Grant-and-Lee-a-study-in教學(xué)講解課件

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)綜合教程五第五單元文章GrantandLee

化工2班張風(fēng)光1ppt課件人物介紹：UlyssesS.Grant2ppt課件

Grant,thesonofatannerontheWesternfrontier,waseverythingLeewasnot.Hehadcomeupthehardway,andembodiednothinginparticularexcepttheeternaltoughnessandsinewyfiberofthemenwhogrewupbeyondthemountains.Hewasoneofabodyofmenwhoowedreverenceandobeisancetonoone,whowereself-relianttoafault,whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharpeyeforthefuture.

譯文：格蘭特是西部邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)一個(gè)制革工人的兒子，他與李截然不同。他歷經(jīng)艱難才出人頭地，他并不代表哪種特別的信念，所體現(xiàn)的只是在邊遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的人所具有的永遠(yuǎn)能吃苦耐勞、堅(jiān)忍不拔的品質(zhì)。他不敬畏任何人，不順從任何人，過(guò)分講求自力更生，他不追懷既往，但能用敏銳的目光看未來(lái)。

UlyssesS.Grant3ppt課件

GrantwasthefirstUniongeneraltoinitiatecoordinatedoffensivesacrossmultipletheatersinthewar.Grantpersonallysupervisedthe1864OverlandCampaignagainstGeneralRobertE.Lee'sArmyinVirginia.Grantannouncedhewould"fightitoutonthislineifittakesallsummer."Lincolnsupportedhisgeneralandreplacedhislosses,butLee'sarmywasforcedintodefendingtrenchesaroundRichmondandPetersburg.InApril1865Grant'svastlylargerarmybrokethrough,capturedRichmond,andforcedLeetosurrenderatAppomattox.HehasbeendescribedbyJ.F.C.Fulleras"thegreatestgeneralofhisageandoneofthegreateststrategistsofanyage."HisVicksburgCampaigninparticularisproundedbymilitaryspecialistsaroundtheworld.4ppt課件Grantannouncedgeneroustermsforhisdefeatedfoes,andpursuedapolicyofpeace.HebrokewithPresidentAndrewJohnsonin1867,andwaselectedPresidentasaRepublicanin1868.HeledRadicalReconstructionandbuiltapowerfulpatronage-basedRepublicanpartyintheSouth,withtheadroituseofthearmy.HetookahardlinethatreducedviolencebygroupsliketheKuKluxKlan.Grantwaspersonallyhonest,buthenotonlytoleratedfinancialandpoliticalcorruptionamongtopaides,heprotectedthemonceexposed.HeblockedcivilservicereformsanddefeatedthereformmovementintheRepublicanpartyin1872,drivingoutmanyofitsfounders.ThePanicof1873pushedthenationintoadepressionthatGrantwashelplesstoreverse.PresidentialexpertstypicallyrankGrantinthelowestquartileofU.S.presidents,primarilyforhistoleranceofcorruption.Inrecentyears,however,hisreputationaspresidenthasimprovedsomewhatamongscholarsimpressedbyhissupportforcivilrightsforAfricanAmericans.5ppt課件

人物介紹：

RobertEdwardLee6ppt課件RobertEdwardLee(January19,1807–October12,1870)wasacareerUnitedStatesArmyofficer,anengineer,andamongthemostcelebratedgeneralsinAmericanhistory.LeewasthesonofMajorGeneralHenryLeeIII"LightHorseHarry"(1756–1818),GovernorofVirginia,andhissecondwife,AnneHillCarter(1773–1829).HewasalsorelatedtoMeriwetherLewis(1774–1809).AtopgraduateofWestPoint,LeedistinguishedhimselfasanexceptionalsoldierintheU.S.Armyforthirty-twoyears.HeisbestknownforcommandingtheConfederateArmyofNorthernVirginiaintheAmericanCivilWar.7ppt課件Lee'sgreatestvictoriesweretheSevenDaysBattles,theSecondBattleofBullRun,buthiscampaigntoinvadetheNorthendedinfailure.BarelyescapingdefeatattheBattleofAntietamin1862,LeewasforcedtoreturntotheSouth.InearlyJuly1863,LeewasdecisivelydefeatedattheBattleofGettysburginPennsylvania.However,duetoineffectualpursuitbythecommanderofUnionforces,MajorGeneralGeorgeMeade,LeeescapedagaintoVirginia.Inthespringof1864,thenewUnioncommander,UlyssesS.Grant,beganaseriesofcampaignstoweardownLee'sarmy.IntheOverlandCampaignof1864andtheSiegeofPetersburgin1864–1865,LeeinflictedheavycasualtiesonGrant'slargerarmy,butwasunabletoreplacehisownlosses.InearlyApril1865,inVirginia,hebeganastrategicretreat.Lee'ssubsequentsurrenderatAppomattoxCourthouseonApril9,1865representedthelossofonlyoneoftheremainingConfederatefieldarmies,butitwasapsychologicalblowfromwhichtheSouthcouldnotrecover.ByJune1865,alloftheremainingConfederatearmieshadcapitulated.8ppt課件Lee'svictoriesagainstsuperiorforceswonhimenduringfameasacraftyanddaringbattlefieldtactician,butsomeofhisstrategicdecisions,suchasinvadingtheNorthin1862and1863,havebeencriticizedbymanymilitaryhistorians.InthefinalmonthsoftheCivilWar,asmanpowerreservesdrainedaway,LeeadoptedaplantoarmslavestofightonbehalfoftheConfederacy,butthiscametoolatetochangetheoutcomeofthewar.AfterAppomattox,LeediscouragedSoutherndissentersfromstartingaguerrillacampaigntocontinuethewar,andencouragedreconciliationbetweentheNorthandtheSouth.Afterthewar,asacollegePresident,LeesupportedPresidentAndrewJohnson'sprogramofReconstructionandinter-sectionalfriendship,whileopposingtheRadicalRepublicanproposalstogivefreedslavesthevoteandtakethevoteawayfromex-Confederates.Heurgedthemtore-thinktheirpositionbetweentheNorthandtheSouth,andthereintegrationofformerConfederatesintothenation'spoliticallife.LeebecamethegreatSouthernheroofthewar,andhispopularitygrewintheNorthaswellafterhisdeathin1870.HeremainsaniconicfigureofAmericanmilitaryleadership.9ppt課件

課文講解

WhenUlyssesS.GrantandRobertE.LeemetintheparlorofamodesthouseatAppomattoxCourtHouse,Virginia,onApril9,1865,toworkoutthetermsforthesurrenderofLee'sArmyofNorthernVirginia,agreatchapterinAmericanlifecametoaclose,andagreatnewchapterbegan.

當(dāng)尤利西茲格蘭特和羅伯特李在弗吉尼亞州阿珀馬特科斯縣城一所不太大的房子的客廳里會(huì)面，商討李所率的北弗吉尼亞軍隊(duì)投降條件時(shí)，美國(guó)人生活中一個(gè)偉大的篇章結(jié)束了，一個(gè)嶄新的重要篇章開(kāi)始了。

10ppt課件

課文講解

ThesemenwerebringingtheCivilWartoitsvirtualfinish.Tobesure,otherarmieshadyettosurrender,andforafewdaysthefugitiveConfederategovernmentwouldstruggledesperatelyandvainly,tryingtofindsomewaytogoonlivingnowthatitschiefsupportwasgone.ButineffectitwasalloverwhenGrantandLeesignedthepapers.Andthelittleroomwheretheywroteoutthetermswasthesceneofoneofthepoignant,dramaticcontrastsinAmericanhistory

此二人是在實(shí)質(zhì)上終止內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。誠(chéng)然，其他軍隊(duì)尚未投降，已失去主要支柱的逃亡的邦聯(lián)政府仍將絕望地徒然掙扎數(shù)日，想法尋覓生機(jī)。其實(shí)，在格蘭特和李簽署文件之時(shí)，一切都已結(jié)束。他們擬定投降條件時(shí)用的那間小客廳成了見(jiàn)證美國(guó)史上強(qiáng)烈的戲劇性對(duì)照的場(chǎng)所。

11ppt課件

課文講解Theyweretwostrongmen,theseoddlydifferentgenerals,andtheyrepresentedthestrengthsoftwoconflictingcurrentsthat,throughthem,hadcomeintofinalcollision.

這兩位截然不同的將軍都是強(qiáng)有力的人物，他們代表著兩股相互沖突的力量的潮流，那兩股潮流通過(guò)他們最終發(fā)生碰撞。

12ppt課件

課文講解BackofRobertE.LeewasthenotionthattheoldaristocraticconceptmightsomehowsurviveandbedominantinAmericanlife.羅伯特李所仰仗的信念是，古老的貴族觀念或許能以某種方式繼續(xù)存在下去，并左右美國(guó)人的生活。13ppt課件

課文講解LeewastidewaterVirginia,andinhisbackgroundwerefamily,culture,andtradition...theageofchivalrytransplantedtoaNewWorldwhichwasmakingitsownlegendsanditsownmyths.HeembodiedawayoflifethathadcomedownthroughtheageofknighthoodandtheEnglishcountrysquire.Americawasalandthatwasbeginningalloveragain,dedicatedtonothingmuchmorecomplicatedthantheratherhazybeliefthatallmenhadequalrights,andshouldhaveanequalchanceintheworld.InsuchalandLeestoodforthefeelingthatitwassomehowofadvantagetohumansocietytohaveapronouncedinequalityinthesocialstructure.Thereshouldbealeisureclass,backedbyownershipofland;inturn,societyitselfshouldbekeyedtothelandasthechiefsourceofwealthandinfluence.Itwouldbringforth(accordingtothisideal)aclassofmenwithastrongsenseofobligationtothecommunity;menwholived,nottogainadvantageforthemselves,buttomeetthesolemnobligationswhichhadbeenlaidonthembytheveryfactthattheywereprivileged.Fromthemthecountrywouldgetitsleadership;tothemitcouldlookforthehighervalues-ofthought,ofconduct,ofpersonaldeportment-togiveitstrengthandvirtue.

李是弗吉尼亞州沿海低地人氏，他的生活背景是家庭、文化、傳統(tǒng)……，是被移植到這個(gè)正在形成自身的傳說(shuō)與神話的新世界的騎士時(shí)代。他體現(xiàn)了從騎士和英格蘭鄉(xiāng)紳時(shí)代流傳下來(lái)的一種生活方式。美國(guó)是個(gè)一切從頭開(kāi)始的國(guó)度，信奉的只不過(guò)是一種頗為模糊的信念，即人人擁有平等的權(quán)利，在世間應(yīng)有平等的機(jī)會(huì)，如此而已。在這樣一個(gè)國(guó)度里，李代表著這樣一種情感，即社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)中保留一種明顯的不平等多少有利于人類社會(huì)。理應(yīng)存在一個(gè)擁有土地的有閑階級(jí)；反過(guò)來(lái)，社會(huì)本身應(yīng)以土地為本，視其為財(cái)富與勢(shì)力的主要來(lái)源。（根據(jù)這一理想）這樣一個(gè)社會(huì)會(huì)造就一個(gè)對(duì)社會(huì)有著強(qiáng)烈責(zé)任感的階級(jí)，他們不是為自己獲利活著，而是為了承擔(dān)自己的特權(quán)所賦予的重大責(zé)任活著。國(guó)家從他們中覓得領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人員；國(guó)家可依靠他們產(chǎn)生更加高尚的價(jià)值觀念——

思想方面的，行為方面的，個(gè)人風(fēng)度方面的——

以求國(guó)興德盛。

14ppt課件

課文講解Leeembodiedthenoblestelementsofthisaristocraticideal.Throughhim,thelandednobilityjustifieditself.Forfouryears,theSouthernstateshadfoughtadesperatewartoupholdtheidealsforwhichLeestood.Intheend,italmostseemedasiftheConfederacyfoughtforLee;asifhehimselfwastheConfederacy...thebestthingthatthewayoflifeforwhichtheConfederacystoodcouldeverhavetooffer.HehadpassedintolegendbeforeAppomattox.Thousandsoftired,underfed,poorlyclothedConfederatesoldiers,long-sincepastthesimpleenthusiasmoftheearlydaysofAtstruggle,somehowconsideredLeethesymbolofeverythingforwhichtheyhadbeenwillingtodie.Buttheycouldnotquiteputthisfeelingintowords.IftheLostCause,sanctifiedbysomuchheroismandsomanydeaths,hadalivingjustification,itsjustificationwasGeneralLee.李體現(xiàn)了這一貴族理想的最高尚的部分。擁有土地的貴族通過(guò)他獲得存在的理由。四年間，南方各州拼死戰(zhàn)斗，以捍衛(wèi)李所代表的理想。到后來(lái)，南部邦聯(lián)似乎是為李而戰(zhàn)；李本人似乎就是南部邦聯(lián)……似乎是南部邦聯(lián)所代表的生活方式能提供的菁華。還在來(lái)到阿珀馬特科斯之前，他已經(jīng)成為傳奇人物了。成千上萬(wàn)疲于征戰(zhàn)、忍饑挨餓、征衣襤褸的邦聯(lián)士兵早已失去了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)伊始的單純的熱情，他們把李視作自己甘愿為之獻(xiàn)身的一切的象征。只是他們不善表述這種情感。這一被無(wú)數(shù)英雄行為、無(wú)數(shù)陣亡將士神圣化了的注定失敗的事業(yè)若有其現(xiàn)實(shí)的理由證明其是正確的話，那這理由就是李將軍。

15ppt課件

課文講解Grant,thesonofatannerontheWesternfrontier,waseverythingLeewasnot.Hehadcomeupthehardway,andembodiednothinginparticularexcepttheeternaltoughnessandsinewyfiberofthemenwhogrewupbeyondthemountains.Hewasoneofabodyofmenwhoowedreverenceandobeisancetonoone,whowereself-relianttoafault,whocaredhardlyanythingforthepastbutwhohadasharpeyeforthefuture.

格蘭特是西部邊遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)一個(gè)制革工人的兒子，他與李截然不同。他歷經(jīng)艱難才出人頭地，他并不代表哪種特別的信念，所體現(xiàn)的只是在邊遠(yuǎn)山區(qū)長(zhǎng)大的人所具有的永遠(yuǎn)能吃苦耐勞、堅(jiān)忍不拔的品質(zhì)。他不敬畏任何人，不順從任何人，過(guò)分講求自力更生，他不追懷既往，但能用敏銳的目光看未來(lái)。

16ppt課件

課文講解Thesefrontiermenwerethepreciseoppositesofthetidewateraristocrats.Backofthem,inthegreatsurgethathadtakenpeopleovertheAllegheniesandintotheopeningWesterncountry,therewasadeep,implicitdissatisfactionwithapastthathadsettledintogrooves.Theystoodfordemocracy,notfromanyreasonedconclusionabouttheproperorderingofhumansociety,butsimplybecausetheyhadgrownupinthemiddleofdemocracyandknewhowitworked.Theirsocietymighthaveprivileges,buttheywouldbeprivilegeseachmanhadwonforhimself.Formsandpatternsmeantnothing.Nomanwasborntoanything,exceptperhapstoachancetoshowhowfarhecouldrise.Lifewascompetition.這些西部邊民與東部沿海低地的貴族恰恰相反。在他們的心目中，在爬過(guò)阿勒格尼山脈、進(jìn)入遼闊的西部的人潮中，存在著對(duì)因循守舊的過(guò)去的不直接言明的深深不滿。他們擁護(hù)民主制度，不是經(jīng)縝密分析后推斷出了適合人類社會(huì)的管理形式，而僅僅是由于他們生長(zhǎng)在民主政體之中，懂得民主制度如何運(yùn)作。他們的社會(huì)或許也存在特權(quán)，但那是每個(gè)人自己贏得的特權(quán)。慣例與固有模式不起任何作用。也許除了都有一個(gè)可以展示自己有多少發(fā)展空間的機(jī)會(huì)外，沒(méi)有人生來(lái)就享有什么。生活就是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。

17ppt課件

課文講解Yetalongwiththisfeelinghadcomeadeepsenseofbelongingtoanationalcommunity.TheWesternerwhodevelopedafarm,openedashoporsetupinbusinessasatrader,couldhopetoprosperonlyashisowncommunityprospered-andhiscommunityranfromtheAtlantictothePacificandfromCanadadowntoMexico.Ifthelandwassettled,withtownsandhighwaysandaccessiblemarkets,hecouldbetterhimself.Hesawhisfateintermsofthenation'sowndestiny.Asitshorizonsexpanded,sodidhis.Hehad,inotherwords,anacutedollars-and-centsstakeinthecontinuedgrowthanddevelopmentofhiscountry.然而，伴隨著這種情感的是對(duì)國(guó)家的深深的歸屬感。那些開(kāi)墾農(nóng)場(chǎng)、開(kāi)店或從事貿(mào)易的西部人只有在所屬的社會(huì)富起來(lái)時(shí)自己才有希望富起來(lái)——

他們所屬的社會(huì)從大西洋一直到太平洋，從加拿大一直到墨西哥。如果人們前來(lái)定居，建立起城鎮(zhèn)、公路和近便的市場(chǎng)，他們自己也就能改善生活。他們從國(guó)家的命運(yùn)出發(fā)看自身的命運(yùn)。國(guó)家的疆域拓展了，他們自身的天地也會(huì)隨之拓展。換言之，他們的利益與國(guó)家的興旺發(fā)達(dá)緊緊相連，息息相關(guān)。

18ppt課件

課文講解Andthat,perhaps,iswherethecontrastbetweenGrantandLeebecomesmoststriking.TheVirginiaaristocrat,inevitably,sawhimselfinrelationtohisownregion.Helivedinastaticsocietywhichcouldendurealmostanythingexceptchange.Instinctively,hisfirstloyaltywouldgotothelocalityinwhichthatsocietyexisted.Hewouldfighttothelimitofendurancetodefendit,becauseindefendingithewasdefendingeverythingthatgavehisownlifeitsdeepestmeaning.而這，或許正是格蘭特與李之間最大差異之所在。那位弗吉尼亞貴族必然要將自己與他生活的地區(qū)相聯(lián)系。他生活在一個(gè)幾乎容得一切，惟獨(dú)容不得變化的靜止的社會(huì)里。出于天性，他的第一忠誠(chéng)歸于這一社會(huì)所在的地域。他會(huì)不惜一切地捍衛(wèi)自己的地域，因?yàn)楹葱l(wèi)它，也就是捍衛(wèi)賦予他生命最深刻意義的一切。

19ppt課件

課文講解TheWesterner,ontheotherhand,wouldfightwithanequaltenacityforthebroaderconceptofsociety.Hefoughtsobecauseeverythinghelivedbywastiedtogrowth,expansion,andaconstantlywideninghorizon.Whathelivedbywouldsurviveorfallwiththenationitself.HecouldnotpossiblystandbyunmovedinthefaceofanattempttodestroytheUnion.Hewouldcombatitwitheverythinghehad,becausehecouldonlyseeitasanefforttocutthegroundoutfromunderhisfeet.SoGrantandLeewereincompletecontrast,representingtwodiametricallyopposedelementsinAmericanlife.Grantwasthemodernmanemerging;beyondhim,readytocomeonthestage,wasthegreatageofsteelandmachinery,ofcrowdedcitiesandarestless,burgeoningvitality.Leemighthaveriddendownfromtheoldageofchivalry,lanceinhand,silkenbannerflutteringoverhishead.Eachmanwastheperfectchampionofhiscause,drawingbothhisstrengthsandhisweaknessesfromthepeopleheled.Yetitwasnotallcontrast,afterall.Differentastheywere-inbackgroundandpersonality,inunderlyingaspiration-thesetwogreatsoldiershadmuchincommon.Undereverythingelse,theyweremarvelousfighters.Furthermore,theirfightingqualitieswerereallyverymuchalike.而西部人則以同樣的執(zhí)著捍衛(wèi)自己更為開(kāi)明的社會(huì)觀。他為此而戰(zhàn)，因?yàn)樗囈詾樯亩寂c發(fā)展、開(kāi)拓以及不斷拓寬的地平線密切相連。他所賴以為生的一切與國(guó)家同存共亡。面對(duì)顛覆聯(lián)邦的企圖他不可能無(wú)動(dòng)于衷，袖手旁觀。他將竭盡所能與之斗爭(zhēng)，因?yàn)樗荒軐⑦@一企圖視為挖他墻腳的舉動(dòng)。因此格蘭特和李兩人截然相反，代表著美國(guó)人生活中兩種完全對(duì)立的要素。格蘭特是初露鋒芒的現(xiàn)代人；他身后準(zhǔn)備登場(chǎng)的是鋼鐵和機(jī)器的偉大時(shí)代，是擁擠的城市時(shí)代，是永不滿足、欣欣向榮、生機(jī)勃勃的時(shí)代。李則手握長(zhǎng)矛從古老的騎士時(shí)代一路策馬奔來(lái)，旌旗在頭上飄揚(yáng)。兩人都是各自事業(yè)的杰出捍衛(wèi)者，從所率的民眾中汲取長(zhǎng)處，同時(shí)也承襲了他們的弱點(diǎn)。然而，存在于兩人之間的也不完全是差異。雖然他們很不一樣——

如背景、個(gè)性、胸懷的抱負(fù)——

但這兩位杰出的軍人卻也有著許多的共同之處。最根本的是，兩人都是優(yōu)秀的斗士。再者，兩人在戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上顯示出的品質(zhì)也極為相似。20ppt課件

課文講解Eachmanhad,tobeginwith,thegreatvirtueofuttertenacityandfidelity.GrantfoughthiswaydowntheMississippiValleyinspiteofacutepersonaldiscouragementandprofoundmilitaryhandicaps.LeehungoninthetrenchesatPetersburgafterhopeitselfhaddied.I