談話過程中的三種禮貌原則英文論文,普通語言學(xué)論文

談話過程中的三種禮貌原則英文論文,普通語言學(xué)論文Itisasysteminwhichtheparticipantsofcon-versationareconsideredtobeequalsornearlye-qualsinsocialpositionbuteachregardstherela-tionbetweenthemasbeingdistant.Inthissys-tem,peopleseethemselvesasbeingatthesamesociallevelwhileeachpersonusesindependencestrategiesspeakingtotheother,soononehand,theyareequalinposition;ontheother,theyavoidbeingcloseinrelationandkeepacertaindistanceonpurposenottobeinvolvedinunnecessarytrou-ble.Alotofinternationalpoliticalprotocolisbasedonthissystemwhereequalsfromtherespec-tivegovernmentmeetofficiallywhiletheyarea-warethetroubleoftheclosenessandarecautiousaboutformingunnecessarilycloseties.Theygreeteachotherpolitelyandbriefly.TheusualEnglishgreetingswhichhavenospecialconnotationinthemareusedwidely,suchasHe-llo,Hi,GoodmorningandsometimesHowareyou?Mostlythegreetingsareindicationsthattherearenotunpleasantfeelingsorresentmentfromthegreeter.Ifwemeetsomeoneanddonotgreetthepersonweknow,thepersonmayfeelhurtandangry.Itisawaytoshowpoliteness.E-venifsometimesHowareyou?isusedingreet-ingandthecommonpracticereplyFine.Thankyou.isexpected,nobodyknowswhetherthespeakerisreallyconcernedwiththeaddressee.shealthconditionornot.OccasionallyveryformalHowdoyoudo?isaccompaniedwithahand-shake.Theyaddresseachotherformallywithatitleforthesakeoftheoccasion,suchas,Mr.Jones,andProfessorBoffintoshowtheirre-spectandpoliteness.Somebusinessandpoliticalconferencesarequiteformal,sotheuseofatitleshowsrespecttotheaddresseefromtheaddresser.Byaddressingwithatitle,wehaveafeelingofdis-tanceandformalitybutnotoffamiliarity.Inthiscase,ifthereisarequest,weexpectthelanguagetobeindirectandfullofcarefulnessandcautiousness.Forexample,askingthelisten-erstopayattentiontohispresentationisveryten-tative:CanIcallforyourattentionplease,ladiesandgentlemen?Inrequest,thespeakerusesman-yauxiliarywordstocreateanatmosphereofpolite-ness,reducingthepossibilityofcausingafeelingofimposure;hence,wordsarenotsavedtoachievetheeffectofpoliteness.2.Solidaritypolitenesssystem.Whentwoclosefriendshaveaconversationwitheachothertheyexemplifyasolidarityfacesystem.Inthissystem,speakersaresymmetrical,thatis,theparticipantsseethemselvesasbeinginequalsocialpositionandbeingcloseinrelationsotheparticipantsbothusepolitenessstrategiesofinvolvement.Solidaritypolitenessisseenobviouslyevery-whereindailylife,aslongastheparticipantsfeelorexpressclosenesstoeachother.Friendshipsa-mongclosecolleagues,good-willsinneighbor-hood,kinshipsandsoonareoftencharacteristicexamplesofsolidaritysystems.Whentwohousewivesmeet,standingandtalkingonthestreet,thefollowingconversationisoftenheard.Hello,Betty.Howareyou?.Fine.Howareyoukeeping,Alice?.I.mverywell.How.sTony?Ihaven.tseenhimlately.Seeminglyunimportantwordsandcasualgreetingsbondthecommunicationbetweentheneighborsandisaneffectivelubricantofgoodrelations.Thegivennamesaddressedhere,Betty,AliceandTonysuggestthecordialrelationbe-tweenthespeakers.Similarly,inahouse,thetalkisoftenheard.Tom,pleasepassmethatglass..Whichglass,Jane?.Theoneonthetable..Wecanmakeasafeguessthatthetalkisbe-tweentwoclosepersons,maybehusbandandwife,brothers,sistersorparentandchild.Heretherequestofaskingforaglassisverydirectandspecific.Thebriefpracticaltalkisclearenoughtoexpressrequestofgettingaglassandtherearenotsomanyadditionalflowerywords.Thisreflectssimpleandtruerelation.Theconversationsoundsnaturalandrealintentionisexpressedclearlywithordinarywords.Onthesideofthespeaker,thereisnocalculatedconsiderationonwhetherweshouldbepoliteandnotbeafraidoflosingfacewhenbeingrefused.Onthesideoftherequestee,hecandoasrequiredandalsorisknothingwhenherefusestherequestoutofvariousreasons.Itisthissystemthatfrequentlymakesusrelaxandhelpbuildupgoodfeelingsamongpeople.IfitisnotTom,pleasepassmetheglass,itisCanyoupassmetheglassplease,Tom?Po-litenessisexpresseddefinitely,whilegreateremo-tionaldistancecanbesensedimmediatelythere-fore.Sometimestherulefunctionswell:ifyouwishtobemorepolite,youusemoreindirectlan-guage.3.Hierarchicalpolitenesssystem.Insuchasystem,theparticipantsrecognizeandrespectthesocialdifferencesthatplaceoneinasuperordinatepositionandtheotherinasubord-inateposition.Thisisthesystemoffaceinwhichthesuperior,theboss,Mr.Richards,speaksdowntohisemployee,Ray,andRayspeaksuptohissuperior,Mr.Richards.Themaincharacteristicofthissystemistherecognizeddifferenceinstatus.Thisrelationsystemisconsid-eredtobeeithercloseordistant.Insuchafacesystemtherelationshiparea-symmetrical,sotheparticipantshavetousediffer-entfacepolitenessstrategiesinspeakingtoeachother.Forthepurposeofmaintainingfriendlyre-lation,thepersoninthesuperordinateorupperpositionusuallyusesinvolvementstrategieswittinglyinspeakingdown.Thepersoninthesubordinateorlowerpositionalwaysusesinde-pendencestrategiesconsciouslyinspeakingup.Callingsomeonebyhisorhersurnameandtitleisanindependencestrategy.Callingsomeonebyhisorhergivennamewithoutatitleisaninvolvementstrategy.Theparticipantsunderstandthemselvesasbe-inginunequalsocialposition.ThatHigherusesinvolvementfacestrategiesandthelowerusesindependencestrategies.Thissortofhierarchicalfacesystemisquitefamiliarinbusiness,govern-mentalandeducationalorganizations.Readthisdialogue.Tom..Yes,sir..Canyoutypethisletterformeplease?.Yes,ofcourseIcan..Fromthisshortquestion-and-answer,wecanseethatthebossistryingtouseanequaltonetoaskTomtohelphimtypealetter.Heisusingthegivenname,Tom,whileTom,theofficeassis-tant,knowstheruleofthegame,soherepliesYes,sir.ThebosswantstoshortenthedistancewhileTommaintainsthedistancepurposefully.Inthisway,thesuperior-inferiorrelationshipiswellkeptandneithersidefeelshurtorhumiliated.Thebossprotectsthefaceoftheofficeassistantbybe-ingseeminglyequalbyaddressingandmakingpo-literequestswiththewordscanandpleasewhileTom.susingsirrevealshisrespectandpo-liteness.Thisphenomenonisverycommoninthesuperiorandthesubordinaterelationship.Thereisanothercaseinthemilitarycamp.Whenthesoldiersaredrilling,theformofaddressisveryformal,suchasCaptainHardyandSer-geantHilton.CommandscanbeasbriefasMarch,Restandsoon.Formaladdressesdemonstrateacleardistinctionofdifferentclassesthattheaddresserandtheaddresseebelongto.Explicitcommandsreflectauthorityanddistance.II.Faceprotection.Theultimateaimofnegotiatingframesandfootingsinconversationistoprotectone.sownandotherparticipants.faceatalltimes.Thesesystemsgivepeoplesomeroughguidanceonhowtogreet,howtoaddressandwhattosaytomakearequestproperly.Membersofaculturalgroupneedtofeelre-spectedandnotimpingeduponintheirautonomy,pride,andself-sufficiency〔negativeface〕。Theyalsoneedtobereinforcedintheirviewofthem-selvesaspolite,considerate,respectfulmembersoftheirculture〔positiveface〕。Thesetwocontra-dictoryneedsrequiredelicatefacework,sinceitisintheinterestofallparticipantsinaverbalex-changethateveryonemaintainbothhishernega-tiveandpositiveface,sothattheexchangeincom-municationcancontinue.III.Applicationofpolitenessprinciples.Addressingpeople.Whenwemeetsomeonethefirsttimeandwearenotsurehowtoaddresshim,someexperts1theotherpersonbegins.IfheaddressesyouasMrs.Smith,inreturn,youcancallhimMr.Green.Otherwiseyoumaytaketheinitiativebysaying,I.mJennyLee.YoucancallmeJenny.Thentheotherpartyknowsyouwanttobefriend-lytohim,andprobablyhewilltellyouhismaneisGeorge.Makingrequests.Donotimpose.Forinstance,whenweaskastrangerfordirections,wefeelwearebotheringthispersonand,therefore,willstartwithExcuseme.Wemaysay,Excuseme,canyoutellmethewaytoInthisway,thepersondoesn.tneedtofeelheisobligedtotellyouthewayandyouhaveexpressedthatyouaresorrytodisturbhim.Leaveroomforrefusal.Whenwefeelwearegivingordersormakingrequestsorpleas,i.e.botheringsomeone,weneedtoallowthispersonanoptionofrefusal,achancenottocomplywithourorderorrequest.Weoftendosointheformofelaboratequestions,e.g.Wouldyouminddoingmeafavor?MayIborrowyourbicycle,please?Wouldyoubesokindastolookaftermykidforawhile?Makeyourinterlocutorfeelgood.Whenwecarryonaconversation,weoftenpraiseourpart-nertomakehimfeelgood;inotherwords,webutterhimup.Wesaythingslike:Ifeelverypleasedtobewithyou.YouknowmuchmoreaboutthisthanIdo.It.ssokindofyoutosayso.Thepolitenessprincipledoescapturesomefeaturesofhumaninteractions,especiallythein-teractionineverydaylife,butatthesametime,wecanrecallmanydiscourseactivitiesinwhichpeopledonotfollowthisprinciple.Especially,inclass,theteacherasksthestudentstoreadaparagrapha-loudandheislikelytosaypleasereadthispara-graph,orwouldyoureadtheparagraph,please?Bothwaysofrequestareacceptable,thedifferenceliesinthatthesecondve