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關(guān)于感染性疾病的實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷第1頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三前言實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)(laboratorydiagnosis)是診斷學(xué)的一部分,它是基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)向臨床醫(yī)學(xué)過(guò)渡的橋梁課程之一。實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)的任務(wù)是將臨床檢驗(yàn)所提供的檢驗(yàn)信息,通過(guò)醫(yī)師的分析和思維,科學(xué)地應(yīng)用于臨床診斷、鑒別診斷、觀察病情、判斷預(yù)后、預(yù)防疾病的一門學(xué)科,特別強(qiáng)調(diào)在循證實(shí)驗(yàn)醫(yī)學(xué)的原則下推行“實(shí)驗(yàn)的優(yōu)化組合應(yīng)用”和“在實(shí)驗(yàn)監(jiān)測(cè)下作個(gè)體化治療的應(yīng)用”,實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)也可稱為臨床檢驗(yàn)診斷學(xué)。因此,它是醫(yī)學(xué)生的必修課,必須加以重視。第2頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

感染性疾病的實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷第3頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三主要學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容及要求掌握感染性疾病的常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目及其臨床意義和評(píng)價(jià)不同病原體感染性疾病實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)與不同系統(tǒng)病原體感染性疾病實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)特點(diǎn)熟悉引起血流感染、中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)感染、呼吸系統(tǒng)感染、消化系統(tǒng)感染、泌尿系統(tǒng)感染、皮膚及軟組織感染和先天及新生兒感染常見(jiàn)病原體與常見(jiàn)疾病及病原學(xué)檢查、常見(jiàn)醫(yī)院感染病原體及特點(diǎn)、醫(yī)院感染的微生物學(xué)檢測(cè)及醫(yī)院感染暴發(fā)流行的識(shí)別和處理了解當(dāng)今感染病特點(diǎn)、感染類型第4頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三SpecimenCollection

Successfullaboratorydiagnosisofamicrobialinfectiondependsonmanyfactorsbeginningwithawell-collectedsample.Properspecimenselection,collection,andtransportareallessentialtoensurethataspecimenisrepresentativeofthediseaseprocessandminimallycontaminatedwithmicroorganismspresentinadjacenttissues.第5頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三SiteandTimingCollectthesamplefromthecorrectanatomicsite.eg.asuperficialsampleofalesionisnotusefulinidentifyingthecauseofadeepwoundinfection.Thetimingofsamplecollectionisalsoimportant.

eg,whensubmittingaspecimenforbacterialculture,samplesshouldbecollectedbeforetheadministrationofantibiotics

第6頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三CollectionTechniquesSufficientvolumeSteriletechniqueandequipment.Aftercollection,thespecimenmustbeplacedinanappropriatelylabeledleak-proofcontainer.第7頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三TransportofSpecimensRapid,optimallyinlessthan2hours.Fordelaysintransport,mostspecimensshouldberefrigerated.Exceptions:blood,cerebrospinalfluid(CSF),andspecimenstobeexaminedforanaerobes,fastidiousorganismssuchasNeisseriagonorrboeaeandBordetellapertussis,andTrichomonasvaginalis,allofwhichshouldbemaintainedatroomtemperature.第8頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三難點(diǎn)/重點(diǎn)解讀(一)細(xì)菌感染性疾病常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合(二)病毒感染性疾病常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合(三)真菌感染性疾病常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合(四)寄生蟲(chóng)感染性疾病常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合第9頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三細(xì)菌感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合

1.感染病的實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷方法雖按基本原則進(jìn)行,但細(xì)感染性疾病具下述特點(diǎn):

在檢查項(xiàng)目中,尤其以細(xì)菌分離培養(yǎng)鑒定為主。在無(wú)菌標(biāo)本中檢查到細(xì)菌,則此細(xì)菌為感染的病原;存在正常菌群的標(biāo)本中檢查到細(xì)菌,應(yīng)區(qū)分是正常寄居的菌群或是致病的細(xì)菌,常需要作細(xì)菌定量計(jì)數(shù),根據(jù)細(xì)菌數(shù)判斷是否為感染的病原菌。第10頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三細(xì)菌感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合2.

根據(jù)目的不同,檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的選擇是:

(1)診斷疾病的病原學(xué),一般情況下只需鑒定到細(xì)菌的種,必要時(shí)再進(jìn)一步鑒定;

(2)提供治療方案,可以進(jìn)行臨床標(biāo)本的直接藥物敏感試驗(yàn),還可根據(jù)分離出病原菌的種類直接提供選擇抗生素的范圍和種類;

(3)研究流行病學(xué),必須對(duì)病原菌做進(jìn)一步鑒定,往往鑒定到型(血清型或基因型)的水平;

(4)要了解這類細(xì)菌的致病性,必須進(jìn)行細(xì)致鑒定,包括毒素、侵襲性酶類的檢測(cè)。

第11頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三(一)細(xì)菌感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合

3.根據(jù)標(biāo)本來(lái)源,通常構(gòu)成不同組合的檢驗(yàn)方法:

(1)無(wú)菌性標(biāo)本(血液、腦脊液、體腔滲出液),采用顯微鏡檢查和直接藥敏試驗(yàn)可作為病原學(xué)診斷和提供臨床治療用藥指導(dǎo);(2)膿血便,采用革蘭染色無(wú)診斷意義,需用標(biāo)記抗體染色鏡檢獲初步報(bào)告,再需經(jīng)選擇培養(yǎng)基分離培養(yǎng),挑取可疑菌落作玻片血清凝集,陽(yáng)性者可初步鑒定,再用配套生化反應(yīng)可作出最后報(bào)告;(3)尿液標(biāo)本,顯微鏡檢查可初步估計(jì)細(xì)菌菌量,作出初步診斷,再經(jīng)分離培養(yǎng)鑒定后和菌落定量計(jì)數(shù)可作出病原學(xué)診斷;④痰標(biāo)本,采用顯微鏡檢查,判定是否為合格標(biāo)本,若為合格標(biāo)本作分區(qū)劃線接種,檢出致病性菌落,再進(jìn)行鑒定和藥敏。第12頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三細(xì)菌感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合4.結(jié)果報(bào)告可由實(shí)驗(yàn)室人員可分別出具:先后和程度不同報(bào)告各檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目(顯微鏡檢查、分離培養(yǎng)、血清學(xué)試驗(yàn)、生化鑒定和PCR等核酸檢測(cè))結(jié)果,為臨床提供信息。5.為保證細(xì)菌感染正確診斷,必須遵循下述細(xì)菌感染診斷原則:①要求醫(yī)師和檢驗(yàn)師的密切配合,不應(yīng)停留在化驗(yàn)單往來(lái);②重視檢驗(yàn)標(biāo)本的采集和送檢;③重視檢驗(yàn)過(guò)程的階段性和連續(xù)性;④檢驗(yàn)程序需有針對(duì)性和綜合性。第13頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseasePrinciplesofDiagnosticMedicalMicrobiology

IntroductionDiagnosticmedicalmicrobiologyisconcernedwiththeetiologicdiagnosisofinfection.Laboratoryproceduresusedinthediagnosisofinfectiousdiseaseinhumansincludethefollowing:第14頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseasePrinciplesofDiagnosticMedicalMicrobiology

(1)Morphologicidentificationoftheagentinstainsofspecimensorsectionsoftissues(lightandelectronmicroscopy).(2)Cultureisolationandidentificationoftheagent.(3)Detectionofantigenfromtheagentbyimmunologicassay(latexagglutination,EIA,etc)orbyfluorescein-labeled(orperoxidase-labeled)antibodystains.第15頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseasePrinciplesofDiagnosticMedicalMicrobiology

(4)DNA-DNAorDNA-RNAhybridizationtodetectpathogen-specificgenesinpatients'specimens.(5)Detectionandamplificationoforganismnucleicacidinpatients'specimens.(6)Demonstrationofmeaningfulantibodyorcell-mediatedimmuneresponsestoaninfectiousagent.第16頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseasePrinciplesofDiagnosticMedicalMicrobiology

Physicianswhodealwithinfectiousprocessesmustknowwhenandhowtotakespecimens,whatlaboratoryexaminationstorequest,andhowto

interprettheresults.Clinicalinformationismuchmoreimportantfordiagnosticmicrobiologythanitisforclinicalchemistryorhematology.Theclinicianmustmakeatentativediagnosisratherthanwaituntillaboratoryresultsareavailable.第17頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseasePrinciplesofDiagnosticMedicalMicrobiology

CommunicationbetweenPhysician&Laboratory

Asthelaboratorystaffbeginstoobtainresults,theyinformthephysician,whocanthenreevaluatethediagnosisandclinicalcourseofthepatientandperhapsmakechangesinthetherapeuticprogram.This"feedback"informationfromthelaboratoryconsistsofpreliminaryreportsoftheresultsofindividualstepsintheisolationandidentificationofthecausativeagent.第18頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDisease

DiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimensLaboratoryexaminationusuallyincludesmicroscopicstudyoffreshunstainedandstainedmaterialsandpreparationofcultureswithconditionssuitableforgrowthofawidevarietyofmicroorganisms,includingthetypeoforganismmostlikelytobecausativebasedonclinicalevidence.第19頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimensIfamicroorganismisisolated,completeidentificationmaythenbepursued.Isolatedmicroorganismsmaybetestedforsusceptibilitytoantimicrobialdrugs.Whensignificantpathogensareisolatedbeforetreatment,follow-uplaboratoryexaminationsduringandaftertreatmentmaybeappropriate.

第20頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimensSpecimensAproperlycollectedspecimenisthesinglemostimportantstepinthediagnosisofaninfection,becausetheresultsofdiagnostictestsforinfectiousdiseasesdependupontheselection,timing,andmethodofcollectionofspecimens.

第21頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimensSpecimensRecoveryofbacteriaismostsignificantiftheagentisisolatedfromasitenormallydevoidofmicroorganisms(anormallysterilearea).Anytypeofmicroorganismculturedfromblood,cerebrospinalfluid,jointfluid,orthepleuralcavityisasignificantdiagnosticfinding.Conversely,manypartsofthebodyhaveanormalmicrobialflora(respiratory,gastrointestinal,orgenitourinarytracts;fromwounds;orfromtheskin)mustbeconsideredinthecontextofthenormalfloraofeachparticularsite.第22頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimensSpecimensAfewgeneralrulesapplytoallspecimens:(1)Thequantityofmaterialmustbeadequate.(2)Thesampleshouldberepresentativeoftheinfectiousprocess(eg,sputum,notsaliva;pusfromtheunderlyinglesion,notfromitssinustract;aswabfromthedepthofthewound,notfromitssurface).(3)Contaminationofthespecimenmustbeavoidedbyusingonlysterileequipmentandasepticprecautions.第23頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsSpecimens(4)Thespecimenmustbetakentothelaboratoryandexaminedpromptly.Specialtransportmediamaybehelpful.(5)Meaningfulspecimenstodiagnosebacterialandfungalinfectionsmustbesecuredbeforeantimicrobialdrugsareadministered.Ifantimicrobialdrugsaregivenbeforespecimensaretakenformicrobiologicstudy,drugtherapymayhavetobestoppedandrepeatspecimensobtainedseveraldayslater.第24頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsMicroscopy&StainsGramstainingisaveryusefulprocedureindiagnosticmicrobiology.Mostspecimenssubmittedwhenbacterialinfectionissuspectedshouldbesmearedonglassslides,Gram-stained,andexaminedmicroscopically.第25頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsMicroscopy&StainsTheappearanceofbacteriaonGram-stainedsmearsdoesnotpermitidentificationofspecies.Reportsofgram-positivecocciinchainsaresuggestiveof,butnotdefinitivefor,streptococcalspecies;gram-positivecocciinclusterssuggestastaphylococcalspecies.第26頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsMicroscopy&StainsSpecimenssubmittedforexaminationformycobacteriashouldbestainedforacid-fastorganisms,usingeitherZiehl-NeelsenstainorKinyounstain.Immunofluorescentantibody(IF)stainingisusefulintheidentificationofmanymicroorganisms第27頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsCultureSystemsFordiagnosticbacteriology,itisnecessarytouseseveraltypesofmediaforroutineculture,particularlywhenthepossibleorganismsincludeaerobic,facultativelyanaerobic,andobligatelyanaerobicbacteria.第28頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsCultureSystems

culturemediausedtodiagnose:bloodagar,Chocolateagar,selectivemediumforentericgram-negativerods(eitherMacConkeyagaroreosin-methyleneblue[EMB]agar,brucellaagarwithheminandvitaminK,Manyotherspecializedmediaareusedindiagnosticbacteriology;choicesdependontheclinicaldiagnosisandtheorganismunderconsideration.第29頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsAntigenDetectionImmunologicsystemsdesignedtodetectantigensofmicroorganismscanbeusedinthediagnosisofspecificinfections.IFtests(directandindirectfluorescentantibodytests)areoneformofantigendetectionandarediscussedinseparatesectionsinthischapteronthediagnosisofbacterial,chlamydial,andviralinfectionsandinthechaptersonthespecificmicroorganisms.第30頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsAntigenDetectionEnzymeimmunoassays(EIA),includingenzyme-linkedimmunosorbentassays(ELISA),andagglutinationtestsareusedtodetectantigensofinfectiousagentspresentinclinicalspecimens.Theprinciplesofthesetestsarereviewedbrieflyhere.第31頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseDiagnosisofBacterialInfectionsAntigenDetectionLatexagglutinationtestsareprimarilydirectedatthedetectionofcarbohydrateantigensofencapsulatedmicroorganisms.AnotherformofEIA,todetectantibody,isimmunoblotting("Westernblot"),wherebydefinedantigensareplacedonstripsofnitrocellulosepaper.第32頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseBacteriaUsing16SrRNAThe16SrRNAofeachspeciesofbacteriahasstable(conserved)portionsofthesequence.Manycopiesarepresentineachorganism.Labeledprobesspecificforthe16SrRNAofaspeciesareadded,andtheamountoflabelonthedouble-strandedhybridismeasured.第33頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseBacteriaUsing16SrRNAThistechniqueiswidelyusedfortherapididentificationofmanyorganisms.ExamplesincludethemostcommonandimportantMycobacteriumspecies,Coccidioidesimmitis,Histoplasmacapsulatum,andothers.第34頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseMolecularDiagnosticsTheprinciplebehindearlymolecularassaysisthehybridizationofacharacterizednucleicacidprobetoaspecificnucleicacidsequenceinatestspecimenfollowedbydetectionofthepairedhybrid.第35頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDiseaseMolecularDiagnosticsTargetAmplificationSystemstranscription-mediatedamplification(TMA)thenucleicacidsequence-basedamplification(NASBA)Stranddisplacementassays(SDA)ProbeAmplificationSystems-Theligasechainreaction(LCR)SignalAmplificationTechniques-branchedDNA(bDNA)第36頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三Identifying

BacteriathatCauseDisease第37頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三病毒感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合

1.感染病的實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷方法雖按基本原則進(jìn)行,但病毒感染性疾病具下述特點(diǎn):作分離的標(biāo)本和細(xì)菌標(biāo)本不一樣,必須是經(jīng)濾過(guò)除菌的液體標(biāo)本。大多數(shù)病毒對(duì)熱敏感,因此標(biāo)本需迅速冷藏和運(yùn)送。病毒分離培養(yǎng)后,

根據(jù)細(xì)胞病變特征確定何種病毒,再此基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)已分離的病毒和已知參考血清作中和試驗(yàn)、補(bǔ)體結(jié)合試驗(yàn)。第38頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三病毒感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合2.病毒血清學(xué)檢查是病毒感染診斷的常規(guī)實(shí)驗(yàn)室方法,用免疫標(biāo)記技術(shù)檢測(cè)標(biāo)本組織細(xì)胞內(nèi)的病毒抗原和胞外游離病毒抗原是一種快速的早期診斷。顯微鏡檢查也是病毒實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷不可忽視的手段,光學(xué)顯微鏡檢查感染組織或脫落細(xì)胞中特征性病毒包涵體、電鏡檢查病毒顆粒是早期診斷的方法之一。第39頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三病毒感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合3.核酸檢測(cè)病毒分離鑒定和血清學(xué)診斷一般需較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能判斷結(jié)果,近年來(lái)發(fā)展的利用核酸雜交技術(shù)和PCR技術(shù)檢測(cè)標(biāo)本中病毒核酸,是一種快速的早期診斷。對(duì)那些可能新出現(xiàn)的病毒,只有用分離方法取得最好診斷結(jié)果。第40頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三病毒感染性疾病

常用實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)項(xiàng)目的組合

4.以循證檢驗(yàn)為依據(jù)選擇實(shí)驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目

病毒感染實(shí)驗(yàn)診斷方法諸多,且各具不同的敏感度和特異度。有關(guān)的醫(yī)學(xué)專業(yè)組織可充分利用已有的循證診斷試驗(yàn)的文獻(xiàn),制定科學(xué)的、嚴(yán)格的、用于臨床疾病診斷的指南。指南根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的最佳證據(jù)或?qū)<业囊恢乱庖?jiàn),提供診斷建議,將實(shí)驗(yàn)室診斷試驗(yàn)項(xiàng)目分別按證據(jù)的等級(jí)水平進(jìn)行標(biāo)記。臨床實(shí)驗(yàn)室人員、特別是臨床醫(yī)師可依據(jù)指南對(duì)同一組織器官、不同病毒感染或不同組織器官、同一病毒感染選擇最佳。第41頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfectionTherearetwomajorapproachestothediagnosisofviralinfection:virologicandserologic.

Thevirologicapproachincludes(1)isolationofinfectiousvirusincellcultureorinlaboratoryanimals,(2)detectionofviralantigenbyimmunologicmethodssuchasimmunofluorescenceassay(IFA)orenzymeimmunoassay(EIA),(3)identificationofviralparticlesbyelectronmicroscopy(EM),and(4)detectionofviralnucleicacid.第42頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfectionTheserologicapproachincludes(1)demonstrationofafourfoldorgreaterriseinantiviralantibodyusingacuteandconvalescentseraandavarietyofmethodsthatmeasurepredominantlyimmunoglobulin(Ig)antibodyand(2)demonstrationofvirus-specificIgMantibodyinasinglelateacuteorrecoveryphaseserum.第43頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfectionAsistrueforanydiagnostictest,thetiming,quality,andhandlingofthespecimenarecriticalforanaccuratediagnosis.Forthevirologicapproachtodiagnosis,itisimportanttoobtainspecimensduringtheacuteinfectionfromthesiteofdisease.第44頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfectionOptimalSpecimens

Theoptimalspecimensvarydependingonthesiteofdisease:1、Lesions2、PediatricRespiratoryIllness3、AdultRespiratoryIllness4、AcuteInfection第45頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ViralIsolation

Isolationofinfectiousvirusintissuecellculturesremainsoneofthemostcommonlyusedmethodstodetectviruses.ThemajorvirusesdetectedbyisolationincellcultureincludeHSV,CMV,RSV,influenzaAandB,theparainfluenzaviruses,theadenoviruses,theenteroviruses(CoxsackieAandB,echo,polio),andVZV..第46頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ViralIsolation

SeveralDifferentTypesofCells

Becausenotallculturableviruseswillgrowinasinglecellline,severaldifferenttypesofcellsarerequired:(1)Duringthewinterseason,thecellsthatmaybeusedtoisolaterespiratoryvirusesincludeprimaryrhesusmonkeykidney.Madin-Darbycaninekidney,Hep-2(ahumanepithelialcarcinomacellline,)buffalogreenmonkeykidneycontinuouscellline,andahumanfibroblastcell.第47頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ViralIsolation

SeveralDifferentTypesofCells

(2)Forthesummer/fallenteroviousseason,thesearedifferentfromthecellsused:primaryrhesusmonkeykidney,Hep-2,buffalogreenmonkeykidney,RD(ahumanrhabdomyosarcomacellline),andahumanfibroblastcell.第48頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfection-ViralIsolation(3)

CytopathicEffect(CPE)1.Manyviruseswilldemonstrateacytopathiceffect(CPE)

withinafewdays,whereassomemaytakeaslongasaweekortwo.SomeviruseswilldonotcausetypicalCPEandareidentifiedbytheadsorptionofredbloodcellstothesurfaceofvirus-infectedcellsintheculture(e.ghemadsorptionfortheinfluenzaandparainfluenzaviruses).Forsomeviruses,suchasseveraloftheCoxsackieAvirusesandColoradotickfevervirusmouseinoculationisrequired.第49頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三CytopathicEffect(CPE)第50頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

hemadsorptionfortheinfluenzaandparainfluenzaviruses

第51頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三mouseinoculation

第52頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralIsolation

CytopathicEffect(CPE)

2.Withcellculturesystems,presumptiveidentificationofparticularvirusorvirusgroup(e.g.HSVorRSVoranenterovirus)canbeperformedwithinafeworseveraldaysbasedontheCPE:characteristics,timeofonset,andcelltypeinwhichitoccurs.Thispresumptiveidentificationcanbegreatlyfacilitatedifthetestrequisitionslipcontainstheimportantinformationrequested:sourceofthespecimen(e.g.swabofagenitalulceroraconjunctivalswabratherthananunidentifiedswabsource)andclinicaldiagnosis(e.g.genitalherpes,influenza,asepticmeningitis).第53頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralIsolation

ConfirmationofaSpecificVirus

Confirmationofaspecificvirusserotypeorofavirus(e.g.HSV-2,influenzaAH3N2,echovirus11)requiresuseofimmunologicmethodswithantibodyofknownspecificity.Inrecentyears,fluorescenceorperoxidase-conjugatedmonoclonalantibodies(MABs)havebecomeavailablecommerciallytodetectviralantigenincellcultures,e.g.HSV,CMV,VZV,RSV,influenzaAandB,theparainfluenzaviruses,andtheadenoviruses.第54頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralIsolation

ConfirmationofaSpecificVirusToidentifythespecificserotypeofinfluenzaAorB,inhibitionofhemaglutinationbyspecificserotypeantiseraisused.ForconfirmationofaspecificCoxsaclieorechovirusserotype,neutralizationofCPEwithpoolsofantiseraandthenindividualantiseraisstillrequired.第55頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三AdvantagesThereareseveraladvantagestousingisolationofinfectiousvirusasthemethodofdiagnosis.(1)First,abroadrangeofvirusescanbedetected,Forexample,fromarespiratorysectionspecimen,anumberofdifferentrespiratoryvirusescanbeisolated,whereasanantigendetectionmayidentifyonlyonevirus(eg.RSV).第56頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosisofviralinfection-

ViralIsolation

Advantages(2)Second,isolationofinfectiousvirusmakestheagentavailableforfurthercharacterization,suchasantivialsusceptibilitytestingandserotyping/subtypingforepidemiologicpurposes.(3)Third,viralisolationisasensitiveandspecificstandardwithwhichmorerapidmethodsarecompared.第57頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralIsolation

DisadvantagesTherearealsoseveraldisadvantagestoviralisolation.Itrequirestheavailabilityofacellculturelaboratory,withtheneedforspecializedequipmentandsuppliesandtrainedpersonnel.Second,isolationisslowerthanantigendetection,withresultsindaysratherthanhours.Finally,specimencollectionandtransportconditionsaremorecriticalforisolationthanantigentests.第58頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothe

diagnosisofviralinfection–

ViralAntigenDetection

Viralantigendetection

testsmaybeperformedoncellculturesforearlydetection/confirmationofviralantigenoronspecimensdirectlyfrompatients:nasalornasopharyngealsecretions,BALfluids,scrapingsofvesiclesorconjunctivae,swabsofthecervixorurethra,stoolsamples,ortissuebiopsies.第59頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothe

diagnosisofviralinfection–

ViralAntigenDetection

Becauseviralantigenispresentincells,itisimportantthatspecimensfrompatientscontainasufficientnumberofcells.FormoreslowlygrowingvirussuchasCMV,theuseofMABagainstnonstructuralproteinsproducedearlyinthereplicationcycle(i,eimmediateearlyantigen)allowsdetectionofvirusevenbeforeCPEcanbeobserves.第60頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ViralAntigenDetection

Themajorviralantigensthatcanbedetectedindirectpatientspecimensinclude(1)rotavirusandentericadenovirusinstoolspecimens;(2)RSV,influenzaAandB,theparainfluenzaviruses,andtheadenovirusesinrespiratoryspecimens;(3)hepatitisBvirus(HBV)surfaceantigen(HBsAg)andHIVp24antigeninserum;第61頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ViralAntigenDetection

(4)HSVandVZVinvesicle/ulcerswabspecimens;and(5)CMVinBALspecimens.ThemajorvirusesdetectedbytheSVC/VAS(ShellViralCentrifugation/ViralAntigenStaining)methodincludeCMV,HSV,RSV,theinfluenzaviruses,andadenoviruses.第62頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralAntigenDetection

MethodstoDetectViralAntigen

Methodstodetectviralantigenmaybeeitherdirectorindirect.(1)Withdirectmethods,fluorescien,anenzyme,oraradiolabel(theindicatorsystem)isconjugatedtotheantibodyusedtodetectthevirus(primaryantibody第63頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection–

ViralAntigenDetection

MethodstoDetectViralAntigen

(2)Withindirectmethods,theindicatorsystemisconjugatedtoasecondaryantibody(e.g.,rabbitanti-mouse),whichinturnisdirectedagainsttheprimaryantibody(e.g.,mouseMAB).TheindirectmethodcanbeconstructedtoreactwithhumanIgGorIgMmoleculesforuseinantibodyassays.ThemajorindicatorsystemincluedIFA,EIA,andradioimmunoassay(RIA)第64頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralAntigenDetection

ShellViralCentrifugation/ViralAntigenStaining(SVC/VAS)Method(SVC/VAS)techniqueofcentrifugationofthepatientspecimenontothecellmonolayeronacoverslipinthebottomofashellvialfollowedbystainingforviralantigenwithMABafter1of2daysofincubationhassignificantlyreducedthetimerequiredtodetectandconfirmanumberofviruses.Thecentrifugationstepshortensthetimerequiredforreplicationofthevirusandproductionofviralantigenincellcultures.第65頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-ViralAntigenDetection

ShellViralCentrifugation/ViralAntigenStaining(SVC/VAS)MethodForexample,withCMV,theSVC/VASmethoddetects50%ofthetotalpositivesin1dayand90%in2days,whereasitrequires10daystodetect50%withconventionalCPE.Manydiagnosticvirologylaboratories,therefore,usetheSVC/VAStechnique,particularlyfordetectionofCMV.第66頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosisofviralinfection-

ViralAntigenDetection

AdvantagesThereareseveraladvantagestoviralantigendetection.(1)Specimencollectionandtransportconditionsarelesscriticalthanforviralisolation.(2)Antigendetectiontestresultsareavailablesoonerthanviralisolation,usuallywithinhours.(3)Theantigentestscandetectvirusesthatwillnotgrowincommerciallyavailablecellculturesystems(e.g.,rotavirus,entericadenovirus,HBV,HIV).第67頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosisofviralinfection-

ViralAntigenDetection

Advantages(4)Theantigendetectiontestsdonotrequirecellculturelaboratoryequipmentandtrainedpersonnelforperformance.(5)Theremaybespecimensinwhichviralinfectivityhasbeenlost(negativeviralisolationresults)butantigenicityhasbeenpreserved(trueantigen-positivetest).第68頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection–

ViralAntigenDetection

DisadvantagesTherearealsoseveraldisadvantagestoviralantigendetection.(1)Theremustbeagoodantiserumandtestkitcommerciallyavailableforthevirussoughtinthespecimen.ExamplesofmedicallyimportantvirusesforwhichantigendetectionsystemsarenotyetavailableareEpstein-Barrvirus(EBV),hepatitisAandCviruses,theenteroviruses,rubella,mumps,thearboviruses,andparvovirusB19.第69頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection–

ViralAntigenDetection

Disadvantages(2)Aseparateantigendetectiontestmustbeperformedforeachvirusbeingsought.Forexample,withrespiratorysecretions,onetestmustbeperformedforRSV,anotherforinfluenza,stillanotherforinfluenzaB,andsoon.(3)Dependingontheparticularvirusandantigendetectionsystemavailable,theantigentestmaybelesssensitiveandisalwayslessspecificthanviralisolation.第70頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ElectronMicroscopy

EMremainanimportantadjuncttootherviraldiagnosticmethods,especiallyforidentificationofagentsofviralgastroenteritis.OtherusesforEMincludedetectionofpolyomavirusesinurineandherpesvirusparticlesinvesiclefluid(HSV,VZV)orinbraintissue(HSV,CMV,EBV),amongothers.第71頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection-

ElectronMicroscopy

Antigendetectiontestsareavailablefortwoofthethreemostcommoncauseofviraldiarrhea:rotavirusandentericadenovirus.Asidefromviralresearchlaboratoryserologictests,alternativediagnosticmethodsarenotyetcommercialavailableforotherviralpathogenssuchasNorwalkvirus,astrovirus,calicivirusandsmallroundstructuredviruses.第72頁(yè),講稿共132頁(yè),2023年5月2日,星期三

approachestothediagnosis

ofviralinfection–

ElectronMicroscopy

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