初中英語人教版知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、初中英語人教版知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的用法經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，常與表示頻腮度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語：every,sometimes,at,onSundayIleavehomeforschoolat7everymorning.客觀真理，客觀存在，科學(xué)事實(shí)。Theearthmovesaroundthesun.ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.表示格言或警句中。Pridegoesbeforeafall.驕者必?cái)?。注意：此用法若是出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中，即使主句是過去時(shí)，從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例：Columbusprovedthattheearthisround.4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的

2、狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。Idontwantsomuch.AnnWangwritesgoodEnglishbutdoesnotspeakwell.比較：NowIputthesugarinthecup.Iamdoingmyhomeworknow.第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作，表示言行的剎時(shí)動(dòng)作。再如：Nowwatchme,Iswitchonthecurrentandstandback.第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況，所今后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2.一般過去時(shí)的用法1）在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday,las

3、tweek,anhourago,theotherday,in1982Wheredidyougojustnow?等。2）表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。WhenIwasachild,Ioftenplayedfootballinthestreet.WhenevertheBrownswentduringtheirvisit,theyweregivenawarmwelcome.3）句型：Itistimeforsb.todosth到時(shí)間了該了Itistimesb.didsth.時(shí)間已遲了早該了Itistimeforyoutogotobed.你該睡覺了。Itistimeyouwenttobed

4、.你早該睡覺了。would(had)rathersb.didsth.表示寧愿某人做某事Idratheryoucametomorrow.wish,wonder,think,hope等用過去時(shí)，作試試性的咨詢、央求、建議等。Ithoughtyoumighthavesome.我以為你想要一些。比較：一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去，現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。Christinewasaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她已不在人間。)Christinehasbeenaninvalidallherlife.(含義：她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.DarbylivedinKentuckyforsevenyea

5、rs.(含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.DarbyhaslivedinKentuckyforsevenyears.(含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州，有可能指剛走開)注意：用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在，表示宛轉(zhuǎn)語氣。1）動(dòng)詞want,hope,wonder,think,intend等。Didyouwantanythingelse?Iwonderedifyoucouldhelpme.2）神情動(dòng)詞could,would.Couldyoulendmeyourbike?3.usedto/beusedtousedto+do：過去經(jīng)常表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但現(xiàn)在已不存在。Motherusednottobes

6、oforgetful.Scarfusedtotakeawalk.(過去經(jīng)常閑步)beusedto+doing：對(duì)已感覺習(xí)慣，或習(xí)慣于，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。Heisusedtoavegetariandiet.Scarfisusedtotakingawalk.(現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于閑步)典型例題-Yourphonenumberagain?I_quitecatchit.-Its69568442.A.didntB.couldntC.dontD.cant答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語，但從語意上看出，在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。4.一般將來時(shí)1)shall用于第一人稱，常被

7、will所代替。will在陳述句中用于各人稱，在爭(zhēng)求建議經(jīng)常用于第二人稱。WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst.Willyoubeathomeatseventhisevening?begoingto+不定式，表示將來。a.主語的妄圖，馬上做某事。Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?計(jì)劃，安排要發(fā)生的事。有跡象要發(fā)生的事Lookatthedarkclouds,thereisgoingtobeastorm.be+不定式表將來，按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。WearetodiscussthereportnextSaturday.beaboutto+不定式，意為

8、馬上做某事。HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.注意：beaboutto不能夠與tomorrow,nextweek連用。等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語5.begoingto/will用于條件句時(shí)，begoingto表將來will表意愿Ifyouaregoingtomakeajourney,youpossible.dbettergetreadyforitassoonasNowifyouwilltakeoffyourclothes,wewillfitthenewclothesonyouinfrontofthemirror.6.beto和begoingtobeto表示客觀安排或受人指示

9、而做某事。begoingto表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。Iamtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(客觀安排)Imgoingtoplayfootballtomorrowafternoon.(主觀安排)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來1）以下動(dòng)詞：come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來。這主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowmorning.Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsintenminutes.2）倒裝句，表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，如：Herecomesthe

10、bus.=Thebusiscoming.Theregoesthebell.=Thebellisringing.3）在時(shí)間或條件句中。WhenBillcomes(不是willcome),askhimtowaitforme.IllwritetoyouassoonasIarrivethere.4）在動(dòng)詞hope,takecarethat,makesurethatIhopetheyhaveanicetimenextweek.等后。Makesurethatthewindowsareclosedbeforeyouleavetheroom.用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型1）Itisthefirst/secondtim

11、e.that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.Itwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenlate.2）Thisisthethat結(jié)構(gòu)，thatThisisthebestfilmthatI從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)ve(ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。Thisisthefirsttime(that)Iveheardhimsing這.是我第一次聽他唱歌。典型例題-Doyouknowourtownatall?-No,thisisthefirsttimeI_here.A.wasB.havebee

12、nC.cameD.amcoming答案B.Thisisthefirsttime后邊所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，應(yīng)選B。-Haveyou_beentoourtownbefore?-No,itsthefirsttimeI_here.A.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havecome答案D.ever意為從前或無論何時(shí)，反意詞為never，此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。ThisisthelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itis/wasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，從句要用完成時(shí)。注意：非連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式能夠與表示

13、連續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。的狀態(tài)是能夠連續(xù)的。（錯(cuò)）Ihavereceivedhisletterforamonth.（對(duì)）Ihaventreceivedhisletterforalmostamonth.12.比較since和for即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生Since用來說明動(dòng)作初步時(shí)間，for用來說明動(dòng)作連續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwasborn.Myaunthasworkedinaclinicsince1949.Somenewoilfieldshavebeenopenedupsince1976.Ihaveknow

14、nXiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.MybrotherhasbeenintheYouthLeaguefortwoyears.Ihavenotheardfrommyuncleforalongtime.注意：其實(shí)不是有for作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。Iworkedhereformorethantwentyyears.(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)Ihaveworkedhereformanyyears.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)小竅門：當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間，這一結(jié)構(gòu)中，我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)變，很簡(jiǎn)單就能消除非連續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使。1)(對(duì))TomhasstudiedRu

15、ssianforthreeyears.TombegantostudyRussianthreeyearsago,andisstillstudyingitnow.2)(錯(cuò))Harryhasgotmarriedforsixyears.Harrybegantogetmarriedsixyearsago,andisstillgettingmarriednow.顯然，第二句不對(duì)，它應(yīng)改為Harrygotmarriedsixyearsago.或Harryhasbeenmarriedforsixyears.13.since的四種用法since+過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如詳盡的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980,lastmo

16、nth,halfpastsix)。Ihavebeenheresince1989.2)since+一段時(shí)間+agoIhavebeenheresincefivemonthsago.3)since+從句Greatchangeshavetakenplacesinceyouleft.Considerabletimehaselapsedsincewehavebeenhere.4)Itis+一段時(shí)間+since從句ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduatestudent.被動(dòng)語態(tài)的幾各種類1）主語句中有一個(gè)賓語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：Hesawherintheshopyesterda

17、y.Shewasseenintheshopyesterday.主語有兩個(gè)賓語的被動(dòng)語態(tài)LiLeigavemeachemistrybook.IwasgivenachemistrybookbyLiLei.AchemistrybookwasgiventomebyLiLei.3）主動(dòng)句中含賓語補(bǔ)足語的句子的被動(dòng)語態(tài)若賓語補(bǔ)足語是不帶to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，該不定式前要加to。此類動(dòng)詞為感官動(dòng)詞：feel,hear,help,listento,lookat,make,observe,see,notice,watchTheteachermademegooutoftheclassroom.-Iwasm

18、adetogooutoftheclassroom(bytheteacher).Wesawhimplayfootballontheplayground.-Hewasseentoplayfootballontheplayground.若賓語補(bǔ)足語是帶to的不定式，那么被動(dòng)語態(tài)仍保留to:MothertoldmenottobelateIwastoldnottobelatebymother.5）神情動(dòng)詞+be+過去分詞，構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語態(tài)。Coalcanbeusedtoproduceelectricityforagricultureandindustry.6）表示聽聞或相信的詞組believe,consid

19、er,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understandItissaidthat據(jù)說Itisreportedthat據(jù)報(bào)道Itisbelievedthat大家相信Itishopedthat大家希望Itiswellknownthat眾所周知Itisthoughtthat大家以為Itissuggestedthat據(jù)建議Itistakengrantedthat被視為自然Ithasbeendecidedthat大家決定Itmustberememberthat務(wù)必記住的是ItissaidthatshewillleaveforWuhano

20、nTuesday.連續(xù)動(dòng)詞與剎時(shí)動(dòng)詞用于完成時(shí)的差異連續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷；剎時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果，不能夠與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。Hehascompletedthework.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。(表結(jié)果)Iveknownhimsincethen.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till/until從句的差異連續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于必定句，表示做直到剎時(shí)動(dòng)詞用于否定句，表示到，才Hedidntcomebackuntiltenoclock.他到10點(diǎn)才回來。Hesleptuntiltenoclock.他素來睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題1.Youdontneedtodescribeher.I_hersevera

21、ltimes.A.hadmetB.havemetC.metD.meet答案B.第一本題后句重申對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，我知道她的模樣，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes見告為屢次發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.-Imsorrytokeepyouwaiting.-Oh,notatall.I_hereonlyafewminutes.A.havebeenB.hadbeenC.wasD.willbe答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始，連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，應(yīng)用現(xiàn).不定式作賓語動(dòng)詞+不定式affordaimappearagreearrangeaskbedecidebothercarechoosecomedaredema

22、nddesiredetermineexpectelectendeavorhopefailhappenhelphesitatelearnlongmeanmanageofferoughtplanpreparepretendpromiserefuseseemtendwaitwishundertake舉例：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.司機(jī)沒能及時(shí)看見另一輛車。Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。2）動(dòng)詞+不定式；動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式ask,beg,choose,expect,hate,hel

23、pintendlike,love,needprefer,prepare,promise,want,wishIliketokeepeverythingtidy.我喜歡每件東西都保持齊整。Ilikeyoutokeepeverythingtidy.我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持齊整。IwanttospeaktoTom.我想和湯姆發(fā)言。IwantyoutospeaktoTom.我想讓你和湯姆發(fā)言。3）動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+todecide,know,considerforget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,explain,tellP

24、leaseshowushowtodothat.請(qǐng)演示給我們?cè)鯓尤プ?。Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcantmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定想法買哪一種。注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.問題是怎樣把它付諸推行。不定式作補(bǔ)語1)動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式(todo)adviseallowappointbelievecausechallengecommandcompelconsiderdeclaredriveena

25、bleencouragefindforbidforceguesshireimagineimpelinduceinforminstructinvitejudgeknowlikeorderpermitpersuaderemindreportrequestrequireselectsendstatesupposetellthinktraintrustunderstandurgewarn例句：a.Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！.Webelievehimtobeguilty.我們相信他是有罪的。Find的特別用法：Find后可用分詞

26、做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語，再加形容詞，最后加帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。find后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有g(shù)et，have。Ifoundhimlyingontheground.Ifounditimportanttolearn.IfoundthattolearnEnglishisimportant.典型例題:Thenextmorningshefoundtheman_inbed，dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying答案：A.find的賓語后邊，用分詞或分詞短語，起賓語補(bǔ)足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。2)to+be的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語的動(dòng)詞。Ackn

27、owledge,believe,consider,think,declare(feelfind,guess,judge,imagine,know,prove,see(take(以為),understand聲稱),discover,fancy(設(shè)想),理解),show,suppose,WeconsiderTomtobeoneofthebeststudentsinourclass.我們以為湯姆是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。典型例題CharlesBabbageisgenerallyconsidered_thefirstcomputer.A.toinventB.inventingC.tohaveinvente

28、dD.havinginvented答案：A.由considertodosth.消除B、D。.此句只說明發(fā)明這一個(gè)事實(shí)，不定式后用原形即可。而C為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)，且此處也不重申對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。3)tobe+形容詞Seem,appear,besaid,besupposed,bebelieved,bethought,beknown,bereported,hope,wish,desire,want,plan,expect,meanThebookisbelievedtobeuninteresting.人們以為這本書沒什么意思。4)therebe+不定式believe,e

29、xpect,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,want,wish,undrstandWedidntexpecttheretobesomanypeoplethere.我們沒想到會(huì)有那么多人在哪里。注意：有些動(dòng)詞需用as短語做補(bǔ)語，如regard,thinkbelieve,take,consider.WeregardTomasourbestteacher.我們以為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Marytookhimasherfather.瑪麗把他看作自己的父親。.不定式作主語1）Itseasy(forme)todothat我.做這事太簡(jiǎn)單了easy,difficult,hard,i

30、mportant,possible,impossible,comfortable,necessary,better;thefirst,thenext,thelast,thebest,toomuch,toolittle,notenoughItssonicetohearyourvoice.聽到你的聲音真快樂。Itsnecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候，鎖車是有必要的。2)Itsverykindofyoutohelpus他.幫助我們，他真好。Kind,nice,stupid,rude,clever,foolish,thoughtful,thoughtless,brave,considerate(考慮周密的),silly,selfish(自私的)例句:Itwassillyofustobelievehim.我們真笨拙，竟然相信了他。Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。注意：1)其他系動(dòng)詞如，look，appear等也可用于此句型不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。3)當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語時(shí)，不能夠用Itisto的句型(對(duì))