望時(shí)，

26、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用would/could+動(dòng)詞原形。 I wish you would be more careful in future. 希望你今后會(huì)更小心一些才好。IwishIcouldpasstheexamination.我希望我能通過(guò)考試。 在動(dòng)詞wish后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表示不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。漢語(yǔ)一虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝有時(shí)if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可以省略 if，而把從句中的動(dòng)詞 were, had 或 should 移到主語(yǔ)前面,偶爾did和would, should也可以提前。 Were she younger, she would do it . 如果她年青點(diǎn)， 她就會(huì)干的。 Had he k

27、nown her address, he would had gone to visit her. 如果他知道她的地址，他會(huì)去看她的。虛擬語(yǔ)氣的倒裝有時(shí)if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句可以省略 if，而把從句通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)，副詞或上下文來(lái)表示假設(shè)、條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)法叫做含蓄條件句。 1. We took a taxi to the airport. Otherwise we should have been late.我們打的去空港。要不然的話我們說(shuō)不定就遲到了。2. Without music, the world would be a dull place.如果沒(méi)有音樂(lè)，這個(gè)世界將變成一個(gè)沉悶的地方。3

28、. What would you do with a million dollars?如果你有一百萬(wàn)美元你會(huì)做什么？通過(guò)介詞短語(yǔ)，副詞或上下文來(lái)表示假設(shè)、條件的虛擬語(yǔ)氣表達(dá)法叫4. But for the meeting, I would have gone home at the time.要不是開(kāi)會(huì)，我早就回家了。 (but for 暗示了條件)5. Given more attention, the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的話，這樹(shù)本來(lái)可以長(zhǎng)的更好。6. We could have done better under more favorab

29、le conditions.如果條件再有利一點(diǎn)，我們會(huì)做得更好。7. I would have bought the car, but I didnt have enough money.我本來(lái)是要買(mǎi)那輛車(chē)的，可是我的錢(qián)不夠。8. I was too busy at that time; otherwise, I would have called you.我當(dāng)時(shí)太忙，否則我就給你打電話了。（副詞otherwise暗示條件）4. But for the meeting, I woul9. John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he would

30、have come to see his classmates off. 10. Without the distraction of TV，they might sit around together and talk to one another.11But for your help，I wouldnt have finished my report. 12.I was caught in a traffic jam for over an hour, otherwise I would not have kept you waiting for such a long time.13.

31、 I would have come to your birthday party last Sunday. Unfortunately, you were out on business.語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，條件從句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作可以和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)不一致。1.If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now. 如果他們以前努力學(xué)習(xí)的話，現(xiàn)在干的就會(huì)容易些。 2.If he had not taken my advice, he wouldnt do it much better like this. 如果他不聽(tīng)取我的建議，

32、他就不會(huì)干得這樣好。 3.John did not feel well yesterday; otherwise he would have come to see his classmates off. 4. If he hadnt spent so much money, he would be rich today.5. Should you change your mind, let us know.4）虛擬語(yǔ)氣中，條件從句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作可以和主句的動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作時(shí)態(tài)不6.If I were not busy, I would have come and visited you. (從句虛擬現(xiàn)在

33、，主句虛擬過(guò)去。) 7.You could answer most of the questions now if you had reviewed the lessons last night. (從句虛擬過(guò)去，主句虛擬現(xiàn)在。)8.If I hadnt stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell，you wouldnt be smiling now.(從句虛擬過(guò)去，主句虛擬現(xiàn)在。)6.If I were not busy, I would 實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練二、用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1.Ifyou(arrive)tenminutesear

34、lier,youcouldhaveseenthemoff.1.hadarrived2.Itstimethatwe(go)totherailwaystation.2.went3.Ifthey(nothelp)us,ourexperimentwouldhavefailed.3.hadnothelped4.Yourefiveminuteslate.Isuggestedthatyou(come)earliertomorrow. 4.(should)come實(shí)戰(zhàn)訓(xùn)練二、用括號(hào)中所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空5.Matheroftentellsusthatitisnecessarythatwe(drink)agl

35、assofwaterafterwegetup.5.(should)drink6.Sheinsistedthatshe(send)toworkinthefarawaysmalltown.6.(should)besent7.Inot(forget)histelephonenumber,Iwouldhaverunghim.7.had notforgotten語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣8.Heisbusynow.Ifhe(be)free,he(go)withyou.8.were;wouldgo9.Themanagerwasinhisofficethen.Ifhe-(be)here,everything(settl

36、e)inaminute.9.hadbeen;wouldhavebeensettled10.Noisyasitwas,hewentonreadingasifnothing(happen).10.werehappening語(yǔ)法3虛擬語(yǔ)氣練習(xí)：1. If I _ (know) her address, I would write to her.2. What would you have done if you _(miss) the train?3. If he _ (not be ill ), he would have done something.4. If it _(snow) tomorrow, we _(get up) early.5. If you had asked him yesterday, you _ (know) what to do now.knewhad missedhad not