-高中英語閱讀理解-事實細節(jié)題

閱讀第1講事實細節(jié)題細節(jié)理解題是高考英語閱讀理解中占比重最大的一類題型，這類題旨在考查考生對事實細節(jié)的理解。主要針對who,what,which,why,how,when,where等來提問，可能只針對文章中某一特定的細節(jié)，也可能涉及若干個細節(jié)?！究季V解讀】.從近幾年實施細節(jié)題的考查來看，不僅是數(shù)量增加，而且難度也稍有增加，表現(xiàn)為：答案需要跨段落搜集信息；題目設置順序與全文順序不一致；題目信息與原文信息表達方式不一致。.以考查語言運用能力為主，考查語言知識為輔，考查的側重點將向語篇能力的運用方面傾斜，要求考生運用自己的綜合能力和知識結構去解題?！久}規(guī)律】考查理解文章主要細節(jié)的試題，命題人一般都是通過對文章細節(jié)加以改寫來考查準確理解細節(jié)的能力。細節(jié)題有可能是直接理解題，但多數(shù)情況下是間接理解題。要求在理解的基礎上，通過思維將理解的內容系統(tǒng)化，條理化，比如計算，排序，選圖等。【命題趨勢】事實細節(jié)題呈增多趨勢。題目將由簡單的尋找信息轉向多層次細節(jié)推理綜合，答案需要跨段落搜集信息，單純考查事實細節(jié)的題不太多?！境？键c清單】.Whichofthefollowingistrue/false/mentioned?.Whatdoesthewriterpayleastattentionto?.Choosetherightorderoftheeventsgiveninthepassage?.Allofthefollowingstatementsmaybetrue/falseexcept .Whichofthefollowingisnottheresultof...?【重點難點】1.語義轉換［技巧點撥］雖然說細節(jié)題的答案一般可以在文章中直接或間接地找到，但是與閱讀材料一模一樣的正確選項是幾乎沒有的。而是用不同的詞語或句型表達相同的意思即語意轉換。解題時注意以下幾點：1.順序性原則：一般說來，題序與其題眼在文章中的順序相同。如第53題的答案信息會在第52題的答案信息之后。.定位信息點：通過尋讀法(scanning),用題干中的關鍵詞在文中搜索，迅速確定相關詞句或信息點所在的位置，縮小閱讀范圍。題干中可用來在文中搜索的關鍵詞可能是專有名詞、數(shù)詞、實體名詞，以及這些詞的同義表達等。.理解信息點：在找到關鍵詞句后，要仔細閱讀，準確理解，對照選項，看哪個選項的意思與之最接近。.排除干擾項：在作出選擇的過程中，要善于辨別真?zhèn)?，排除干擾，不斷縮小范圍，選出正確答案，這就是我們常說的排除法。干擾項一般具有以下特征：(1)杜撰事實，無中生有。文中根本找不到任何相關信息，完全由命題人所捏造。(2)偷梁換柱，以假亂真。采用原文中的句式和大部分詞匯，但換了個別詞，改變了原意或范圍。(3)半真半假，虛虛實實。干擾項與原文相關細節(jié)部分相同，部分相悖。(4)文不對題，濫竽充數(shù)。干擾項是文中的事實細節(jié)，但與題干要求不符。［經(jīng)典例題］----Intheanimalkingdom,weaknesscanbringaboutaggressioninotheranimal.Thissometimeshappenswithhumansalso.ButIhavefoundthatmyweaknessbringsoutthekindnessinpeople.Iseeiteverydaywhenpeopleholddoorsforme,pourcreamintomycoffee,orhelpmetoputonmycoat.AndIhavediscoveredthatitmakesthemhappy.Frommywheelchairexperience,Iseethebestinpeople,butsometimesIfeelsadbecausethosewhoappearindependentmissthekindnessIseedaily.Theydon,tgettoseethissoftsideofothers.Often,wetryeverywaypossibletoavoidshowingourweakness,whichincludesalotofpretending.Butonlywhenwestoppretendingwe,rebraveorstrongdoweallowpeopletoshowthekindnessthat,sinthem.Theauthorhasdiscoveredthatpeoplewillfeelhappywhen.theyoffertheirhelptheyreceiveothers,helptheyfeelothers,kindnesstheyshowtheirweaknessTheauthorfeelssadsometimesbecause.hehasasofthearthereliesmuchonotherssomepeoplepretendtobekindsomepeoplefailtoseethekindnessinothers2.是非判斷［技巧點撥］這里的是非判斷題，主要是指true或nottrue,以及含except等詞的這類題。解答這類題，一定要看清，是選與文章內容相符的選項還是選不相符的選項，或是選文中沒有談及的內容。特別注意：NOTtrue這類題，要求選出一個錯誤選項，也就是說，有三個選項是正確的?？忌f不要看到一個正確選項時，就以為這是要選的正確答案呀，這點非常容易出錯。Nottrue這類題涉及的信息點跨度大，要注意作記號。［經(jīng)典例題］--Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Certainmicroorganisms（微生物）causemosttypesoffoodpoisoning.Bacteriaandothermicroorganismscanpoisoneggs,meat,vegetables,andmanyotherfoods.Afterenteringthebody,thesetinylivingthingsrelease（釋放）poisonsthatmakepeoplesick.Somechemicalscanalsocausefoodpoisoning.Theyareoftenaddedtofoodwhileitisbeinggrown,processes,orprepared.Forexample,manyfarmersspraychemicalsoncropstokillweedsandinsects.Somepeoplemayhaveabadreactiontothosechemicalswhentheyeatthecrops.Someplantsandanimalscontainnaturalpoisonsthatareharmfultopeople.Theseincludecertainkindsofseafood,grains,nuts,seeds,beans,andmushrooms.Whenpeoplehandlefoodproperly,theriskoffoodpoisoningisverysmall...1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?Foodpoisonedcanmakepeoplesick.Foodpoisoningmeansdeath.Foodpoisoningcomesinvarieties.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious.2.FoodpoisoningcanbecausedbyallthefollowingEXCEPT.somechemicalslowtemperaturessometinylivingthingscertainnaturalmaterials【課堂練習】【1】Formanyparents,raisingateenagerislikefightingalongwar,butyearsgobywithoutanyclearwinner.Likeaborderconflictbetweenneighboringcountries,theparent-teenwarisaboutboundaries:WhereisthelinebetweenwhatIcontrolandwhatyoudo?Whydoestheauthorcomparetheparent-teenwartoaborderconflict?A.BothcancontinueforgenerationsBothareaboutwheretodrawthelineNeitherhasanyclearwinnerNeithercanbeputtoanend【2】Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesofexpressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theycomparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.Whatwerethepeopleaskedtodointhestudy?Tomakeafaceateachother.Togettheirfacesimpressive.Toclassifysomefacepictures.Toobservetheresearchers'faces.【3】AfterWorldWarII,thepopulationofmostlargeAmericancitiesdecreased;however,thepopulationinmanySunBeltcitiesincreased.LosAngelesandHoustonarecitieswherepopulationshifts（轉移）toandfromthecityreflectthechangingvaluesofAmericansociety.Inthelate1940sandearly1950s,cityresidentsbecamewealthier.Theyhadmorechildrensotheyneededmorespace.Theymovedoutoftheirapartmentsinthecitytobuytheirownhomes.Theyboughthousesinthesuburbs.WhydidAmericancityresidentswanttoliveinthesuburbsafterWorldWarll?BecauseolderAmericancitiesweredying.Becausetheywerericherandneededmorespace.Becausecitiescontainedtheworstpareofsociety.Becausetheycouldhardlyaffordaliveinthecity.【4】WhenIwasgrowingupinAmerica,Iwasashamedofmymother,sChineseEnglish.BecauseofherEnglish,shewasoftentreatedunfairly.Peopleindepartmentstores,atbanks,andatrestaurantsdidnottakeherseriously,didnotgivehergoodservice,pretendednottounderstandher,orevenactedasiftheydidnothearher.Whywastheauthor,smotherpoorlyserved?ShewasunabletospeakgoodEnglish.Shewasoftenmisunderstood.Shewasnotclearlyheard.Shewasnotverypolite.【5】ItwasavillageinIndia.Thepeoplewerepoor.However,theywerenotunhappy.Afterall,theirforefathershadlivedinthesamewayforcenturies.Thenoneday,somevisitorsfromthecityarrived.Theytoldthevillagersthereweresomepeopleelsewherewholikedtoeatfrog,slegs.However,theydidnothaveenoughfrogsoftheirown,andsotheywantedtobuyfrogsfromotherplaces.Fromparagraph1welearnthatthevillagers.A.workedveryhardforcenturiesB.dreamedofhavingabetterlifeC.werepoorbutsomewhatcontentD.livedadifferentlifefromtheirforefathers【6】DuringthedriermonthsbetweenDecemberandMarchhoatzinsflyabouttheforestingroupsof20to30birds,butinApril,whentherainyseasonbegins,theycollecttogetherinsmallerlivingunitsoftwotosevenbirdsforproducingpurposes.Whydohoatzinscollecttogetherinsmallergroupswhentherainyseasoncomes?A.Tofindmorefood. B.Toprotectthemselvesbetter.C.Tokeepthemselveswarm.D.Toproducetheiryoung.【課后鞏固練習】【1】Foodsometimesgetspoisonedwithharmfulthings.Apersonwhoeatssuchfoodcangetanillnesscalledfoodpoisoning.Foodpoisoningisusuallynotserious,butsometypesaredeadly.Thesymptomsoffoodpoisoningusuallybeginwithinhoursofeatingthepoisonedfood.Feverisoneofthemostcommonsymptoms.Weknowfromthepassagethatthesymptomsoffoodpoisoning.A.arealwaysaccompaniedbyafever B.aretoocommontobenotedC.canbenoticedwithinhours D.canbeignored【2】Moderninventionshavespeededuppeople,slivesamazingly.Motorcarscoverahundredmilesinlittlemorethananhour,aircraftcrosstheworldaday,whilecomputersoperateatlightningspeed.Indeed,thisloveofspeedseemsnever-ending.Everyyearmotor-carsareproducedwhichgoevenfasterandeachnewcomputerboasts（吹噓）?！阺avingprecioussecondsinhandlingtasks.Thenewproductsbecomemoreandmoretime-savingbecause. .A.ourloveonspeedseemsnever-endingB.timeislimitedC.thepricesareincreasinglyhigh D.themanufacturersboastalot【3】ToomuchTV-watchingcanharmchildren,sabilitytolearnandevenreducetheirchancesofgettingacollegedegree,newstudiessuggestinthelatestefforttoexaminetheeffectsoftelevisiononchildren.Oneofthestudieslookedatnearly400northernCaliforniathird-graders.ThosewithTVsintheirbedroomsscoredabouteightpointsloweronmathandlanguageartsteststhanchildrenwithoutbedroomTVs.AccordingtotheCaliforniastudy,thelow-scoringgroupmight.A.havewatchedalotofTV B.notbeinterestedinmathC.beunabletogotocollege D.havehadcomputersintheirbedrooms【4】Herjobintravelwritingbegansomeeightyearsago.AftergettingaPhDinEnglishinCanada,shetookatestforFrommer'stravelguides,passedit,andgotthejob.AfterworkingatFrommer's,JarolimworkedforawhileatRoughGuidesinLondon,thenFodor's,whereshefellsoinlovewithadescriptionoftheSouthwestoftheU.S.thatshemovedthere.Nowasatravelwriter,shespendsone-thirdofheryearontheroad.TherestofthetimeisspentcompletinghertasksandwritingreviewsofrestaurantsathomeinTucson,Arizona.WhichcountrydoesJarolimliveinnow?A.Mexico.B.TheU.S.C.TheU.KD.Canada【5】AmyJohnsonwasbornonJuly1,1903,inHullYorkshireandlivedthereuntilshewenttoSheffieldUniversityin1923toreadforaBA.Aftergraduating,shemovedontoworkasasecretarytoaLondonsolicitor（律師）whereshealsobecameinterestedinflying.AmybegantolearntoflyattheLondonAeroplaneClubinthewinterof1928-1929andherhobbysoonbecameanall-consumingdetermination,notsimplytomakeacareerinaviation（航空），buttosucceedinsomeprojects,whichwoulddemonstratetotheworldthatwomencouldbeascompetent（能干）asmeninhitherto（迄今為止）maledominatedfield.Herfirstimportantachievement,afterflyingsolo,wastoqualifyasthefirstBritish-trainedwomangroundengineer.ForawhileshewastheonlywomanG:E.intheworld.Earlyin1930,shechoseherobjective:toflysolo（flybyherself）toAustraliaandtobeatBertHinkler,srecordof16days.Atfirst,hereffortstoraisefinancial（經(jīng)濟的）supportfailed,butfinallyLordWakefieldsharedthe600poundpurchasepricesofausedDHGypsyMoth（GAAAH）anditwasnamedJasonafterthefamilybusinesstrademark.AmysetoffaloneinasingleengineGypsyMothfromGroysononMay5,1930,andlandedinDarwinonMay24,anepicflightof11,000miles.ShewasthefirstwomantoflyalonetoAustralia.InJuly1931,shesetanEnglandtoJapanrecordinaPussMothwithJackHumphreys.InJuly1932,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPussMoth.InMay,1936,shesetarecordfromEnglandtoCapetown,solo,inaPercivalGull,aflighttoretrieve（gainagain）her1932record.Withherhusband,JimMollison,shealsoflewinaDHDragonnonstopfromPendineSands,SouthWales,totheUnitedStatesin1933.TheyalsoflewnonstopinrecordtimetoIndiain1934inaDHCometintheEnglandtoAustraliaairrace.TheMo