石油英語翻譯 實踐內(nèi)容

1、UnitOneOil（油）Theexistenceofoilwellshasbeenknownforalongtime.SomeoftheIndiansofNorthAmericausedtocollectandselltheoilfromthewellsofPennsylvania.Noone,however,seemstohaverealizedtheimportanceofthisoiluntilitwasfoundthatparaffin-oilcouldbemadefromit;thisledtothedevelopmentofthewellsandtothemakingofenor

2、mousprofits.Whentheinternalcombustionenginewasinvented,oilbecameofworldwideimportance.1、油井的存在由來已久。北美的一些印第安人過去常常去賓夕法尼亞的油井采集油來出售。一直以來，沒有人認識到這種油的重要性，后來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)它可提煉出煤油來，情況才為之一變。自此油井遂蓬勃發(fā)展，巨額利潤也由此產(chǎn)生。當內(nèi)燃機發(fā)明后，石油更具有世界性重要意義。Whatwastheoriginoftheoilwhichnowdrivesourmotor-carsandaircraft?Scientistsareconfidentabout

3、theformationofcoal,buttheydonotseemsosurewhenaskedaboutoil.Theythinkthattheoilunderthesurfaceoftheearthoriginatedinthedistantpast,andwasformedfromlivingthingsinthesea.Countlessbillionsofminuteseacreaturesandplantslivedandsanktotheseabed.Theywerecoveredwithhugedepositsofmud;andbyprocessesofchemistry,

4、pressureandtemperaturewerechangedthroughlongagesintowhatweknowasoil.Fortherecreaturestobecomeoil,itwasnecessarythattheyshouldbeimprisonedbetweenlayersofrockforanenormouslengthoftime.Thestatementthatoiloriginatedintheseaisconfirmedbyaglanceatamapshowingthechiefoilfieldoftheworld;veryfewofthemarefardi

5、stantfromtheoceansoftoday.Insomeplacesgasandoilcomeuptothesurfaceoftheseafromitsbed.Therocksinwhichoilisfoundareofmarineorigintoo.Theyaresedimentaryrocks,rockswhichwerelaiddownbytheactionofwateronthebedoftheocean.Almostalwaystheremainsofshells,andotherproofsofsealife,arefoundclosetotheoil.Averycommo

6、nsedimentaryrockiscalledshale,whichisasoftrockandwasobviouslyformedbybeingdepositedontheseabed.Andwherethereisshalethereislikelytobeoil.2、現(xiàn)在驅(qū)動汽車和飛機的油的起源是什么？科學家對煤的形成一清二楚，然而論及石油時，它們就不那么有把握了。他們認為，處于地表下的油起源于遠古，并是由海洋生物形成的。數(shù)億的微小海洋動物和植物繁衍生殖并沉到海底。它們被厚厚的泥沙沉積物所覆蓋，并由于化學變化、壓力和溫度的作用過程，在漫長的時間中變成了我們所知道的石油。這些生物要變成石

7、油，必須被密封在巖石之中很長時間。如果瞧一瞧標明世界主要油田的地圖，石油起源于海洋之說便可以得到證實，極少有油田是遠離今天的海洋的。在某些地方，天然氣和石油從海底冒出海面。含油的巖石與海洋也有淵源關(guān)系。它們是水成巖，是由海水作用沉至海底的。在有石油地方的附近幾乎總是有貝殼遺骸和其他海洋生物的證據(jù)。一種十分常見的水成巖叫油頁巖，他是一種很軟的巖石，很明顯是因為被壓積在海底而后形成的。而哪兒有油頁巖，哪兒就可能有石油。Geologists,scientistswhostudyrocks,indicatethelikelyplacestotheoildrillers.Insomecasesoilco

8、mesoutofthegroundwithoutanydrillingatallandhasbeenusedforhundredsofyears.IntheislandofTrinidadtheoilisintheformofasphalt,asubstanceusedformakingroads.SirWalterRaleighvisitedthefamouspitchlakeofTrinidadin1595;itissaidtocontainninethousandmilliontonsofasphalt.Thereareprobablyhugequantitiesofcrudeoilbe

9、neaththesurface.3、研究巖石的科學家即地質(zhì)學家給石油鉆井工指明可能產(chǎn)生油處。有些地方，根本無需挖掘，油自動冒出地面，并已這樣使用了幾百年。在特立尼達島，石油以瀝青-即用作鋪路的物質(zhì)-形式存在。在沃爾特羅利爵士在1595年訪問過特立尼達的著名瀝青湖，據(jù)說該湖的瀝青容量有90億噸。在其地表下可能有大量原油。Thekingoftheoilfieldisthedriller.Heisaveryskilledman.Sometimeshesendshisdrillmorethanamileintotheearth.Duringtheprocessofdrilling,gasandoila

10、tgreatpressuremaysuddenlybemet,andifthisrushesoutandcatchesfire,theoilwellmayneverbebroughtintooperationatall.Thisdangeriswellknownandstepsarealwaystakentopreventit.4、油田的主角是鉆井工。他們是熟練技術(shù)工人。有時他得把鉆頭鉆入地下一英里深。在鉆探過程中，由于巨大的壓力，可能會突然碰上氣和油，而如果油氣噴出來并著了火，此油井便可能永遠無法啟用。這種危險是人人共知的，因此人們采取防護措施。Thereisalotofluckindril

11、lingforoil.Thedrillmayjustmisstheoilalthoughitisnear;ontheotherhand,itmaystrikeoilatafairlyhighlevel.Whenthedrillgoesdown,itbringsupsoil.Thesamplesofsoilfromvariousdepthsareexaminedfortracesofoil.Iftheyaredisappointedatoneplace,thedrillersgotoanother.Greatsumsofmoneyhavebeenspent,forexampleinthedese

12、rtsofEgypt,inprospectingforoil.Sometimeslittleisfound.Whenwebuyafewgallonsofpetrolforourcars,wepaynotonlythecostofthepetrol,butalsopartofthecostofthesearchthatisalwaysgoingon.5、在鉆井采油中也常要碰運氣。鉆頭可能離油很近，但卻失之交臂。而有時鉆頭可能在很淺處就碰上了油。鉆頭鉆下去，把土帶上來。人們檢驗從不同深處帶上來的土樣以探明油跡。如果一處落空了，鉆井工就轉(zhuǎn)移到另一處。為了“勘探”石油，已花費了巨額錢財，例如在埃及沙漠

13、就是那樣。有時所獲甚微。當我們?yōu)樽约旱钠囐徺I幾加侖汽油時，我們付的不僅僅是汽油的價錢，而且還包括了一部分不斷在進行著的勘探費用。Whenthecrudeoilisobtainedfromthefield,itistakentotherefineriestobetreated.Thecommonestformoftreatmentisheating.Whentheoilisheated,thefirstvaporstorisearecooledandbecomethefinestpetrol.Petrolhasalowboilingpoint;ifalittleispouredintotheh

14、and,itsoonvaporizes.Gasthatcomesofftheoillateriscondensedintoparaffin.Lastofallthelubricatingoilsofvariousgradesareproduced.Whatremainsisheavyoilthatisusedasfuel.6、當原油從油田取得后，就被送往煉油廠去處理。最常見的處理方式是加熱。油加熱時最早升起的蒸汽冷卻后就為最好的汽油。汽油沸點低，如果倒入少許在手上，它立即就蒸發(fā)掉。稍后從油中分離出來的氣體就被冷凝成煤油，最后制出的各種不同等級的潤滑油。而剩下的部分是用作燃料的重油。Therea

15、refourmainareasoftheworldwheredepositsofoilappear.ThefirstisthatoftheMiddleEast,andincludestheregionsneartheCaspianSea,theBlackSea,theRedSeaandthePersianGulf,anotheristheareabetweenNorthandSouthAmerica,andthethird,betweenAsiaandAustralia,IncludestheislandsofSumatra,BorneoandJava.7、世界上已探明的主要蘊藏石油地區(qū)有4個

16、，第一是中東地區(qū)，包括里海、黑海、紅海和波斯灣附近地區(qū)，另一個是北美和南美間的油區(qū)，而第三個是亞洲和澳洲之間的地區(qū)，包括蘇門答臘、婆羅洲和爪洼島。TheforthareaisthepartneartheNorthPole.Whenallthepresentoilfieldsareexhausted,itispossiblethatthiscoldregionmaybecomethesceneofoilactivity.Yetthedifficultieswillbegreat,andthecostsmaybesohighthatnocompanywillundertakethework.Ifp

17、rogressinusingatomicpowertodrivemachinesisfastenough,itispossiblethatoil-drivenenginesmaygiveplacetothenewkindofengine.Inthatcasethedemandforoilwillfall,theoilfieldswillgraduallydisappear,andthedepositsattheNorthPolemayrestwheretheyareforever.8、第四個油區(qū)是靠近北極那部分區(qū)域。當所有現(xiàn)今的油田都枯竭了的時候，這一寒冷地區(qū)可能會成為石油競爭活動的場所。然而

18、困難將是很大的，同時代價也可能很高，因此沒有一家公司肯承擔這一任務(wù)。如果利用原子能來開動機器方面的工作進展迅速，那么以油為動力的發(fā)電機可能讓位于新型發(fā)動機。在那種情況下，對石油的需求量將下降，油田將逐漸消失，而北極的儲油也可能永遠睡在原地。UnitTwoAnIntroductiontoDistillation蒸餾概述Petroleumrefiningistheseparationofpetroleumintofractionsandthesubsequenttreatingofthesefractionstomakethemintopetroleumproducts.Mostpetroleum

19、products,includingkerosenes,fueloils,lubricatingoils,andwaxes,arefractionsofpetroleumthathavebeentreatedtoremoveundesirablecomponents.Otherproducts,forexample,gasolines,aromaticsolvents,andevensomeasphalts,aretotallyorpartlysyntheticinthattheyhavecompositionsthatareimpossibletoachievebydirectseparat

20、ionofthesematerialsfromcrudepetroleum.Theyresultfromchemicalprocessesthatchangethemolecularnatureofselectedportionsofcrudepetroleum;inotherwords,theyaretheproductsofrefiningortheyarerefinedproducts.1、石油煉制即將石油分離成各種餾分，然后將這些餾分經(jīng)過處理，制成各種石油產(chǎn)品。大部分石油產(chǎn)品，包括煤油、燃料油、潤滑油和石蠟，都是原油經(jīng)過處理去掉不需要的成分而得到的石油餾分。其他石油產(chǎn)品，如汽油、芳烴溶

21、劑、甚至包括有些瀝青，則是通過完全或者部分合成而制造的。因為組成這些產(chǎn)品的物質(zhì)成分無法通過直接分離原油獲得，而是通過化學反應(yīng)過程，從原油中選定某些成分并改變其分子屬性而獲得的。換言之，它們是通過煉制得到的，或稱為煉制產(chǎn)品。Refiningpetroleumisacomplexseriesofstepsbywhichtheoriginalcrudematerialiseventuallyconvertedintosalableproductswiththedesiredqualitiesand,perhapsmoreimportant,intheamountsdictatedbythemarke

22、t.2、石油煉制包含一系列復(fù)雜的過程。通過這些過程，石油原料最終轉(zhuǎn)化成為可銷售的產(chǎn)品。這些產(chǎn)品在質(zhì)量上符合人類需要，而更重要的是它們在數(shù)量上符合市場要求。Infact,arefineryisessentiallyagroupofmanufacturingplantsthatvaryinnumberwiththevarietyofproductsproduced;refineryprocessesmustbeselectedandproductsmanufacturedtogiveabalancedoperation:thatis,crudeoilmustbeconvertedintoprodu

23、ctsaccordingtotherateofsaleofeach.Forexample,themanufactureofproductsfromthelowerboilingportionofpetroleumautomaticallyproducesacertainamountofhigherboilingcomponents.Ifthelattercannotbesoldas,say,heavyfueloil,theyaccumulateuntilrefinerystoragefacilitiesarefull.Topreventtheoccurrenceofsuchasituation

24、,therefinerymustbeflexibleandabletochangeoperationsasneeded.Thisusuallymeansmoreprocesses-acrackingprocesstochangeanexcessofheavyfueloilintomoregasolinewithcokeastheresidualproductoravacuumdistillationprocesstoseparatetheheavyoilintolubricatingoilstocksandasphalt-toaccommodatetheever-changingdemands

25、ofthemarket.、3實際上，煉油廠從根本上說是一組生產(chǎn)裝置，其數(shù)量根據(jù)生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品的不同而不同。煉油工藝須經(jīng)選擇，產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)應(yīng)該平衡：即從原油生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品必須依據(jù)每一產(chǎn)品的銷售速度而進行。比如，從沸點較低的組分生產(chǎn)石油產(chǎn)品，就會自動產(chǎn)生一定數(shù)量的高沸點產(chǎn)品。如果高沸點產(chǎn)品，如重燃料油，無法銷售，這些產(chǎn)品就會積壓，直到裝滿煉廠的儲存設(shè)施。要避免這種情況出現(xiàn)，煉廠應(yīng)采取靈活措施，并能夠根據(jù)需要改變操作。一般而言，這意味著需要更多的工藝以適應(yīng)不斷變化的市場需求：運用裂化工藝將過剩重燃料油轉(zhuǎn)化成汽油，而焦碳成為殘余品；或者運用真空蒸餾工藝將重油分解成潤滑油和瀝青。4.Inaddition,acomple

26、terefininginstallationmustincludethefollowing:allnecessarynon-processingfacilities;adequatetankageforstoringcrudeoil,intermediate,andfinishedproducts;adependablesourceofelectricalpower,material-handlingequipment;workshopsandsuppliesformaintainingacontinuous24h/day,7day/weekoperation;wastedisposaland

27、water-treatingequipment;andproduct-blendingfacilities.4、此外，一套完整的煉油裝置須包括以下設(shè)備：所有必須的非工藝設(shè)施：足夠的儲罐容量用以儲存原油、中間產(chǎn)品和成品；可靠的電力和物質(zhì)處理設(shè)備來源；用于維持一天24小時，一周七天連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)所需的車間和物資：廢料和污水處理設(shè)備；以及產(chǎn)品調(diào)合設(shè)施。Intheearlystagesofrefinerydevelopment,whenilluminatingandlubricatingoilswerethemainproducts,distillationwasthemajorandoftenonlyre

28、fineryprocess.Atthattime,gasolinewasaminor,butmoreoftenunwanted,product.Asthedemandforgasolineincreased,conversionprocessesweredevelopedbecausedistillationcouldnolongersupplythenecessaryquantities.5、在早期煉油工業(yè)發(fā)展過程中，照明用油和潤滑油是主要的產(chǎn)品，蒸餾則成了主要的甚至經(jīng)常是唯一的煉油工藝。當時，汽油本身盡管不是重要產(chǎn)品，但也常討人嫌。隨著市場對汽油需求的增加，產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)化工藝隨之發(fā)展，因為蒸餾已

29、不能滿足對汽油的數(shù)量需求。Nevertheless,distillationhasremainedamajorrefineryprocessandaprocesstowhichjustabouteverycrudethatenterstherefineryissubjected.Amultitudeofseparationsareaccomplishedbydistillation,butitsmostimportantandprimaryfunctionintherefineryisitsusefortheseparationofcrudeoilintocomponentfractions.

30、6、但是，蒸餾仍然是重要的煉油工藝，而且所有原油進入煉廠都必須經(jīng)過蒸餾。許多分離過程是通過蒸餾進行的，但蒸餾在煉油廠中的最重要和主要的功能則是它在將原油分離成不同餾分過程中的作用。Thusitispossibletoobtainproductsrangingfromgaseousmaterialstakenoffthetopofthedistillationcolumntoaheavyresidueor“bottom”,whichisusuallynonvolatile,withcorrespondinglylightermaterialstakenoffatintermediatepoint

31、s.However,themajorityofcrudeoils,andthisappliestotheheavier,moreviscouspetroleums,whichareprocessedbydistillation,areusuallyseparatedintothelighterfractions(gas,gasoline,naphtha,kerosene,andgasoil)andthebottomor,asitismoregenerallycalled,thereducedcrude.7、由此，我們有可能獲得石油產(chǎn)品，這些產(chǎn)品包括從蒸餾塔頂部得到的氣態(tài)物質(zhì)，包括比重較大的渣油

32、或稱“殘渣”(一般而言揮發(fā)性較差)，以及從蒸餾塔中部得到的比重較小的其他相應(yīng)物質(zhì)。但是，經(jīng)過蒸餾處理的大多數(shù)原油，包括比重較大、粘度更大的原油，一般都分離為較輕組分(氣、汽油、粗汽油、煤油和粗柴油)和殘渣，或者更多稱作常壓重油。Thereducedcrudemaythenbeprocessedbyvacuumorsteamdistillationtoseparatethehigh-boilinglubricatingoilfractionswithoutthedangerofdecomposition,whichoccursathigh(350C,660F)temperatures.Indee

33、d,atmosphericdistillationmaybeterminatedwithalowerboilingfraction(“cut”)ifitisthoughtthatvacuumorsteamdistillationwillyieldabetterqualityproductoriftheprocessappearstobeeconomicallymorefavorable.8、然后，通過真空蒸餾或蒸汽蒸餾，常壓重油可以分離成高沸點潤滑油組分而沒有分解的危險。這種分離在高溫狀態(tài)下進行(350C,660F)。如果認為真空蒸餾或蒸汽蒸餾生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量更好，或者從經(jīng)濟角度看更為有利，則低

34、沸點組分分離出來后，常壓蒸餾即可結(jié)束。UnitThreePetroleumGeologyandOtherSciences石油地質(zhì)學與其它科學Petroleumgeologyistheapplicationofgeology(thestudyofrocks)totheexplorationforandproductionofoilandgas.Geologyitselfisfirmlybasedonchemistry,physics,andbiology,involvingtheapplicationofessentiallyabstractconceptstoobserveddata.Inth

35、epastthesedatawerebasicallyobservationandsubjective,buttheyarenowincreasinglyphysicalandchemical,andthereforemoreobjective.Geology,ingeneral,andpetroleumgeology,inparticular,stillrelyonvaluejudgementsbasedonexperienceandanassessmentofvalidityamongthedatapresented.1、石油地質(zhì)學是地質(zhì)學(巖石研究)在油氣勘探開發(fā)和生產(chǎn)中的應(yīng)用。地質(zhì)學本

36、身是以化學、物理和生物學為基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)用其基本的抽象理論概念來解釋觀察到的資料。在過去，這些資料主要憑主觀觀察獲取?，F(xiàn)在借助物理和化學手段，因而更具客觀性。從根本上講，地質(zhì)學和石油地質(zhì)學，仍然特別依賴于基于經(jīng)驗的數(shù)值判斷和對現(xiàn)有資料的有效性評估。Theapplicationofchemistrytothestudyofrocks(geochemistry)hasmanyusesinpetroleumgeology.Detailedknowledgeofthemineralogicalcompositionofrocksisimportantatmanylevels.Intheearlystages

37、ofexplorationcertaingeneralconclusionsastothedistributionandqualityofpotentiarleservoircouldbemadefromtheirgrosslithology.Forexample,theporosityofsandstonestendstobefaciesrelated,whereasincarbonaterocksthisisgenerallynotso.Detailedknowledgeofthemineralogyofreservoirsenablesestimatestobemadeoftherate

38、atwhichtheymayloseporosityduringburial,andthisdetailedmineralogicalinformationisessentialfortheaccurateinterpretationofgeophysicalwelllogsthroughreservoirs.Knowledgeofthechemistryofporefluidsandtheireffectonthestabilityofmineralscanbeusedtopredictwhereporositymaybedestroyedbycementation,preservedini

39、tsoriginalform,orenhancedbysolutionofmineralsbyformationwaters.2、化學應(yīng)用到石油地質(zhì)的巖石研究(地球化學)中有許多作用。巖石礦物組分的詳細資料在許多方面很重要。在勘探早期，就潛在儲層的分布和質(zhì)量我們可以從總的巖性得出某些通用的結(jié)論。例如，砂巖孔隙度一般與相有關(guān)，而一般在碳酸鹽巖中則并非如此。儲層礦物學的詳細知識可以幫助我們估計出在埋藏過程中孔隙度損失的速率。這樣詳細的礦物組分資料對于準確地解釋儲層地球物理測井非常必要。了解孔隙流體的化學組成及其對巖石穩(wěn)定性的影響，有助于預(yù)測哪些地區(qū)孔隙度因膠結(jié)作用而變差，哪些地區(qū)孔隙度保持不變，哪

40、些地區(qū)孔隙度因地層水的溶蝕作用而提高。Organicchemistryisinvolvedbothintheanalysisofoilandgasandinthestudyofthediagenesisoftheplantandanimaltissuesinsedimentsandthewayinwhichtheresultantorganiccompound,kerogen,generatespetroleum.3、有機化學則可應(yīng)用于分析原油和天然氣，研究沉積物中植物和動物組織的成巖作用，研究動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為合成有機化合物，揭示由此而生成的有機化合物干酪根生成石油的方式。Theapplica

41、tionofphysicstothestudyofrocks(geophysics)isveryimportantinpetroleumgeology.Initsbroadestapplicationgeophysicsmakesamajorcontributiontounderstandingtheearthscrustand,especiallythroughtheapplicationofmodernplatetectonictheory,thegenesisandpetroleumpotentialofsedimentarybasins.Morespecially,physicalco

42、nceptsarerequiredtounderstandfolds,faults,anddiapirs,andhencetheirrolesinpetroleumentrapment.4、在石油地質(zhì)中，將物理應(yīng)用到巖石研究(地球物理)中很重要。地球物理的廣泛應(yīng)用對于了解地殼，尤其是應(yīng)用了現(xiàn)代板塊構(gòu)造理論后，對于了解沉積盆地的成因和潛在石油資源作出了重要貢獻。更為特別的是，在理解褶皺、斷層和底辟以及它們在石油圈閉過程中的作用時需要物理概念。Modernpetroleumexplorationisunthinkablewithouttheaidofmagnetism,gravity,andsei

43、smicsurveysinfindingpotentialpetroleumtraps.Norcouldanyfindsbeevaluatedeffectivelywithoutgeophysicalwirelinewelllogstomeasurethelithology,porosity,andpetroleumcontentofareservoir.5、利用現(xiàn)代石油勘探手段尋找潛在的石油圈閉時，如果沒有地磁、重力和地震勘探，是不可想象的。同樣，如果沒有地球物理電纜測井測量巖性、孔隙度和儲層中石油的含量，對任何發(fā)現(xiàn)的圈閉也不可能做到有效評價。Biologyisappliedtogeolog

44、yinseveralways,notablythroughthestudyoffossils(paleontology),andisespeciallysignificantinestablishingbiostratigraphiczonesforregionalstratigraphicalcorrelation.Theshiftinemphasisfromtheuseofmacrofossilstomicrofossilsforzonation,causedbyoilexploration,hasalreadybeennoted.Ecology,thestudyoftherelation

45、shipbetweenlivingorganismsandtheirenvironment,isalsoimportantinpetroleumgeology.Carbonatesediments,ingeneral,andreefs,inparticular,canonlybestudiedprofitablywiththeaidofadetailedknowledgeoftheecologyofmodernmarinefaunaandflora.Biology,andespeciallybiochemistry,isimportantinstudyingthetransformationo

46、fplantandanimaltissuesintokerogenduringburialandthegenerationofoilorgasthatmaybecausedbythistransformation.6、生物學可以從幾個方面應(yīng)用于地質(zhì)學。較為明顯的是用于化石研究(古生物學)，同時，生物學對區(qū)域地層對比和建立生物層序地層帶具有極為重要的意義。由石油勘探引起的劃帶重點化石已經(jīng)顯然由大化石轉(zhuǎn)移到微體化石。生態(tài)學，即研究生物與其環(huán)境之間關(guān)系的科學，在石油地質(zhì)中也很重要。碳酸鹽巖沉積物，特別是生物礁，只有在現(xiàn)代海洋動物群落和植物群落生態(tài)學詳細資料的幫助下才能獲得有益的研究成果。生物學，尤其

47、是生物化學，對于埋藏過程中動植物組織轉(zhuǎn)化為干酪根并由此生成石油和天然氣的研究很重要。Geologists,incontrasttosomenongeologists,believethatknowledgeoftheconceptsofgeologycanhelptofindpetroleumand,furthermore,oftenthinkthatpetroleumgeologyandpetroleumexplorationaresynonyms,whichtheyarenot.Theoriesthatpetroleumisnotformedbythetransformationoforg

48、anicmatterinsedimentshavealreadybeennotedandareexaminedinmoredetail.Ifthepetroleumgeologistsviewofoilgenerationandmigrationarenotaccepted,thenpresentexplorationmethodswouldneedextensivemodification.7、地質(zhì)學家相對于非地質(zhì)學家來說，更相信了解地質(zhì)概念有助于尋找石油。而且，常常認為石油地質(zhì)和石油勘探是同義詞，而實際上并非如此。石油并不是由沉積物中的有機物轉(zhuǎn)化而來的理論已經(jīng)引起人們的關(guān)注，并在許多細節(jié)問

49、題上得以證實。如果石油地質(zhì)學者關(guān)于油氣生成和運移的觀點不被接受，那么目前的勘探方法需要大幅度改變。Somepetroleumexplorationistsstilldonotadmittoaneedforgeologiststoaidthemintheirsearch.In1982asuccessfuloilfinderfromMidland,Texas,admittedtonotusinggeologistsbecausewhenhiscompetitorshiredthem,allitdidwastoincreasetheircostsperbarreolfoilfound.TheSout

50、hAfricanStateOilCompany(SOEKOR)isunderastatutoryobligationimposedbyitsgovernmenttoputtothetesteveryclaimtoanoil-findingmethod,beitadowsingorsomesophisticatedscientifictechnique.Theseexamplesarenotisolatedcases,andithasbeenarguedthatoilmaybetterbefoundbyrandomdrillingthanbytheapplianceofscientificpri

51、nciples.8、一些石油勘探家仍然不承認在找油過程中需要地質(zhì)學家的幫助。1982年，一位德州米德蘭油田的發(fā)現(xiàn)者聲稱沒有雇傭地質(zhì)學家。他的對手雇傭了地質(zhì)學家，結(jié)果只是增加了每桶原油的成本。南非國家石油公司在政府法律強行規(guī)定下，對每種發(fā)現(xiàn)石油的方法（尋找礦藏和水源機械方法或復(fù)雜的科學方法）必須進行測驗。上述事例并非是獨一無二的，它說明尋找石油可能的較好方法是隨機鉆探，而不是應(yīng)用科學原理。UnitFourTheFutureofEnergy能源的未來Viewpoints:ItstheEndofOil/OilIsHeretoStay觀點：石油的終結(jié)/石油仍有潛力1.ItstheEndofOil石油的

52、終結(jié)Worldoilproductionisabouttoreachapeakandgointoitsfinaldecline.Foryears,ahandfulofpetroleumgeologists,includingme,havebeenpredictingpeakoilbefore2007,butinaneraofcheapoil,fewpeoplelistened.Lately,severalmajoroilcompaniesseemtohavegotthemessage.OneofChevronsadssaystheworldiscurrentlyburning2bbl.ofoi

53、lforeverybarrelofnewoildiscovered.ExxonMobilsays1987wasthelastyearthatwefoundmoreoilworldwidethanweburned.ShellreportsthatitwillexpanditsCanadianoil-sandsoperationsbutelsewherewillfocusonfindingnaturalgasandnotoil.ItsoundsasthoughShelliskissingtheoilbusinessgoodbye.M.KingHubbert,ageophysicist,correc

54、tlypredictedin1956thatoilproductionintheU.S.wouldpeakintheearly1970s-themomentnowknownasHubbertsPeak.Ibelieveworldoilproductionisabouttoreachasimilarpeak.世界石油產(chǎn)量將達到頂峰并最終下滑。幾年來，一些石油地質(zhì)學家，包括我，一直預(yù)言2007年前達到石油高峰，但是當時油價格便宜時，很少有人聽得進去。最近，幾個主要的石油公司似乎已經(jīng)了解這個信息了。雪佛龍的廣告說世界現(xiàn)在每發(fā)現(xiàn)一桶石油就要燃燒兩桶石油。?？松梨谡f1987年是我們發(fā)現(xiàn)石油比燃燒石油數(shù)

55、量多的最后一年。殼牌報告指出它將擴大在加拿大的油砂作業(yè)，但是在其它地方則會集中注意力尋找天然氣而不是石油。聽起來殼牌似乎要跟石油買賣告別了。地球物理學家金.胡伯特在1956年正確地預(yù)言了美國石油生產(chǎn)將在20世紀70年代初期達到高峰。現(xiàn)在人們稱這一時期為“胡伯特高峰”。我認為世界石油生產(chǎn)將達到一個類似的高峰。Findingoilislikefishinginapond.Afterseveralmonths,younoticethatyouarenotcatchingasmanyfish.Youcouldbuyanexpensiveflyrod-newtechnology.Oryoucouldde

56、cidethatyouhavealreadycaughtmostofthefishinthepond.Althoughincreasedoilprices(whichoughttospurinvestmentinoilproduction)andnewtechnologyhelp,theycantworkmagic.Recentdiscoveriesaremodestatbest.TheoilsandsinCanadaandVenezuelaareextensive,buttheCanadianoperationstoconvertthedepositsintotransportableoil

57、consumelargeamountsofnaturalgas,whichisinshortsupply.尋找石油就像在一個池塘里釣魚。幾個月后，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)你沒有釣到那么多魚。你可以買一個昂貴的采用全新技術(shù)的魚竿，或者你也可以認為你已經(jīng)掉到了池塘里大多數(shù)魚。雖然上漲的失憶價格（本來應(yīng)該帶動石油生產(chǎn)投資）和新技術(shù)有所幫助，但是它們并不會帶來奇跡。最近最好的發(fā)現(xiàn)也不過是不錯而已。加拿大和委內(nèi)瑞拉的油砂數(shù)量比較大，但是加拿大將這些儲藏轉(zhuǎn)化成可運輸?shù)氖偷墓ぷ骱馁M了大量的短缺天然氣。AndtechnologycannoteliminatethedifficultyHubbertidentified:th

58、erateofproducingoildependsonthefractionofoilthathasnotyetbeenproduced.Inotherwords,thefewerthefishinthepond,theharderitistocatchone.Peakproductionoccursatthehalfwaypoint.Basedontheavailabledataaboutnewoilfields,thereare2,013billionbbl.oftotalproducibleoil.Addinguptheoilproducedfromthebirthoftheindus

59、tryuntiltoday,wewillreachthedreaded1,006.5-billion-bbl.halfwaymarklatethisyear.Fortwoyears,IvebeenpredictingthatworldoilproductionwouldreachitspeakonThanksgivingDay2005.Today,withhighoilpricespushingvirtuallyalloilproducerstopullupeverybarreltheycansweatoutoftheground,Ithinkitmighthappenevenearlier.

60、技術(shù)也不能完全消除困難。胡伯特指出：石油生產(chǎn)取決于還未生產(chǎn)的那部分石油。換句話說，池子里的魚越少，想釣到魚就越難。高峰產(chǎn)量現(xiàn)在出現(xiàn)在半路的位置。根據(jù)可查到的新的油田的數(shù)據(jù)，總共有兩萬零一百三十億桶可生產(chǎn)的石油。加上從石油產(chǎn)業(yè)出現(xiàn)至今所有的石油產(chǎn)量，今天，隨著高漲的石油價格迫使所有石油生產(chǎn)商提高他們奮力掏出的每桶石油的價格此句話個人覺得前后矛盾，我想這一天可能會更早地到來。今年下半年剛好是在半數(shù)的位置。兩年來，我一直預(yù)言世界石油產(chǎn)量將在2005年感恩節(jié)時到達高峰。我們就會得到一個令人憂心的數(shù)字一萬零六十五億桶。OilIsHeretoStay石油仍有潛力6.ThePeakOiltheoryfits