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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-曲靖職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題
Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplacein18th-centuryEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm'sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheaters,musicalfestivals,andchildren'stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyquestionsremain:Whoweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries?
Ananswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturesandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.Withregardtothislastquestion,wemightnoteinpassingthatThompson,whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageof18th-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral;forexample,laboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhuge,heavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.
Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy,somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendrickfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The"middlingsort"boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?Ifso,consumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialism(apreoccupationwithorstressuponmaterialratherthanintellectualorspiritualthings),butnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.
Finally,whatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuries?McKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecoiningoftheIndustrialRevolution.Butdoesit?What,forexample,doestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemills?Itisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.
Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnot,however,diminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.
1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormentionsMcKendrickandPlumbmostprobablyinorderto().
2.Whichofthefollowingitems,ifpreservedfrom18th-centuryEngland,wouldprovideanexampleofthekindofdocumentsmentionedinlines3-4,Paragraph2?
3.Accordingtothetext,Thompsonattributestolaboringpeoplein18th-centuryEnglandwhichofthefollowingattitudestowardcapitalistconsumerism?
4.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith().
5.Accordingtothetext,18th-centuryEnglandandthecontemporaryworldofthetextreadersare().
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.contrasttheirviewsonthesubjectofluxuryconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland
B.indicatetheinadequacyofhistoriographicalapproachesto18th-centuryEnglishhistory
C.giveexamplesofhistorianswhohavehelpedtoestablishthefactofgrowingconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland
D.supportthecontentionthatkeyquestionsabout18th-centuryconsumerismremaintobeanswered
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Awrittenagreementbetweenasupplierofrawmaterialsandasupplierofluxurygoods.
B.Adiarythatmentionsluxurygoodsandservicespurchasedbyitsauthor.
C.Atheaterticketstampedwiththedateandnameofaparticularplay.
D.Apayrollrecordfromacompanythatproducedluxurygoodssuchaspottery.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Enthusiasm.
B.Curiosity.
C.Ambivalence.
D.Hostility.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.contrastingtwothesesandofferingacompromise
B.questioningtwoexplanationsandproposingapossiblealternativetothem
C.paraphrasingtheworkoftwohistoriansandquestioningtheirassumptions
D.examiningtwotheoriesandendorsingoneovertheother
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxuryconsumerismcouldbesaidtobewidespreadamongthesocialclasses
B.dissimilarintheirdefinitionsofluxurygoodsandservices
C.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxurygoodscouldbesaidtobestimulantofindustrialdevelopment
D.similarintheirstrongdemandforavarietyofgoodsandservices
【答案】第1題:C
第2題:B
第3題:D
第4題:B
第5題:D
【解析】第1題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知第一句為本段的中心句。作者列舉McKendrick和Plumb是為了說明他們做了相關(guān)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)奢侈商品和服務(wù)需求的增加。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。
第2題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句“onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.”只有實(shí)際消費(fèi)者寫的相關(guān)私人資料才能讓人精確掌握"他想要什么"。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。
第3題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Thompson”定位在第二段的后半部分“...,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral.”Thompson可能夸大了勞動(dòng)人民對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)方式的抵抗情緒。所以選項(xiàng)D敵對(duì)的,符合原文。
第4題:信息歸納題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知,本段主要就“消費(fèi)者為什么變得那么急于購(gòu)物”的原因展開,作者提到兩個(gè)原因但給出了自己的質(zhì)疑,隨后給出自己的見解,即作者認(rèn)為人們喜愛購(gòu)物是一種自我滿足的形式。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。
第5題:信息推斷題。題干中的"thecontemporaryworld"與最后一段中的"ourownworld"同義。所以根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.”18世紀(jì)英國(guó)對(duì)那些有用的瑣碎商品及服務(wù)的不知足預(yù)示了我們目前這個(gè)世界的特征。所以選項(xiàng)D共同點(diǎn)在于他們對(duì)不同商品的強(qiáng)烈追求,符合原文。
2.單選題
Thecourtconsidersafinancial____tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.payment
B.obligation
C.option
D.penalty
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析與上下文語(yǔ)義。A選項(xiàng)payment“應(yīng)付的款項(xiàng)總額”;B選項(xiàng)obligation“義務(wù);責(zé)任”;C選項(xiàng)option“選擇;選擇權(quán)”;D選項(xiàng)penalty“罰款;罰金”。句意:法院認(rèn)為財(cái)務(wù)____是懲罰他的合適方法。根據(jù)“懲罰”推斷D選項(xiàng)“罰款”最符合句意。因此,本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。
3.單選題
Theearlyuseofa[A]completesteelframefortoweringbuildings[B]appearedinthe[C]firstskyscraper,[D]builtonChicagoin1883.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.complete
B.appeared
C.firstskyscraper
D.builton
【答案】D
【解析】【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】介詞的用法。
【解題思路】表達(dá)在某個(gè)城市時(shí),應(yīng)選用介詞in。因此應(yīng)將D選項(xiàng)改為builtin。
【句意】1883年在芝加哥建造的第一座摩天大樓就使用了完整鋼框架。
4.單選題
Asthepost-EnronwaveofcorporatescandalswashedoverAmericalastyear,acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.Farfromhavingtheworld’sbest-policedmarkets,theUnitedStates,manyEuropeanpoliticiansclaimed,suffereduniquelyfromalethalcombinationofgreedyandoverpaidbosses:conflictedauditorsandinvestmentbankers,relianceonaccountingrulesnotprinciples,andanobsessionwithquarterlyprofitnumbers.InAmerica,asmanyas1,200companieshavebeenforcedtorestatetheiraccountsinthepastfiveyears,inEuropethenumberisbarelyindoubledigits.Soitisoutrageous,manyEuropeansnowargue,thatAmericaisseekingtoimposetheunwieldySarbanes-Oxleyact,passedinthewakeofEnron,onEuropeancompanieslistedinNewYork.
AsmoresensibleEuropeanregulatorsrecognize,thissmugnesswasneverjustified;itisonlynecessarytorecallscandalssuchasVivendiandElan.ButEurope’sclaimofimmunityfromcorporateslacknesshasnowbeenblownoutofthewaterbythisweek’srevelationsthatRoyalAholdoftheNetherlandsoverstateditsprofitsfor200-02byasmuchas$500m.Thecompany’sAmsterdam-basedauditors,Deloitte&Touche,failedtopicktheproblemsupin2001,eventhoughworriesaboutAhold’saccountswerewidelyexpressedinthemarketsformostoflastyear.TheDutchmarketregulatoradmittedthisweekthatithadnopowersofdisciplineoverfaultyauditing.
Whatabouttherelativenumbersofrestatements?BecauseAmerica’sGAAPaccountingsystemreliesonthousandsofpagesofrules,itismorevulnerabletomanipulationthanEurope’smoreprinciples-basedapproach.Butgiventhelargelynon-existentregulationofauditorsandthepoorcorporategovernanceprevalentinmuchofEurope:amoreplausibleconclusionisthatEuropehashadfeweraccountingscandalsthanAmericamainlybecausenobodyhasseriouslylookedforthem,notbecausetheyarenotthere.
ThisisnottosaythatEuropeshouldadoptSarbanes-Oxleyintoto.ThathastilydraftedlawwasdesignedforAmerica’sverydifferentsystem.Manyofthelaw’srulesonmanagersandboardsseemundulyintrusiveevenforAmerica.Butstatutoryindependentregulationofauditors,asprescribedbySarbanes-Oxley,makessenseeverywhere.Sodorulestostopaccountingfirmsdoingconsultingworkforauditclients:anditisalsoworthconsideringmandatoryrotationofauditors.
ThecaseforindependentregulationisthestrongerbecauseEuropeanUnioncompaniesareduetoadoptinternationalaccountingstandardsby2005.Itislittleusetakingthiswelcomesteptowardstougherstandards,whichtheEuropeansareurgingonAmericaintheinterestsofglobalharmonization,ifthereisnobodytooverseetherules.YettheEuropeanFederationofAccountantsadmitsthat,insixEUcountries,thereisineffectnoenforcementatall.
21.Whichoffollowingit’strueaccordingtoParagraph1?
22.Thephrase“intoto”inParagraph4mostprobablymeans().
23.IncontrasttoAmerican,Europe,incopingwithfaultycorporateauditing,wouldattachimportanceto().
24.Itseemthattheultimatesolutiontotheproblemofcorporatescandalsliesin().
25.Accordingtotheauthor,theEuropeancorporatesituationis().
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.ManyEuropeanpoliticianswouldboastofimmunityfromAmerica’scorporateills.
B.Manycompaniessufferedfromtheirabsoluterelianceuponaccountingrules.
C.ManyEuropeansprotestedagainstAmerica’sprinciplesimposeduponEuropeanfirms.
D.ManyEuropeanregulatorsrespondedsensiblytothewaveofcorporatescandals.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.baseduponsensibility
B.followinginahaste
C.givenadifferencesystem
D.actinginasimilarfashion
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.ruleenforcement
B.reliableprinciples
C.justifiedprescription
D.frequentrestatements
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.theinterestsofglobalharmonization
B.theindependentregulationofauditors
C.theadoptionoftougherstandards
D.thesupervisionofconsultingwork
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.fairlyoptimistic
B.quitepromising
C.somewhatdepressing
D.veryastonishing
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:B
第4題:B
第5題:C
【解析】21.推理判斷題。定位在首句Asthepost-EnronwaveofcorporatescandalswashedoverAmericalastyear,acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.(關(guān)于去年安然公司的丑聞,歐洲人的共同反應(yīng)是:這種情況不可能在歐洲發(fā)生。)以及原文中的舉例InAmerica,asmanyas1,200companieshavebeenforcedtorestatetheiraccountsinthepastfiveyears,inEuropethenumberisbarelyindoubledigits.(在美國(guó),在過去的五年里,有1200家公司被迫重述他們的賬目,而在歐洲,這個(gè)數(shù)字僅僅是兩位數(shù)。)由此可以推論歐洲人都對(duì)自己國(guó)家很有信心。所以A選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲政客會(huì)吹噓可以免疫美國(guó)企業(yè)的弊病”正確。B選項(xiàng)“許多公司因完全依賴會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則而蒙受損失”說法過于絕對(duì),錯(cuò)誤,C選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲人抗議美國(guó)強(qiáng)加給歐洲公司的原則”,由C選項(xiàng)可以定位到第一段的最后一句Soitisoutrageous,manyEuropeansnowargue,thatAmericaisseekingtoimposetheunwieldySarbanes-Oxleyact,passedinthewakeofEnron,onEuropeancompanieslistedinNewYork.(因此,許多歐洲人現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為,美國(guó)正試圖把安然事件后通過的繁瑣的薩班斯-奧克斯利法案強(qiáng)加給在紐約上市的歐洲公司,這是令人氣憤的。)可知這只是一個(gè)想法,并未落實(shí)。因此C項(xiàng)不符合原文,錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)公司丑聞浪潮做出了明智的反應(yīng)”,根據(jù)原文acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.(歐洲人的共同反應(yīng)是:這種情況不可能在歐洲發(fā)生。)可知?dú)W洲人是有些太過肯定與自信的,不符合明智的這一說法,所以D錯(cuò)誤。故選A。
22.詞義推測(cè)題。A選項(xiàng)“基于感性”,B選項(xiàng)“急忙仿效”,C選項(xiàng)“給出一個(gè)不同的系統(tǒng)”,D選項(xiàng)“以類似的方式行動(dòng)的”。定位到原文ThisisnottosaythatEuropeshouldadoptSarbanes-Oxleyintoto.(這并不是說歐洲就應(yīng)該……采取薩班斯-奧克斯利法案。),后一句ThathastilydraftedlawwasdesignedforAmerica’sverydifferentsystem.(這份匆忙起草的法律是為美國(guó)非常不同的體系設(shè)計(jì)的。)由此可知,作者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)法案只適用于美國(guó),對(duì)歐洲而言,是不需要和美國(guó)一樣采取這項(xiàng)法案的。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。故選D。
23.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文BecauseAmerica’sGAAPaccountingsystemreliesonthousandsofpagesofrules,itismorevulnerabletomanipulationthanEurope’smoreprinciples-basedapproach.(因?yàn)槊绹?guó)的GAAP會(huì)計(jì)體系依賴于數(shù)千頁(yè)的規(guī)則,它比歐洲的更基于原則的方法更容易被操縱。)由此可知,歐洲相比于規(guī)則而言,更傾向于基于原則的方式。A選項(xiàng)“規(guī)則的執(zhí)行”,由關(guān)鍵句可知,美國(guó)才是更注重規(guī)則的執(zhí)行的,偷換主語(yǔ),錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“可靠的原則”符合題意,正確。C選項(xiàng)“合理的處方”,D選項(xiàng)“頻繁的重述”,C,D選項(xiàng)在文中并未涉及,可排除。故選B。
24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文Butstatutoryindependentregulationofauditors,asprescribedbySarbanes-Oxley,makessenseeverywhere.(但是,《薩班斯-奧克斯利法》規(guī)定的對(duì)審計(jì)師的法定獨(dú)立監(jiān)管,在任何地方都是行得通的。)而且定位在最后一段的首句ThecaseforindependentregulationisthestrongerbecauseEuropeanUnioncompaniesareduetoadoptinternationalaccountingstandardsby2005.(獨(dú)立監(jiān)管的情況更強(qiáng)大,因?yàn)闅W盟公司將于2005年采用國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則。)由此可推出解決公司丑聞問題的最終辦法是對(duì)審計(jì)師的法定獨(dú)立監(jiān)管。所以B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)審計(jì)師的獨(dú)立監(jiān)管”正確。A選項(xiàng)“全球和諧的利益”在文中只是小部分陳述,與題意無關(guān),可排除。C選項(xiàng)“采用更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,根據(jù)原文Itislittleusetakingthiswelcomesteptowardstougherstandards,whichtheEuropeansareurgingonAmericaintheinterestsofglobalharmonization,ifthereisnobodytooverseetherules.(如果沒有人來監(jiān)督這些規(guī)則,朝著更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)邁出這受歡迎的一步是沒有用的,歐洲為了全球協(xié)調(diào)的利益正敦促美國(guó)這樣做。)可知更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在無人監(jiān)督的情況下,也是無效的。因此可排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)“咨詢工作的監(jiān)督”,定位到原文Sodorulestostopaccountingfirmsdoingconsultingworkforauditclients:anditisalsoworthconsideringmandatoryrotationofauditors.(所以規(guī)定禁止會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所為審計(jì)客戶提供咨詢服務(wù)也是值得考慮強(qiáng)制輪換審計(jì)人員的。)對(duì)咨詢工作的監(jiān)督只是其中的一類,不能作為最終的解決辦法。故選B。
25.推理判斷題。定位到原文Butgiventhelargelynon-existentregulationofauditorsandthepoorcorporategovernanceprevalentinmuchofEurope:amoreplausibleconclusionisthatEuropehashadfeweraccountingscandalsthanAmericamainlybecausenobodyhasseriouslylookedforthem,notbecausetheyarenotthere.(但是考慮到審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管基本上不存在,以及歐洲大部分地區(qū)普遍存在的糟糕的公司治理,所以有一個(gè)更可信的結(jié)論是,歐洲的會(huì)計(jì)丑聞比美國(guó)少,主要是因?yàn)闆]有人認(rèn)真地去尋找這些丑聞,而不是因?yàn)樗鼈儾淮嬖凇#┒谝欢伍_始時(shí)就有說到歐洲人一致認(rèn)為這種事情絕對(duì)不可能在他們國(guó)家發(fā)生。由此可知?dú)W洲公司的現(xiàn)狀是有些堪憂的。A選項(xiàng)“相當(dāng)樂觀”,B選項(xiàng)“很有前途的”,C選項(xiàng)“有點(diǎn)令人沮喪”,D選項(xiàng)“非常驚人的”,因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意,故選C。
5.單選題
Sometimes,whilelivinginaforeigncountry,onecravesaspecialdishfromhome.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.desires
B.eats
C.prepares
D.orders
【答案】A
【解析】考查詞義辨析。crave表示“渴望,懇求”;A項(xiàng)desire“想要,渴望”,B項(xiàng)eat“吃”,C項(xiàng)prepare“準(zhǔn)備”,D項(xiàng)order“命令,下單”。句意:生活在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)時(shí),有時(shí)會(huì)想吃家鄉(xiāng)的特色菜。因此A項(xiàng)正確。
6.單選題
Yourletterarrivedafterthefinaldateforapplication,()wecan’tconsideryouforthisjob.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.consequently
B.remarkably
C.fluently
D.alarmingly
【答案】A
【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)consequently“因此,所以”;B選項(xiàng)remarkably“顯著地,非常地”;C選項(xiàng)fluently“流利地,通暢地”;D選項(xiàng)alarmingly“驚人地,讓人擔(dān)憂地”。句意:你的信到的時(shí)候已經(jīng)過了申請(qǐng)的最后期限,所以我們無法讓你做這份工作。后半句是前半句事情導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果,是因果關(guān)系,所以A選項(xiàng)Consequently“因此,所以”正確。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。
7.單選題
Itisquitenecessaryforaqualifiedteachertohavegoodmannersand(
)knowledge.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.extensive
B.expansive
C.intensive
D.expensive
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。extensive“廣泛的,大量的”;expansive“廣闊的”;intensive“密集的,加強(qiáng)的”;expensive“昂貴的”。句意:一個(gè)合格的老師要有良好的修養(yǎng)和廣博的知識(shí),這是非常重要的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
8.單選題
Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds______hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.whichtobaseon
B.onwhichtobase
C.tobebasedon
D.tobaseon
【答案】B
【解析】【試題解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意:這位教授幾乎找不到足夠的根據(jù)來支持他的新理論。根據(jù)橫線到句尾是對(duì)sufficientgrounds進(jìn)行修飾的定語(yǔ)從句,確定用引導(dǎo)詞which;根據(jù)短語(yǔ)basehisargumentsonthesesufficient,確定用介詞on,B選項(xiàng)onwhichtobase正確。A選項(xiàng)whichtobaseon介詞和語(yǔ)序錯(cuò)誤;C選項(xiàng)tobebasedon和D選項(xiàng)tobaseon介詞使用錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。
9.單選題
Scienceandtechnologyactuallyhelpto()theusefulandpleasantpartsoftraditionalculture.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.preserve
B.prevail
C.reserve
D.precede
【答案】A
【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:科學(xué)技術(shù)實(shí)際上有助于保存?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)文化中有用的和討人喜歡的部分。選項(xiàng)中只有A和C有保留,保存的意思。preserve強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)東西完好無損;reserve指保存儲(chǔ)備留作后用。根據(jù)句意可知,選項(xiàng)A更符合語(yǔ)境。
10.單選題
Untilmeninventedwaysofstayingunderwaterformorethanafewminutes,thewondersoftheworldbelowthesurfaceoftheseawerealmostunknown.Themainproblem,ofcourse,liesinair.Howcouldairbesuppliedtoswimmersbelowthesurfaceofthesea?Picturesmadeabout2,900yearsagoinAsiashowmenswimmingunderthesurfacewithairbagstiedtotheirbodies.Apipefromthebagcarriedairintotheswimmer’smouth.Butlittleprogresswasachievedintheinventionofdivingdevicesuntilabout1490,whenthefamousItalianpainter,LeonardodaVinci,designedacompletedivingsuit.
In1680,anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbagwithaglasswindowtobewornoverthediver’shead.To“clean”theairabreathingpipewentfromtheairbag,throughanotherbagtoremovemoisture,andthenagaintothelargeairbag.Theplandidnotwork,butitgavelaterinventorstheideaofmovingairaroundindivingdevices.
In1819,aGerman,AugustusSiebe,developedawayofforcingairintothehead-coveringbyamachineoperatedabovethewater.Finally,in1837,heinventedthe“hard-hatsuit”thatwastobeusedfornearlyacentury.Ithadametalcoveringfortheheadandanairpipeattachedtoamachineabovethewater.Italsohadsmallopeningstoremoveunwantedair.Butthereweretwodangerstothediverinsidethe“hard-hatsuit”.Onewasthesuddenrisetothesurface,causedbyatoogreatsupplyofair.Theotherwasthecrushingofthebody,causedbyasuddendivingintodeepwater.Thesuddenrisetothesurfacecouldkillthediver;asuddendivecouldforcehisbodyupintothehelmet,whichcouldalsoresultindeath.
Graduallythe“hard-hatsuit”wasimprovedsothatthedivercouldbegivenaconstantsupplyofair.Thedivercouldthenmovearoundundertheoceanwithoutworryingabouttheairsupply.
Duringthe1940sdivingunderwaterwithoutaspecialsuitbecamepopular.Instead,diversusedabreathingdeviceandasmallcoveringmadeofrubberandglassoverpartsoftheface.Toimprovetheswimmer’sspeedanothernewinventionwasused:apieceofrubbershapedlikeagiantfoot,whichwasattachedtoeachofthediver’sownfeet.Themanufactureofrubberbreathingpipesmadeitpossiblefordiverstofloatonthesurfaceofthewater,observingthemarinelifeunderneaththem.Aspecialrubbersuitenabledthemtostayincoldwaterforlongperiods,collectingspecimensofanimalandvegetablelifethathadneverbeenobtainedinthepast.
Themostimportantadvance,however,wastheinventionofaself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus,whichiscalleda“scuba”.
InventedbytwoFrenchmen,JacquesCousteauandEmileGagnan,thescubaconsistsofamouth-piecejoinedtooneortwotanksofcompressedairwhichareattachedtothediver’sback.
Thescubamakesitpossibleforadiver-scientisttowork200feetunderwaterorevendeeperforseveralhours.Asaresult,scientistscannowmovearoundfreelyatgreatdepths,learningaboutthewondersofthesea.
1.Themainprogressmentionedinthispassagewas(
).
2.AninventionofanItalianprofessor(
).
3.Siebes’inventionwasnotaperfectone,because(
).
4.Theword“scuba”is(
).
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbag
B.meninventedthebestdivingdevices
C.anItalianpainterdesignedacompletedivingsuit
D.anairbag
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.workedoutverywell
B.can“clean”theair
C.inspiredlaterinventions
D.wasusedtoremovemoisture
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.toosmallasupplyofaircouldresultinasuddenrisetothesurface
B.asuddendiveintodeepwatercouldcausethecrushingofthebody
C.theairpipeattachedtoamachinecouldbeabovethesurface
D.bothAandB
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.acertaindiver’sname
B.anoriginalEnglishword
C.namedbytheinventor
D.anacronym
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:D
【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文中的單詞“invented,developed,improved”以及“themostimportantadvance”可以知道,文章一直在闡述潛水裝備的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。
2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“itgavelaterinventorstheidea”這一句得知選項(xiàng)C最符合題意。
3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段的第三句,“Butthereweretwodangers…Onewas…Theotherwas…,”選項(xiàng)B最符合題意。
4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus”,可知scuda是首字母縮略詞,選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
11.單選題
Whentheymarry,husbandsandwiveshavewell-developedhealthhistoriesandwell-establishedcongenitalanddevelopmentalpropensitiestowardgoodandillhealth.Substantialresearchsuggeststhat,giventheexistinghealthpropensityandhealthconditionofanindividualataparticulartime,hisorherprobabilityofbetterorworsefuturehealthisaffectedbyavarietyofsociallymediatedfactorsthataresubjecttoinfluenceormanipulationbyhisorherspouse.
Spousescanpromoteeachother’shealthbyamelioratingpsychologicalstress.Asubstantialliteraturedevelopsstrongevidencethatpsychologicalstresscausesillness,increasemortalityrisk,andservesasanimportantmechanismthatlinkssocioeconomiccharacteristicstohealthandmortality.Stress-reducingmechanismsincluderemovalofsourcesofstress,andmanagementofstressbytalkingaboutittoatrustedotherperson,psychologicaltreatment,physicalexercise,recreationandothermeans.Aspousecanprovideorencourageallofthesestress-reducingbehaviors.
Spousesalsocanpromoteeachother’shealthbyprovidingeachotherwithsupportivesocialcontact,andtheycanfacilitateorinhibiteachother’ssocialcontactwithsupportiveothers.Evidencesuggeststhathealthisgreatlyadvancedbysupportivesocialcontacts,includingpositiveinteractionwithrelatives,friends,coworkersandacquaintances.Recentexperimentaldatashowsthatpersonswithmorediversesocialnetworksaremoreresistanttoexperimentallyintroducedupperrespiratoryvirusesthanpersonswithlessdiversesocialnetworks.
Spousescanalsopromoteeachother’shealthbyprovidingeachotherwithmoneyincome,andtheycanhelpeachothermanagemoneyincomeeffectively.Moneydoesnotbuyhealthdirectly,butitcanbeusedtopurchasegoodsandservicesthatmakegoodhealthmorelikely.Thesegoodsandservicesincludenutritiousfood,ahygienicandsafeenvironment,medicalcare,andamenitiesthatreducepsychologicalstress.Unlessestrangedorunusuallywealthy,husbandsandwivesalmostalwayssharetheirfinancialresourcesandpurchaseandconsumemanyofthesehealth-promotinggoodsandservicesjointly.Inshort,therearemanywaysinwhichspousescaninfluenceeachother’sprobabilityofgoodhealth.
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthemosteffectivewayforthehusbandtoreducepsychologicalstress?
3.Whichoneisthesuitablesummaryofparagraph1?
4.Howcanmoneymakegoodhealth?
5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytothrowspousesintoillhealth?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Howspousescanpromoteeachother’sphysicalcondition.
B.Thespouse’sprobabilityoffuturewell-being.
C.Effectsofspouse’shoursofworkoneachother’shealth.
D.Spousesinfluenceeachotherinvariousways.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Totalktootherperson.
B.Togotoseepsychiatrist.
C.Totakepleasure.
D.Totalkwithhiswife.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Spouse’sinfluenceisofvitalimportancetoeachother’shealth.
B.Spouse’sinfluencehasnothingtodowithhealth.
C.Healthyspouseswillremainhealthaftertheirmarriage.
D.Thereareavarietyofsociallymediatedfactors.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Moneysometimesmaybepowerfulenoughtobuyhealthdirectly.
B.Spousescanmanagemoneyincomeeffectivelyforeachother’shealth
C.Moneycanprovidespouseswithgoodsandservices,whichislikelytomakegoodhealth.
D.Forthesakeofeachother’sheath,husbandsandwivesshouldshareeverything.
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.Positiveinteractionwithrelatives.
B.Appropriatephysicalexercise.
C.Fewsocialnetworks.
D.Nutritiousfood.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:A
第4題:C
第5題:C
【解析】1.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知,作者在第一段指出丈夫或妻子的健康狀況不僅受到社會(huì)因素的影響,還會(huì)受到其配偶的影響。接著后面的三個(gè)段落分別從三個(gè)不同的角度講述了配偶之間應(yīng)該如何相互幫助來促進(jìn)彼此的健康,所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。
2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容,減壓機(jī)制包括消除壓力來源,通過與信任的人談話來管理壓力,還有心理治療,體育鍛煉,娛樂休閑等其他方法。配偶可以提供或鼓勵(lì)所有這些減輕壓力的行為。由此可知,作者認(rèn)為丈夫減輕心理壓力最有效的辦法應(yīng)該是與信任的人也就是妻子進(jìn)行談話溝通,所以選項(xiàng)D正確。
3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第11題的分析可知,第一段主要是講丈夫或妻子的健康狀況不僅受到社會(huì)因素的影響,還會(huì)受到其配偶的影響。也就是說配偶的影響對(duì)彼此的健康至關(guān)重要。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。
4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Moneydoesnotbuyhealthdirectly,butitcanbeusedtopurchasegoodsandservicesthatmakegoodhealthmorelikely.金錢不能直接買到健康,但它可以用來購(gòu)買使人更有可能獲得健康的商品和服務(wù)?!庇纱丝芍?,選項(xiàng)C符合原文。
5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A選項(xiàng)“與親人之間的積極互動(dòng)”;B選項(xiàng)“適當(dāng)?shù)捏w育鍛煉”;D選項(xiàng)“有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物”都能夠促進(jìn)配偶的健康狀
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