提高生長(zhǎng)性能

MaximizingGrowthPerformance

ManagingthePigs’Environment

提高生長(zhǎng)性能，管理好豬的環(huán)境MikeEllis麥克艾利斯博士DepartmentofAnimalSciencesUniversityofIllinois伊利諾大學(xué)動(dòng)物科學(xué)系商業(yè)性能和性能潛力Effectofrearingenvironmentongrowthandcarcasscharacteristics(40to120kgliveweight)

飼養(yǎng)環(huán)境對(duì)生長(zhǎng)和胴體性狀的影響(40～120千克活重)擁擠寬敞個(gè)體日采食(千克)日增重(克)增重/耗料背膘厚(毫米)眼肌厚度(毫米)預(yù)測(cè)瘦肉率(%)GrowthPerformanceonCommercialUnitsinUSMidwest

美國(guó)中西部商品豬場(chǎng)內(nèi)的生長(zhǎng)性能Median平均PhaseApprox.weightrange(kg)ADG(kg)ADFI(kg)G:FratioNursery5to204300.620.70Grow-Finish30to11581026000.33Wean-to-Finish5to11566017600.37階段體重范圍(千克)日增重日采食增重/耗料保育期生長(zhǎng)肥育期斷奶-肥育Whyfocusonincreasinggrowthrate?為何注重增加生長(zhǎng)速度Throughputiseconomicallyimportant生產(chǎn)效率在經(jīng)濟(jì)上重要Lightweightpigscostmoney體重輕的豬使成本增加ParticularlyinAll-In/All-Outsystems特別是全進(jìn)-全出體系(underweightscost$10to$35perpig)(體重低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)每頭豬降價(jià)10-35美分)Increasinggrowthratewillreducethenumberoflight-weightpigswhenbarnisemptied加快生長(zhǎng)率可以減少清空豬舍時(shí)的體重較輕豬只數(shù)Withinageneticlinevariationingrowthrateduetoenvironmentalfactorsmayresultlargelydifferencesinfeedintakeandnotfeedefficiency?

同品種內(nèi)由環(huán)境因素引起的生長(zhǎng)率差異可能造成顯著的采食量出差異,而且飼料效益上的差異呢?Increasinggrowthratewillincreaseoutputwitheithernoeffectorasmallpositiveeffectonfeedefficiency?加快生長(zhǎng)速度將擴(kuò)大產(chǎn)量,而且對(duì)飼料效益不會(huì)或極少對(duì)飼料效益產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響Maximizingtotalfacilityoutput

提高設(shè)備的總利用率Keyindexoffacilityoutputis:設(shè)備產(chǎn)出量的關(guān)鍵指標(biāo) Liveweightofpigsproduced/unitoffloorspace kg/squaremeter單位面積所產(chǎn)豬的活重(千克/平方米)Abetterindexofperformancethangrowthrate?比生長(zhǎng)率更好的性能指標(biāo)Notcalculatedbymanyproducers許多養(yǎng)豬者都不計(jì)算Compromisebetweenindividualanimalperformanceandtotalbuildingoutput個(gè)體性能和設(shè)備總產(chǎn)量的折中ReducedGrowthRate

生長(zhǎng)率降低Causesinclude:原因包括Genetics遺傳Disease疾病Gender性別Birthweight初生重Diet飼糧Stockingdensity:floorandfeederspace,groupsize飼養(yǎng)密度：每豬占地面積和采食槽位，群體大小Effectiveenvironment:temperature,humidity,andairquality有效環(huán)境：溫度，速度和空氣質(zhì)量Socialenvironment

群居環(huán)境Temperatureeffectonperformance

ingrowingpigs溫度對(duì)生長(zhǎng)豬性能的影響

Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kgRestrictedspaceallowanceeffect

onperformanceingrowingpigs圈欄面積對(duì)生長(zhǎng)豬性能的影響Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Normalspace(0.56m2)Restrictedspace(0.25m2)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kgNormalspace(0.56m2)Restrictedspace(0.25m2)Mixingstresseffect

onperformanceingrowingpigs混群應(yīng)激對(duì)生長(zhǎng)豬的影響Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kgStaticMixedStaticMixedEffectsofnumberofstressorsonperformance:(a)averagedailygain; (b)dailyfeedintake;(c)gain:feed.應(yīng)激對(duì)日增重日采食量和料肉比的影響Highenvironmentaltemperature高溫環(huán)境Highrespiratoryrateandbloodflow呼吸率增高血流加快Reducedfeedintake采食減少Reducedthyroidhormone甲狀腺激素減少Reducedproteinsynthesisandgrowthrate蛋白質(zhì)合成減少，生長(zhǎng)緩慢Reducedbloodglucose血中葡萄糖減少Increasedcatecholamines兒茶酚胺增加IncreaseenergyExpenditure增加能量消耗ReducedIGF-1incirculation血中生長(zhǎng)激素減少Reducedinsulinproduction胰島素產(chǎn)量減少Increasedheatloss增加散熱Decreasedheatproduction產(chǎn)熱增加Bodytemperatureregulation體溫調(diào)節(jié)TemperatureEffectsonGrowth

溫度對(duì)生長(zhǎng)的影響Comfortzone適溫區(qū)Rangeoftemperatureswithinwhichanimalneedstoneitherincreaseheatproductionorincreaseheatlosstomaintainastablebodytemperature動(dòng)物既不需要增加產(chǎn)熱也不需要增加散熱就能保持穩(wěn)定體溫的溫度范圍FloorType: Straw墊草

Solid水泥

Fully全漏縫地板類型

Bedded Concrete Slatted

oC

oC

oCPigletsPre-weaning(Age)哺乳仔豬Day1 30 31 32Day3 28 30 29Day5 24 26 27Day17 22 24 25PigsPostWeaning(Weight)斷奶豬6kg(dofweaning) 27 28 306kg(oncestartedeating) 26 27 298kg 24 26 2810kg 21 23 2515kg 19 20 2320kg 15 17 2130kg 13 15 1945kg 10 12 1760kg 9 11 1690kg 8 10 15MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION,1999CriticalTemperatures關(guān)鍵溫度FloorType: Straw墊草

Solid水泥

Fully全漏縫地板類型

Bedded Concrete Slatted

oC

oC

oCDrySows(ingroups)空懷母豬ServiceArea 10 12 15(assumes“Flushing”)Gestation 15 17 20FarrowingSows產(chǎn)仔母豬Day1to3postfarrowing 18 20 23Day4toweaning 16 18 20MEATANDLIVESTOCKCOMMISSION,1999CriticalTemperature關(guān)鍵溫度ConsequencesofColdConditions

寒冷的后果Increasedenergyintake增加能量攝入Increasedmetabolicrate提高代謝率Increasedheatproduction增加產(chǎn)熱Limitedeffectsongrowthperformance對(duì)生長(zhǎng)性能影響有限ReducedfeedefficiencyConsequencesofHotConditions

炎熱的后果Reducedfeedintake減少采食Reducedactivitylevel降低活動(dòng)水平Reducedactivity減少活動(dòng)Changesindiurnalbehavior(avoidhotconditions)日常行為變化(避熱)Reducedgrowthrate生長(zhǎng)率降低Relationshipbetweenvoluntaryfeedintakeandambienttemperatureforpigsatdifferentliveweight不同活重豬自主采食量和環(huán)境溫度之間的關(guān)系環(huán)境溫度(℃)代謝能攝入量(兆焦/天)Temperatureeffectonperformance

ingrowingpigs溫度對(duì)生長(zhǎng)豬性能的影響

Atotalof256YorkshirexHampshireorpurebredDurocpigs(initialweight34.7kg)for4weeks(Hyunetal.,1998)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)Thermoneutral(24oC)Cycling/High(28-34oC)ADG,kgADFI,kgGain:Feed,kg/kgEffectoftemperatureondiurnalpatternofbehavioralobservations:(a)Lying;;(b)Sitting;(c)Standing;(d)Eating.溫度對(duì)行為的影響:躺倒,坐立,站立和采食Temperaturemeansdiffer(P<0.01).(Hyunetal.,2004)Effectoftemperatureondiurnalpatternofbehavioralobservations:(a)Lying;;(b)Sitting;(c)Standing;(d)Eating.Temperaturemeansdiffer(P<0.01).(Hyunetal.,2004)Improvinggrowthperformanceunderhotconditions

提高炎熱條件下的生長(zhǎng)性能Increaseddietaryenergyconcentration(addedfat)

提高日糧能量含量(添加脂肪)Fastergrowthbutfattercarcasses生長(zhǎng)加快但胴體較肥Reduceddietarycrudeproteinlevels?降低日糧粗蛋白水平？Lowprotein,syntheticaminoacidfortifieddiets低蛋白、添加合成氨基酸的日糧Coolpigs對(duì)豬降溫Shade陰涼Increasedventilationrates提高通風(fēng)率Increasedevaporativecooling加強(qiáng)蒸發(fā)降溫Wallows,drip&spraycoolers,evaporativecoolers泥水打滾，滴水，噴水，蒸發(fā)降溫器Traditionalmultiple-stagesystems

傳統(tǒng)多階段系統(tǒng)Nursery保育Grow-Finish

生長(zhǎng)肥育Weightrange,lb體重,磅10to6040to250Floorspace/pig,ft2每豬占地面積(平方英尺/頭)1.7to4.05.0to8.5Groupsizes群體大小5to2010to30Pigs/feederspace單位槽位的頭數(shù)3to55to12Flooring地板Plastic,Wire塑料,鐵絲網(wǎng)Concrete水泥Feeder,in/space槽位(英寸)9to1212to18Environment環(huán)境Tightcontrol嚴(yán)格控制Lesscontrol較少控制Sanitation衛(wèi)生水平High高Lower低Groupsize群體大小Commercialgroupsizesrangefrom10to800pigs商品豬群體大小從10到800頭PotentialAdvantagesofLargeGroups

大群的潛在優(yōu)點(diǎn)Reducedpenning&gates減少分圈和門Increasedstockingrate增加載畜率Reducedfacilitycosts減少設(shè)備費(fèi)Easeofcheckingpigs?檢查容易？Easeofhandlingpigs?容易管理？Lessmixingofpigsduringtransport轉(zhuǎn)群時(shí)混群少NumberofpigsperPen每圈豬數(shù)FreeSpaceperpig(m2)每頭豬的自由空間(平方米)Effectofgroupsizeongrowthperformance

群體大小對(duì)生長(zhǎng)的影響

(WolterandEllis,2002)Difference(%)betweenlarge(100pigs)andsmallgroups(20pigs)大群（100頭）與小群（20頭）差異Nursery保育Grow-Finish生長(zhǎng)肥育Liveweightatend終末活重-3+1.0Av.dailygain日增重-4.5+2.5Av.dailyfeedintake日采食量-5.90Gain:feedratio肉料比0+3Pigperformancefromweaningtomarket

斷奶到上市的性能GroupSize群體大小StatisticallySignificant顯著性檢驗(yàn)2550100GrowthPeriod(26wk)

生長(zhǎng)期(26周)

Dailygain,lb日增重(磅)1.441.431.45No

Dailyfeed,lb采食量(磅)3.883.873.88No

Feed:Gain料肉比2.702.702.70No

Mortality,%死亡率3.01.51.0No

Morbidity,%發(fā)病率7.03.53.9YesWhyshouldgrowingpigsresponddifferentlytogroupsizethanlargefinishingpigs?

為什么生長(zhǎng)豬對(duì)群體大小的反應(yīng)與肥育豬不同？Abilitytochangefeedingbehaviorinresponsetoincreasinggroupsize?

增加群體頭數(shù)引起采食行為的變化？群體大小(每圈豬數(shù))平均日增重(克)群體大小(每圈豬數(shù))采食速度(克/分鐘)肥育豬肥育豬生長(zhǎng)豬生長(zhǎng)豬Whatisimpactofverylargegroupsizesongrowthperformance?

特大群體對(duì)生長(zhǎng)有什么影響？Whatisoptimumgroupsize?

什么是最佳群體大??？Situationspecific依具體情況而定Dependsongrowthphaseconsidered

取決于對(duì)生長(zhǎng)期的考慮Personalpreferences個(gè)人的偏好Crowdingofpigsisoneofthemajorreasonsforreducedgrowthoncommercialoperations擁擠是引起商品豬生長(zhǎng)下降的主要原因之一RecommendedFloorSpaceAllowanceFullyslatted 0.035xBodyWeight0.667Partialslatts 0.039xBodyWeight0.667Solid 0.045xBodyWeight0.667(withbedding) Recommendedandcommercialfloorspaceallowances

飼養(yǎng)密度的推薦量和商業(yè)實(shí)際量

(平方米/頭)Liveweightrange(kg)活重范圍Recommendedfloorspace(m2/pig)推薦面積CommercialfloorspaceAllowances商業(yè)面積WelfareCodesEngland英國(guó)動(dòng)物福利面積7to140.16to0.230.180.2014to270.28to0.370.300.3027to450.470.640.4045to680.560.640.55>680.750.640.65–1.00Effectofcrowdinginthenursery

(5to30kgliveweight)

保育豬擁擠的影響（5～30kg活重）Floorspace,m2/pig占地面積(平方米/頭)0.210.63%reduction減少%Dailygain,g日增重1－2周Weeks1&23－4周Weeks3&45－6周Weeks5to8

1633425481663596071.84.79.7Effectofgroupsize/floorspaceongrowthperformance(DeDeckeretal.,2003)

群體大小對(duì)生長(zhǎng)的影響Groupsize,pigs/pen豬數(shù)/圈222732Sig.Floorspace,m2/pig平方米/頭0.790.640.54顯著性Startweight,kg始重,千克5.05.05.1NSEndweight,kg末重,千克131.8117.1113.1***Av.dailygain,g日增重,克688660635***Mortalityandmorbidity,%死亡率與發(fā)病率,%8.510.212.7*Totalliveweight,kg/pen總活重/圈,千克245028393147***FeederDesign飼槽設(shè)計(jì)

Numberofpigsperfeeder&feedinghole

每個(gè)飼槽和槽孔的豬數(shù)Size大小Feedingholes(widthxlengthxheight)

飼槽孔(長(zhǎng)x寬x高）Distancebetweenholes孔間距離Heightfromthefloor離地高度Placement位置WetorDry濕與干TubeorBox管或箱LargeGroup,Multiple-Location

大群，多點(diǎn)Feederspace

槽位Whatisfeedertroughspaceformaximumgrowth?

什么是最有利于生長(zhǎng)的槽位？Effectoffeedertroughspaceongrowth

(Wolter,2002)

槽位大小對(duì)生長(zhǎng)的影響Troughspace槽位大小2cm/pig2cm/頭4cm/pig4cm/頭Difference,%差異，％Study1–weaningto8weekspost-weaning(5to30kg)研究1－斷奶到斷奶后8周（5到30kg)Dailygain,g日增重(克)

1－8周Wk.1to8

1－6周Wk.1to6

6－8周Wk.6to84613966334743986692.80.55.7Study2–weaningto12weekspost-weaning(5to55kg)研究2－斷奶到斷奶后12周（5到55kg)Dailygain,g日增重(克)1－12周Wk.1to125595521.3FeedWastage飼料浪費(fèi)

TaylorandCurtis(1989) 1.7to11.4%

MorrowandWalker(1994) Collected測(cè)定值 <1% Calculated計(jì)算值 7.7%

Growthperformanceofpigsfeddietsasmealorpellets-Averageof4studies.

豬飼喂粉料或顆粒料的生長(zhǎng)性能(四個(gè)研究的平均)

Pellet–Meal顆粒料比粉料Dailygain,g日增重(克) +48Dailyfeedintake,g日采食(克) -90Gain:feed 增重/耗料 +0.03Relationshipbetweenearlyandlategrowth

早期與后期生長(zhǎng)的關(guān)系Effectofearlygrowthrateonlategrowthperformance(Wolter,2002)

早期生長(zhǎng)率對(duì)后期生長(zhǎng)性能的影響Changeinearlygrowthrate,%早期生長(zhǎng)率的變化Responseinsubsequentgrowthperiodtochangeinearlygrowthrate,%早期生長(zhǎng)率變化對(duì)后期生長(zhǎng)的影響ADG日增重ADFI采食量G:F料肉比Stockingrate載畜量-7.7+2.30.0+4.4aFeeder-troughspace槽位大小-2.7+1.7+1.90.0Dietprogram日糧計(jì)劃-3.8+1.20.0+1.0Floorspace占地面積-8.3+3.0a+1.5a+2.4aaSignificantlydifferentP<0.05.顯著水平Whatismosteconomicgrowthcurve?

什么是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的生長(zhǎng)曲線？TimePost-weaningBodyWeightEarly早期Late后期ACRFixedSlaughterWeightAcceleratedConventionalRestricted體重?cái)嗄毯髸r(shí)間固定的屠宰重快常規(guī)慢EffectofTransitionFeederonPost-weaningGrowth

Transition飼槽對(duì)斷奶后生長(zhǎng)的影響

Feedertype飼槽類型 Conventional Transition

常規(guī)

Weightat(kg):體重(千克)Weaning斷奶時(shí) 6.0 6.014days14日齡 8.4 8.928days28日齡 14.1 14.3Morbidity(%) 4.5 2.1 發(fā)病率(%)

Managingbarncloseouts

管理好豬的送宰Targetismaximumprofit目標(biāo)是最大利潤(rùn)Determinedby:取決于Totalweightofpigsproduced所產(chǎn)豬的總重量Numberpigsintargetweightwindow達(dá)到目標(biāo)體重的豬數(shù)Whatisoptimumremovalstrategy(timing;numberofanimals)?

什么是最佳“先送宰”策略(時(shí)間，豬數(shù))WhatisoptimumuseofPaylean?什么是Paylean的最佳利用?Increasesgrowthrate7to10%使生長(zhǎng)率提高7～10%Biggesteffectisinthefastestgrowingpigsduringfirst3weeksafterPayleanisintroduced最大的效應(yīng)在于引進(jìn)Paylean后最初3周期間生長(zhǎng)最快生長(zhǎng)最快的豬Variationinweightofpigsatslaughter

豬屠宰體重的變異RecentestimateofthecosttotheUSslaughterindustrybecauseofinconsistentweights$1.32/pigslaughtered

由于屠宰重不整齊劃一使美國(guó)屠宰業(yè)在每頭屠宰豬損失1.32美金Costtoproducerishigher生產(chǎn)者的損失更高Reducedpriceforpigssenttothepacker屠宰豬的價(jià)格降低Reducedpriceforlightweightpigsthathavetobeshippedtolowvalueoutlets體重輕的屠宰豬價(jià)格降低Complicatedbyall-in/all-outmanagementsystems

由于全進(jìn)全出的管理系統(tǒng)Buildingsmustbeemptiedbyafixeddate豬圈必須在固定時(shí)間騰空WeightforAgeis

NormallyDistributed

一定日齡時(shí)的體重是正態(tài)分布Coefficientofvariationinliveweightatslaughter=10to12%屠宰重變異系數(shù)＝10～12％Targetliveweightwindow100to130kg目標(biāo)屠宰重在100到130kgExample:示例Meanliveweightofgroup=120kg群體平均活重＝120kgLightestpigsingroup~84kg最輕的群體平均重84kgHeaviestpigsingroup~156kg最重的群體平均重156kgLiveweight活重VariationinPigGrowthPerformance

生長(zhǎng)性能的變異Liveweight活重Causesinclude:原因包括Genetics遺傳Disease疾病Gender性別Birthweight初生重Diet飼糧Stockingdensity:floorandfeederspace,groupsize載畜量：每豬占地面積和槽位，群體大小Effectiveenvironment:temperature,humidity,andairquality有效環(huán)境：溫度濕度度和空氣質(zhì)量Socialenvironment群居環(huán)境Effectofsortingpigsbyweightonsubsequentperformance

按體重分群對(duì)性能的影響

Weight體重Normal正常Heavy較重Light較輕Startweight,kg始重31.134.228.6Endweight,kg末重112.0112.3112.8Coefficientofvariation,%變異系數(shù)

Start起始10.76.37.6

End結(jié)束9.39.28.5AutomaticSortingTechnologyPigremovalresponse(%)“先送宰”效應(yīng)ItemEntireGroup對(duì)全群Lightest18對(duì)每圈最輕