考研考博-英語(yǔ)-曲靖職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解篇1

書山有路勤為徑，學(xué)海無涯苦作舟！住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語(yǔ)-曲靖職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院押題密卷附帶答案詳解（圖片大小可自由調(diào)整）全文為Word可編輯，若為PDF皆為盜版，請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買！第壹套一.全考點(diǎn)押題密卷-綜合訓(xùn)練(共50題)1.單選題

Historianshaveonlyrecentlybeguntonotetheincreaseindemandforluxurygoodsandservicesthattookplacein18th-centuryEngland.McKendrickhasexploredtheWedgwoodfirm'sremarkablesuccessinmarketingluxurypottery;Plumbhaswrittenabouttheproliferationofprovincialtheaters,musicalfestivals,andchildren'stoysandbooks.Whilethefactofthisconsumerrevolutionishardlyindoubt,threekeyquestionsremain:Whoweretheconsumers?Whatweretheirmotives?Andwhatweretheeffectsofthenewdemandforluxuries?

Ananswertothefirstofthesehasbeendifficulttoobtain.Althoughithasbeenpossibletoinferfromthegoodsandservicesactuallyproducedwhatmanufacturesandservicingtradesthoughttheircustomerswanted,onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.Westillneedtoknowhowlargethisconsumermarketwasandhowfardownthesocialscaletheconsumerdemandforluxurygoodspenetrated.Withregardtothislastquestion,wemightnoteinpassingthatThompson,whilerightlyrestoringlaboringpeopletothestageof18th-centuryEnglishhistory,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral;forexample,laboringpeopleineighteenth-centuryEnglandreadilyshiftedfromhome-brewedbeertostandardizedbeerproducedbyhuge,heavilycapitalizedurbanbreweries.

Toanswerthequestionofwhyconsumersbecamesoeagertobuy,somehistorianshavepointedtotheabilityofmanufacturerstoadvertiseinarelativelyuncensoredpress.This,however,hardlyseemsasufficientanswer.McKendrickfavorsaVeblenmodelofconspicuousconsumptionstimulatedbycompetitionforstatus.The"middlingsort"boughtgoodsandservicesbecausetheywantedtofollowfashionssetbytherich.Again,wemaywonderwhetherthisexplanationissufficient.Donotpeopleenjoybuyingthingsasaformofself-gratification?Ifso,consumerismcouldbeseenasaproductoftheriseofnewconceptsofindividualismandmaterialism(apreoccupationwithorstressuponmaterialratherthanintellectualorspiritualthings),butnotnecessarilyofthefrenzyforconspicuouscompetition.

Finally,whatweretheconsequencesofthisconsumerdemandforluxuries?McKendrickclaimsthatitgoesalongwaytowardexplainingthecoiningoftheIndustrialRevolution.Butdoesit?What,forexample,doestheproductionofhigh-qualitypotteryandtoyshavetodowiththedevelopmentofironmanufactureortextilemills?Itisperfectlypossibletohavethepsychologyandrealityofaconsumersocietywithoutaheavyindustrialsector.

Thatfutureexplorationofthesekeyquestionsisundoubtedlynecessaryshouldnot,however,diminishtheforceoftheconclusionofrecentstudies:theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthormentionsMcKendrickandPlumbmostprobablyinorderto（）.

2.Whichofthefollowingitems,ifpreservedfrom18th-centuryEngland,wouldprovideanexampleofthekindofdocumentsmentionedinlines3-4,Paragraph2?

3.Accordingtothetext,Thompsonattributestolaboringpeoplein18th-centuryEnglandwhichofthefollowingattitudestowardcapitalistconsumerism?

4.Inthethirdparagraph,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith（）.

5.Accordingtothetext,18th-centuryEnglandandthecontemporaryworldofthetextreadersare（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.contrasttheirviewsonthesubjectofluxuryconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland

B.indicatetheinadequacyofhistoriographicalapproachesto18th-centuryEnglishhistory

C.giveexamplesofhistorianswhohavehelpedtoestablishthefactofgrowingconsumerismin18th-centuryEngland

D.supportthecontentionthatkeyquestionsabout18th-centuryconsumerismremaintobeanswered

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Awrittenagreementbetweenasupplierofrawmaterialsandasupplierofluxurygoods.

B.Adiarythatmentionsluxurygoodsandservicespurchasedbyitsauthor.

C.Atheaterticketstampedwiththedateandnameofaparticularplay.

D.Apayrollrecordfromacompanythatproducedluxurygoodssuchaspottery.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Enthusiasm.

B.Curiosity.

C.Ambivalence.

D.Hostility.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.contrastingtwothesesandofferingacompromise

B.questioningtwoexplanationsandproposingapossiblealternativetothem

C.paraphrasingtheworkoftwohistoriansandquestioningtheirassumptions

D.examiningtwotheoriesandendorsingoneovertheother

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxuryconsumerismcouldbesaidtobewidespreadamongthesocialclasses

B.dissimilarintheirdefinitionsofluxurygoodsandservices

C.dissimilarintheextenttowhichluxurygoodscouldbesaidtobestimulantofindustrialdevelopment

D.similarintheirstrongdemandforavarietyofgoodsandservices

【答案】第1題:C

第2題:B

第3題:D

第4題:B

第5題:D

【解析】第1題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)第一段的內(nèi)容可知第一句為本段的中心句。作者列舉McKendrick和Plumb是為了說明他們做了相關(guān)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了人們對(duì)奢侈商品和服務(wù)需求的增加。所以選項(xiàng)C正確。

第2題:細(xì)節(jié)推斷題。根據(jù)第二段的第二句“onlyastudyofrelevantpersonaldocumentswrittenbyactualconsumerswillprovideaprecisepictureofwhowantedwhat.”只有實(shí)際消費(fèi)者寫的相關(guān)私人資料才能讓人精確掌握"他想要什么"。選項(xiàng)B符合原文。

第3題:信息推斷題。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞“Thompson”定位在第二段的后半部分“...,hasprobablyexaggeratedtheoppositionofthesepeopletotheinroadsofcapitalistconsumerismingeneral.”Thompson可能夸大了勞動(dòng)人民對(duì)資本主義消費(fèi)方式的抵抗情緒。所以選項(xiàng)D敵對(duì)的，符合原文。

第4題:信息歸納題。根據(jù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，本段主要就“消費(fèi)者為什么變得那么急于購(gòu)物”的原因展開，作者提到兩個(gè)原因但給出了自己的質(zhì)疑，隨后給出自己的見解，即作者認(rèn)為人們喜愛購(gòu)物是一種自我滿足的形式。所以選項(xiàng)B正確。

第5題:信息推斷題。題干中的"thecontemporaryworld"與最后一段中的"ourownworld"同義。所以根據(jù)最后一段的最后一句“theinsatiabledemandineighteenth-centuryEnglandforfrivolousaswellasusefulgoodsandservicesforeshadowsourownworld.”18世紀(jì)英國(guó)對(duì)那些有用的瑣碎商品及服務(wù)的不知足預(yù)示了我們目前這個(gè)世界的特征。所以選項(xiàng)D共同點(diǎn)在于他們對(duì)不同商品的強(qiáng)烈追求，符合原文。

2.單選題

Thecourtconsidersafinancial____tobeanappropriatewayofpunishinghim.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.payment

B.obligation

C.option

D.penalty

【答案】D

【解析】考查名詞辨析與上下文語(yǔ)義。A選項(xiàng)payment“應(yīng)付的款項(xiàng)總額”；B選項(xiàng)obligation“義務(wù)；責(zé)任”；C選項(xiàng)option“選擇；選擇權(quán)”；D選項(xiàng)penalty“罰款；罰金”。句意：法院認(rèn)為財(cái)務(wù)____是懲罰他的合適方法。根據(jù)“懲罰”推斷D選項(xiàng)“罰款”最符合句意。因此，本題最佳選項(xiàng)為D。

3.單選題

Theearlyuseofa[A]completesteelframefortoweringbuildings[B]appearedinthe[C]firstskyscraper,[D]builtonChicagoin1883.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.complete

B.appeared

C.firstskyscraper

D.builton

【答案】D

【解析】【答案】D

【考查點(diǎn)】介詞的用法。

【解題思路】表達(dá)在某個(gè)城市時(shí)，應(yīng)選用介詞in。因此應(yīng)將D選項(xiàng)改為builtin。

【句意】1883年在芝加哥建造的第一座摩天大樓就使用了完整鋼框架。

4.單選題

Asthepost-EnronwaveofcorporatescandalswashedoverAmericalastyear,acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.Farfromhavingtheworld’sbest-policedmarkets,theUnitedStates,manyEuropeanpoliticiansclaimed,suffereduniquelyfromalethalcombinationofgreedyandoverpaidbosses:conflictedauditorsandinvestmentbankers,relianceonaccountingrulesnotprinciples,andanobsessionwithquarterlyprofitnumbers.InAmerica,asmanyas1,200companieshavebeenforcedtorestatetheiraccountsinthepastfiveyears,inEuropethenumberisbarelyindoubledigits.Soitisoutrageous,manyEuropeansnowargue,thatAmericaisseekingtoimposetheunwieldySarbanes-Oxleyact,passedinthewakeofEnron,onEuropeancompanieslistedinNewYork.

AsmoresensibleEuropeanregulatorsrecognize,thissmugnesswasneverjustified;itisonlynecessarytorecallscandalssuchasVivendiandElan.ButEurope’sclaimofimmunityfromcorporateslacknesshasnowbeenblownoutofthewaterbythisweek’srevelationsthatRoyalAholdoftheNetherlandsoverstateditsprofitsfor200-02byasmuchas$500m.Thecompany’sAmsterdam-basedauditors,Deloitte&Touche,failedtopicktheproblemsupin2001,eventhoughworriesaboutAhold’saccountswerewidelyexpressedinthemarketsformostoflastyear.TheDutchmarketregulatoradmittedthisweekthatithadnopowersofdisciplineoverfaultyauditing.

Whatabouttherelativenumbersofrestatements?BecauseAmerica’sGAAPaccountingsystemreliesonthousandsofpagesofrules,itismorevulnerabletomanipulationthanEurope’smoreprinciples-basedapproach.Butgiventhelargelynon-existentregulationofauditorsandthepoorcorporategovernanceprevalentinmuchofEurope:amoreplausibleconclusionisthatEuropehashadfeweraccountingscandalsthanAmericamainlybecausenobodyhasseriouslylookedforthem,notbecausetheyarenotthere.

ThisisnottosaythatEuropeshouldadoptSarbanes-Oxleyintoto.ThathastilydraftedlawwasdesignedforAmerica’sverydifferentsystem.Manyofthelaw’srulesonmanagersandboardsseemundulyintrusiveevenforAmerica.Butstatutoryindependentregulationofauditors,asprescribedbySarbanes-Oxley,makessenseeverywhere.Sodorulestostopaccountingfirmsdoingconsultingworkforauditclients:anditisalsoworthconsideringmandatoryrotationofauditors.

ThecaseforindependentregulationisthestrongerbecauseEuropeanUnioncompaniesareduetoadoptinternationalaccountingstandardsby2005.Itislittleusetakingthiswelcomesteptowardstougherstandards,whichtheEuropeansareurgingonAmericaintheinterestsofglobalharmonization,ifthereisnobodytooverseetherules.YettheEuropeanFederationofAccountantsadmitsthat,insixEUcountries,thereisineffectnoenforcementatall.

21.Whichoffollowingit’strueaccordingtoParagraph1?

22.Thephrase“intoto”inParagraph4mostprobablymeans（）.

23.IncontrasttoAmerican,Europe,incopingwithfaultycorporateauditing,wouldattachimportanceto（）.

24.Itseemthattheultimatesolutiontotheproblemofcorporatescandalsliesin（）.

25.Accordingtotheauthor,theEuropeancorporatesituationis（）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.ManyEuropeanpoliticianswouldboastofimmunityfromAmerica’scorporateills.

B.Manycompaniessufferedfromtheirabsoluterelianceuponaccountingrules.

C.ManyEuropeansprotestedagainstAmerica’sprinciplesimposeduponEuropeanfirms.

D.ManyEuropeanregulatorsrespondedsensiblytothewaveofcorporatescandals.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.baseduponsensibility

B.followinginahaste

C.givenadifferencesystem

D.actinginasimilarfashion

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.ruleenforcement

B.reliableprinciples

C.justifiedprescription

D.frequentrestatements

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.theinterestsofglobalharmonization

B.theindependentregulationofauditors

C.theadoptionoftougherstandards

D.thesupervisionofconsultingwork

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.fairlyoptimistic

B.quitepromising

C.somewhatdepressing

D.veryastonishing

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:B

第4題:B

第5題:C

【解析】21.推理判斷題。定位在首句Asthepost-EnronwaveofcorporatescandalswashedoverAmericalastyear,acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.（關(guān)于去年安然公司的丑聞，歐洲人的共同反應(yīng)是：這種情況不可能在歐洲發(fā)生。）以及原文中的舉例InAmerica,asmanyas1,200companieshavebeenforcedtorestatetheiraccountsinthepastfiveyears,inEuropethenumberisbarelyindoubledigits.（在美國(guó)，在過去的五年里，有1200家公司被迫重述他們的賬目，而在歐洲，這個(gè)數(shù)字僅僅是兩位數(shù)。）由此可以推論歐洲人都對(duì)自己國(guó)家很有信心。所以A選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲政客會(huì)吹噓可以免疫美國(guó)企業(yè)的弊病”正確。B選項(xiàng)“許多公司因完全依賴會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則而蒙受損失”說法過于絕對(duì)，錯(cuò)誤，C選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲人抗議美國(guó)強(qiáng)加給歐洲公司的原則”，由C選項(xiàng)可以定位到第一段的最后一句Soitisoutrageous,manyEuropeansnowargue,thatAmericaisseekingtoimposetheunwieldySarbanes-Oxleyact,passedinthewakeofEnron,onEuropeancompanieslistedinNewYork.（因此，許多歐洲人現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為，美國(guó)正試圖把安然事件后通過的繁瑣的薩班斯-奧克斯利法案強(qiáng)加給在紐約上市的歐洲公司，這是令人氣憤的。）可知這只是一個(gè)想法，并未落實(shí)。因此C項(xiàng)不符合原文，錯(cuò)誤。D選項(xiàng)“許多歐洲監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)公司丑聞浪潮做出了明智的反應(yīng)”，根據(jù)原文acommonresponseinEuropewas:itcouldn’thappenhere.（歐洲人的共同反應(yīng)是：這種情況不可能在歐洲發(fā)生。）可知?dú)W洲人是有些太過肯定與自信的，不符合明智的這一說法，所以D錯(cuò)誤。故選A。

22.詞義推測(cè)題。A選項(xiàng)“基于感性”，B選項(xiàng)“急忙仿效”，C選項(xiàng)“給出一個(gè)不同的系統(tǒng)”，D選項(xiàng)“以類似的方式行動(dòng)的”。定位到原文ThisisnottosaythatEuropeshouldadoptSarbanes-Oxleyintoto.（這并不是說歐洲就應(yīng)該……采取薩班斯-奧克斯利法案。），后一句ThathastilydraftedlawwasdesignedforAmerica’sverydifferentsystem.（這份匆忙起草的法律是為美國(guó)非常不同的體系設(shè)計(jì)的。）由此可知，作者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)法案只適用于美國(guó)，對(duì)歐洲而言，是不需要和美國(guó)一樣采取這項(xiàng)法案的。因此D選項(xiàng)符合題意。故選D。

23.客觀細(xì)節(jié)題。定位到原文BecauseAmerica’sGAAPaccountingsystemreliesonthousandsofpagesofrules,itismorevulnerabletomanipulationthanEurope’smoreprinciples-basedapproach.（因?yàn)槊绹?guó)的GAAP會(huì)計(jì)體系依賴于數(shù)千頁(yè)的規(guī)則，它比歐洲的更基于原則的方法更容易被操縱。）由此可知，歐洲相比于規(guī)則而言，更傾向于基于原則的方式。A選項(xiàng)“規(guī)則的執(zhí)行”，由關(guān)鍵句可知，美國(guó)才是更注重規(guī)則的執(zhí)行的，偷換主語(yǔ)，錯(cuò)誤。B選項(xiàng)“可靠的原則”符合題意，正確。C選項(xiàng)“合理的處方”，D選項(xiàng)“頻繁的重述”，C，D選項(xiàng)在文中并未涉及，可排除。故選B。

24.推理判斷題。根據(jù)原文Butstatutoryindependentregulationofauditors,asprescribedbySarbanes-Oxley,makessenseeverywhere.（但是，《薩班斯-奧克斯利法》規(guī)定的對(duì)審計(jì)師的法定獨(dú)立監(jiān)管，在任何地方都是行得通的。）而且定位在最后一段的首句ThecaseforindependentregulationisthestrongerbecauseEuropeanUnioncompaniesareduetoadoptinternationalaccountingstandardsby2005.（獨(dú)立監(jiān)管的情況更強(qiáng)大，因?yàn)闅W盟公司將于2005年采用國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則。）由此可推出解決公司丑聞問題的最終辦法是對(duì)審計(jì)師的法定獨(dú)立監(jiān)管。所以B選項(xiàng)“對(duì)審計(jì)師的獨(dú)立監(jiān)管”正確。A選項(xiàng)“全球和諧的利益”在文中只是小部分陳述，與題意無關(guān)，可排除。C選項(xiàng)“采用更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，根據(jù)原文Itislittleusetakingthiswelcomesteptowardstougherstandards,whichtheEuropeansareurgingonAmericaintheinterestsofglobalharmonization,ifthereisnobodytooverseetherules.（如果沒有人來監(jiān)督這些規(guī)則，朝著更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)邁出這受歡迎的一步是沒有用的，歐洲為了全球協(xié)調(diào)的利益正敦促美國(guó)這樣做。）可知更嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在無人監(jiān)督的情況下，也是無效的。因此可排除C選項(xiàng)。D選項(xiàng)“咨詢工作的監(jiān)督”，定位到原文Sodorulestostopaccountingfirmsdoingconsultingworkforauditclients:anditisalsoworthconsideringmandatoryrotationofauditors.（所以規(guī)定禁止會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所為審計(jì)客戶提供咨詢服務(wù)也是值得考慮強(qiáng)制輪換審計(jì)人員的。）對(duì)咨詢工作的監(jiān)督只是其中的一類，不能作為最終的解決辦法。故選B。

25.推理判斷題。定位到原文Butgiventhelargelynon-existentregulationofauditorsandthepoorcorporategovernanceprevalentinmuchofEurope:amoreplausibleconclusionisthatEuropehashadfeweraccountingscandalsthanAmericamainlybecausenobodyhasseriouslylookedforthem,notbecausetheyarenotthere.（但是考慮到審計(jì)機(jī)構(gòu)的監(jiān)管基本上不存在，以及歐洲大部分地區(qū)普遍存在的糟糕的公司治理，所以有一個(gè)更可信的結(jié)論是，歐洲的會(huì)計(jì)丑聞比美國(guó)少，主要是因?yàn)闆]有人認(rèn)真地去尋找這些丑聞，而不是因?yàn)樗鼈儾淮嬖凇＃┒谝欢伍_始時(shí)就有說到歐洲人一致認(rèn)為這種事情絕對(duì)不可能在他們國(guó)家發(fā)生。由此可知?dú)W洲公司的現(xiàn)狀是有些堪憂的。A選項(xiàng)“相當(dāng)樂觀”，B選項(xiàng)“很有前途的”，C選項(xiàng)“有點(diǎn)令人沮喪”，D選項(xiàng)“非常驚人的”，因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意，故選C。

5.單選題

Sometimes,whilelivinginaforeigncountry,onecravesaspecialdishfromhome.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.desires

B.eats

C.prepares

D.orders

【答案】A

【解析】考查詞義辨析。crave表示“渴望，懇求”；A項(xiàng)desire“想要，渴望”，B項(xiàng)eat“吃”，C項(xiàng)prepare“準(zhǔn)備”，D項(xiàng)order“命令，下單”。句意：生活在異國(guó)他鄉(xiāng)時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)想吃家鄉(xiāng)的特色菜。因此A項(xiàng)正確。

6.單選題

Yourletterarrivedafterthefinaldateforapplication,（）wecan’tconsideryouforthisjob.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.consequently

B.remarkably

C.fluently

D.alarmingly

【答案】A

【解析】考查副詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)consequently“因此，所以”；B選項(xiàng)remarkably“顯著地，非常地”；C選項(xiàng)fluently“流利地，通暢地”；D選項(xiàng)alarmingly“驚人地，讓人擔(dān)憂地”。句意：你的信到的時(shí)候已經(jīng)過了申請(qǐng)的最后期限，所以我們無法讓你做這份工作。后半句是前半句事情導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果，是因果關(guān)系，所以A選項(xiàng)Consequently“因此，所以”正確。因此A選項(xiàng)符合題意。

7.單選題

Itisquitenecessaryforaqualifiedteachertohavegoodmannersand（

）knowledge.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.extensive

B.expansive

C.intensive

D.expensive

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容詞詞義辨析。extensive“廣泛的，大量的”；expansive“廣闊的”；intensive“密集的，加強(qiáng)的”；expensive“昂貴的”。句意：一個(gè)合格的老師要有良好的修養(yǎng)和廣博的知識(shí)，這是非常重要的。選項(xiàng)A符合題意。

8.單選題

Theprofessorcouldhardlyfindsufficientgrounds______hisargumentsinfavorofthenewtheory.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.whichtobaseon

B.onwhichtobase

C.tobebasedon

D.tobaseon

【答案】B

【解析】【試題解析】考查定語(yǔ)從句。句意：這位教授幾乎找不到足夠的根據(jù)來支持他的新理論。根據(jù)橫線到句尾是對(duì)sufficientgrounds進(jìn)行修飾的定語(yǔ)從句，確定用引導(dǎo)詞which；根據(jù)短語(yǔ)basehisargumentsonthesesufficient，確定用介詞on，B選項(xiàng)onwhichtobase正確。A選項(xiàng)whichtobaseon介詞和語(yǔ)序錯(cuò)誤；C選項(xiàng)tobebasedon和D選項(xiàng)tobaseon介詞使用錯(cuò)誤。因此B選項(xiàng)正確。

9.單選題

Scienceandtechnologyactuallyhelpto（）theusefulandpleasantpartsoftraditionalculture.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.preserve

B.prevail

C.reserve

D.precede

【答案】A

【解析】動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。句意:科學(xué)技術(shù)實(shí)際上有助于保存?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)文化中有用的和討人喜歡的部分。選項(xiàng)中只有A和C有保留，保存的意思。preserve強(qiáng)調(diào)保護(hù)東西完好無損;reserve指保存儲(chǔ)備留作后用。根據(jù)句意可知，選項(xiàng)A更符合語(yǔ)境。

10.單選題

Untilmeninventedwaysofstayingunderwaterformorethanafewminutes,thewondersoftheworldbelowthesurfaceoftheseawerealmostunknown.Themainproblem,ofcourse,liesinair.Howcouldairbesuppliedtoswimmersbelowthesurfaceofthesea?Picturesmadeabout2,900yearsagoinAsiashowmenswimmingunderthesurfacewithairbagstiedtotheirbodies.Apipefromthebagcarriedairintotheswimmer’smouth.Butlittleprogresswasachievedintheinventionofdivingdevicesuntilabout1490,whenthefamousItalianpainter,LeonardodaVinci,designedacompletedivingsuit.

In1680,anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbagwithaglasswindowtobewornoverthediver’shead.To“clean”theairabreathingpipewentfromtheairbag,throughanotherbagtoremovemoisture,andthenagaintothelargeairbag.Theplandidnotwork,butitgavelaterinventorstheideaofmovingairaroundindivingdevices.

In1819,aGerman,AugustusSiebe,developedawayofforcingairintothehead-coveringbyamachineoperatedabovethewater.Finally,in1837,heinventedthe“hard-hatsuit”thatwastobeusedfornearlyacentury.Ithadametalcoveringfortheheadandanairpipeattachedtoamachineabovethewater.Italsohadsmallopeningstoremoveunwantedair.Butthereweretwodangerstothediverinsidethe“hard-hatsuit”.Onewasthesuddenrisetothesurface,causedbyatoogreatsupplyofair.Theotherwasthecrushingofthebody,causedbyasuddendivingintodeepwater.Thesuddenrisetothesurfacecouldkillthediver;asuddendivecouldforcehisbodyupintothehelmet,whichcouldalsoresultindeath.

Graduallythe“hard-hatsuit”wasimprovedsothatthedivercouldbegivenaconstantsupplyofair.Thedivercouldthenmovearoundundertheoceanwithoutworryingabouttheairsupply.

Duringthe1940sdivingunderwaterwithoutaspecialsuitbecamepopular.Instead,diversusedabreathingdeviceandasmallcoveringmadeofrubberandglassoverpartsoftheface.Toimprovetheswimmer’sspeedanothernewinventionwasused：apieceofrubbershapedlikeagiantfoot,whichwasattachedtoeachofthediver’sownfeet.Themanufactureofrubberbreathingpipesmadeitpossiblefordiverstofloatonthesurfaceofthewater,observingthemarinelifeunderneaththem.Aspecialrubbersuitenabledthemtostayincoldwaterforlongperiods,collectingspecimensofanimalandvegetablelifethathadneverbeenobtainedinthepast.

Themostimportantadvance,however,wastheinventionofaself-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus,whichiscalleda“scuba”.

InventedbytwoFrenchmen,JacquesCousteauandEmileGagnan,thescubaconsistsofamouth-piecejoinedtooneortwotanksofcompressedairwhichareattachedtothediver’sback.

Thescubamakesitpossibleforadiver-scientisttowork200feetunderwaterorevendeeperforseveralhours.Asaresult,scientistscannowmovearoundfreelyatgreatdepths,learningaboutthewondersofthesea.

1.Themainprogressmentionedinthispassagewas（

）.

2.AninventionofanItalianprofessor（

）.

3.Siebes’inventionwasnotaperfectone,because（

）.

4.Theword“scuba”is（

）.

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.anItalianprofessorinventedalargeairbag

B.meninventedthebestdivingdevices

C.anItalianpainterdesignedacompletedivingsuit

D.anairbag

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.workedoutverywell

B.can“clean”theair

C.inspiredlaterinventions

D.wasusedtoremovemoisture

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.toosmallasupplyofaircouldresultinasuddenrisetothesurface

B.asuddendiveintodeepwatercouldcausethecrushingofthebody

C.theairpipeattachedtoamachinecouldbeabovethesurface

D.bothAandB

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.acertaindiver’sname

B.anoriginalEnglishword

C.namedbytheinventor

D.anacronym

【答案】第1題:B

第2題:C

第3題:B

第4題:D

【解析】1.信息推斷題。根據(jù)文中的單詞“invented,developed,improved”以及“themostimportantadvance”可以知道，文章一直在闡述潛水裝備的發(fā)展進(jìn)程。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。

2.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)“itgavelaterinventorstheidea”這一句得知選項(xiàng)C最符合題意。

3.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段的第三句，“Butthereweretwodangers…Onewas…Theotherwas…,”選項(xiàng)B最符合題意。

4.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段“self-containedunderwaterbreathingapparatus”，可知scuda是首字母縮略詞，選項(xiàng)D符合題意。

11.單選題

Whentheymarry,husbandsandwiveshavewell-developedhealthhistoriesandwell-establishedcongenitalanddevelopmentalpropensitiestowardgoodandillhealth.Substantialresearchsuggeststhat,giventheexistinghealthpropensityandhealthconditionofanindividualataparticulartime,hisorherprobabilityofbetterorworsefuturehealthisaffectedbyavarietyofsociallymediatedfactorsthataresubjecttoinfluenceormanipulationbyhisorherspouse.

Spousescanpromoteeachother’shealthbyamelioratingpsychologicalstress.Asubstantialliteraturedevelopsstrongevidencethatpsychologicalstresscausesillness,increasemortalityrisk,andservesasanimportantmechanismthatlinkssocioeconomiccharacteristicstohealthandmortality.Stress-reducingmechanismsincluderemovalofsourcesofstress,andmanagementofstressbytalkingaboutittoatrustedotherperson,psychologicaltreatment,physicalexercise,recreationandothermeans.Aspousecanprovideorencourageallofthesestress-reducingbehaviors.

Spousesalsocanpromoteeachother’shealthbyprovidingeachotherwithsupportivesocialcontact,andtheycanfacilitateorinhibiteachother’ssocialcontactwithsupportiveothers.Evidencesuggeststhathealthisgreatlyadvancedbysupportivesocialcontacts,includingpositiveinteractionwithrelatives,friends,coworkersandacquaintances.Recentexperimentaldatashowsthatpersonswithmorediversesocialnetworksaremoreresistanttoexperimentallyintroducedupperrespiratoryvirusesthanpersonswithlessdiversesocialnetworks.

Spousescanalsopromoteeachother’shealthbyprovidingeachotherwithmoneyincome,andtheycanhelpeachothermanagemoneyincomeeffectively.Moneydoesnotbuyhealthdirectly,butitcanbeusedtopurchasegoodsandservicesthatmakegoodhealthmorelikely.Thesegoodsandservicesincludenutritiousfood,ahygienicandsafeenvironment,medicalcare,andamenitiesthatreducepsychologicalstress.Unlessestrangedorunusuallywealthy,husbandsandwivesalmostalwayssharetheirfinancialresourcesandpurchaseandconsumemanyofthesehealth-promotinggoodsandservicesjointly.Inshort,therearemanywaysinwhichspousescaninfluenceeachother’sprobabilityofgoodhealth.

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Accordingtotheauthor,whatisthemosteffectivewayforthehusbandtoreducepsychologicalstress?

3.Whichoneisthesuitablesummaryofparagraph1?

4.Howcanmoneymakegoodhealth?

5.Whichofthefollowingislikelytothrowspousesintoillhealth?

問題1選項(xiàng)

A.Howspousescanpromoteeachother’sphysicalcondition.

B.Thespouse’sprobabilityoffuturewell-being.

C.Effectsofspouse’shoursofworkoneachother’shealth.

D.Spousesinfluenceeachotherinvariousways.

問題2選項(xiàng)

A.Totalktootherperson.

B.Togotoseepsychiatrist.

C.Totakepleasure.

D.Totalkwithhiswife.

問題3選項(xiàng)

A.Spouse’sinfluenceisofvitalimportancetoeachother’shealth.

B.Spouse’sinfluencehasnothingtodowithhealth.

C.Healthyspouseswillremainhealthaftertheirmarriage.

D.Thereareavarietyofsociallymediatedfactors.

問題4選項(xiàng)

A.Moneysometimesmaybepowerfulenoughtobuyhealthdirectly.

B.Spousescanmanagemoneyincomeeffectivelyforeachother’shealth

C.Moneycanprovidespouseswithgoodsandservices,whichislikelytomakegoodhealth.

D.Forthesakeofeachother’sheath,husbandsandwivesshouldshareeverything.

問題5選項(xiàng)

A.Positiveinteractionwithrelatives.

B.Appropriatephysicalexercise.

C.Fewsocialnetworks.

D.Nutritiousfood.

【答案】第1題:A

第2題:D

第3題:A

第4題:C

第5題:C

【解析】1.主旨大意題。結(jié)合全文內(nèi)容可知，作者在第一段指出丈夫或妻子的健康狀況不僅受到社會(huì)因素的影響，還會(huì)受到其配偶的影響。接著后面的三個(gè)段落分別從三個(gè)不同的角度講述了配偶之間應(yīng)該如何相互幫助來促進(jìn)彼此的健康，所以選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

2.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)第二段的內(nèi)容，減壓機(jī)制包括消除壓力來源，通過與信任的人談話來管理壓力，還有心理治療，體育鍛煉，娛樂休閑等其他方法。配偶可以提供或鼓勵(lì)所有這些減輕壓力的行為。由此可知，作者認(rèn)為丈夫減輕心理壓力最有效的辦法應(yīng)該是與信任的人也就是妻子進(jìn)行談話溝通，所以選項(xiàng)D正確。

3.主旨大意題。根據(jù)第11題的分析可知，第一段主要是講丈夫或妻子的健康狀況不僅受到社會(huì)因素的影響，還會(huì)受到其配偶的影響。也就是說配偶的影響對(duì)彼此的健康至關(guān)重要。所以選項(xiàng)A符合原文。

4.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。根據(jù)最后一段第二句“Moneydoesnotbuyhealthdirectly,butitcanbeusedtopurchasegoodsandservicesthatmakegoodhealthmorelikely.金錢不能直接買到健康，但它可以用來購(gòu)買使人更有可能獲得健康的商品和服務(wù)?！庇纱丝芍?，選項(xiàng)C符合原文。

5.細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。A選項(xiàng)“與親人之間的積極互動(dòng)”；B選項(xiàng)“適當(dāng)?shù)捏w育鍛煉”；D選項(xiàng)“有營(yíng)養(yǎng)的食物”都能夠促進(jìn)配偶的健康狀