現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)概論3(二講修改稿)課件

Chapter3(構(gòu)詞法)3.1GeneralRemark概述3.2Compounding復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法3.3Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法

3.3.1Prefixation加前綴

3.3.2Suffixation加后綴3.4Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法Chapter3(構(gòu)詞法)3.1GeneralRem1Thedifferencesbetween“root”,“stem”and“base”?Root/詞根:isnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphologyStem/詞干:thepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.Base/詞基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thedifferencesbetween“root”2undesirables=un+desire+able+sBase:desirable→desire(base)undesirable→desirable(base)undesirables→undesirable(base)Base/詞基:anyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.undesirables32)denationalizeddenationalized=de+nation+al+ize+dRoot:nationStem:denationalizeBase:national→nationnationalize→nationaldenationalize→nationalizedenationalized→denationalize2)denationalized4desirable:desire(rootorbase,notstem)undesirable:desirable(base,notroot,notstem)undesirables:undesirable(stemorbase,notroot)desired:desire(root,stemorbase)desirable:desire53.2Compounding復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法Questions:1.Whatiscompounding?2.Whataretherelativecriteriaofacompound?3.Theclassificationofcompounding?3.2Compounding復(fù)合構(gòu)詞法Question6Whatiscompounding?Compounding/composition:aword-formationprocessconsistingofjoiningtwoormorebasestoformanewunit.e.g.flowerpot=flower+potmachine-independent=machine+independentbackWhatiscompounding?Compoundin7Therelativecriteriaofacompound1.Orthographiccriterion:Compoundsarewritteninthreeways,thatis,solid,hyphenatedandopen.

E.g.flowerpot

Solid:flowerpot

Hyphenated:flower-pot

Open:flowerpotTherelativecriteriaofacom82.Phonologicalcriterion:

Compoundaccent:amainstressonthefirstelementandsecondarystressonthesecondelement.

Normalphraseaccent:asecondarystressonthefirstelementandthemainstressonthesecondelement.

E.g.blacklistblackboardbluebottle2.Phonologicalcriterion:93.Semanticcriterion:Semantically,compoundscanbesaidtohaveameaningwhichmayberelatedtobutcannotalwaysbeinferredfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts.

E.g.

3.Semanticcriterion:10E.g.flowerpotworkdaybackyardNote:wecan

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentpartsredtape(官樣文章，煩瑣拖沓的公事程序)dogdays（thehottestdayoftheyear）flatfoot(apoliceman)blueblood(thequalityofbeinganoblemanbybirth)blueribbon(anhonorgiventothewinnerofthefirstprize)Note:wecannot

inferthemeaningfromthemeaningofitscomponentparts

backE.g.redtape11Theclassificationofcompounding?Compoundsareclassifiedaccordingtopartsofspeechofthecompoundsandsubdividedbythesyntacticrelationofthecompoundingelement.a.Partsofspeech1.n.compounds2.adj.compounds3.v.compoundsb.Syntacticrelationsubjectandverb主謂關(guān)系verbandadverbial動(dòng)賓關(guān)系verbandadverbial謂狀關(guān)系restrictiverelation限制關(guān)系coordinatingrelationship并列關(guān)系……Theclassificationofcompound12thunder-struck(houses)housesarestruckbythunder/thunderstruckthehouseswell-behaved(person)Thepersonbehavehimselfwell.peacelovingpeoplepeoplelovepeaceanocean-going(ship)Ashipgoacrossocean.thunder-struck(houses)13Apartfromcaringforherchildren,shehastotakeonsuchheavy_____houseworkascarryingwaterandfirewood.A.time-consumedB.timely-consumedC.time-consumingD.timely-consuming答案：CApartfromcaringforherchil14風(fēng)蝕巖石weather-beatenrocks日曬的健康膚色suntanned(skin)吹毛求疵的人afault-findingperson破紀(jì)錄的速度arecord-breakingspeed免稅的tax-free無(wú)憂無(wú)慮的care-free防火的fire-proof隔音的sound-proof滴水不漏的water-tight密封的，不漏氣的air-tight沒(méi)膝深的knee-deep齊肩高的shoulder-high終身的lifelong晶瑩剔透的Crycle-clear苦樂(lè)參半的bittersweet談?wù)摰脑掝}talked-abouttopic杜撰的故事made-upstory24小時(shí)看守round-the-clockwatch作現(xiàn)場(chǎng)勘查makeanonthesopinspection風(fēng)蝕巖石沒(méi)膝深的153.3Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法Questions:1.Whatisderivation?2.Whatiscombiningform?Andwhatdifferencebetweenacombiningformandanaffix?3.Theclassificationofderivation.back3.3Derivation派生構(gòu)詞法Questions16Derivation/affixation:aprocessofformingnewwordsbytheadditionofawordelement,suchasaprefix,suffixorcombiningform,toanalreadyexistingword.e.g.recover=re+coverworker=work+erbackDerivation/affixation:apro17Acombiningform[構(gòu)詞成分]:aboundmorpheme,whichwasoriginallyafullwordinLatinorGreek,butwhichnowoccursonlyinderivatives.e.g.autobiographyhydromechanicstelevisionautobiographyauto-=autos(Gk)=selfself+life+writeautoalarmautocracy(auto+alarm)(auto+cracy)(self+to+weapon)(self+ruling)hydromechanicshydro-=hydòr(Gk)=waterhydro-airplanehydrographydehydratehydrogentelevisiontele-=tele(Gk)=farofftelecontroltelephoneAcombiningform[構(gòu)詞成分]:aboun18Combiningformsaredistinguishedfromaffixesbytheirabilitytooccurasoneconstituentofawordwhoseonlyotherconstituentisanaffix.e.g.autocracyhydrographytelephoneautocracy=auto[構(gòu)詞成分]+cracy(suffix)hydrography=hydro[構(gòu)詞成分]+graphy(suffix)telephone=tele[構(gòu)詞成分]+phone(suffix)Fromthepointofviewofderivation,nodistinctionshouldbemadebetweencombiningformsandaffixesinthisbook,inwhichallthecombiningformsarelabeledeitherasprefixesorsuffixes.backCombiningformsaredistinguis193.3.1PrefixationQuestion:1.Whatisprefixation?2.Theclassificationofprefixes3.SomeproductiveprefixesPrefixation:addingaprefixorcombiningformtothebase.donotgenerallyaltertheword-classofthebase3.3.1PrefixationQuestion:20Classificationofprefixes:1.negativeprefixes（反意前綴）:un-,non-,in-(im-,il-,ir-),dis-,a-2.reversative/privativeprefixes（相反動(dòng)作前綴）:un-,de-,dis-,3.pejorativeprefixes（貶義前綴）:mis-,mal-,pseudo-4.prefixesofdegreeorsize（等級(jí)與大小前綴）:arch-,super-,out-,sub-,over-,under-,hyper-,altra-,mini-5.prefixesofattitude（態(tài)度取向前綴）:co-,counter-,anti-,pro-6.locativeprefixes（方位前綴）:super-,sub-,inter-,trans-7.prefixesoftimeandorder（時(shí)間順序前綴）:for-,pre-,post-,ex-,re-8.numberprefixes（常用數(shù)字前綴）:uni-/mono-,bi-/di-,tri,multi-/poly-9.miscellaneousprefixes:auto-,neo-,pan-,proto-,semi-,vice-

backClassificationofprefixes:21SomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-/anti-Anti-JapaneseWar抗日戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)抗體antibodyant-/anti-:against非正統(tǒng)藝術(shù)anti-art非傳統(tǒng)英雄anti-heroant-/anti-:unliketradition2.aster-,astr-,astro-astronautaster-,astr-,astro-:star占星家astrologer小行星asteroid3.aut-,autoautobiographyaut-,auto-:self獨(dú)裁者autocrat自治權(quán)autonomySomeGreekPrefixes1.ant-/a224.bio-bio-:life生物學(xué)biology傳記biography5.chron-,chronochron-,chrono:time編年史chronicle在時(shí)間上一致synchronize時(shí)代錯(cuò)誤anachronism6.dem-,demo-dem-,demo-:people民主政治的democratic流行的epidemic7.derm-,dermato-derm-,dermato:skin真皮dermis表皮epidermis皮下的hypodermic4.bio-6.dem-,demo-238.geo-地質(zhì)學(xué)geologygeo-:earth幾何學(xué)geometry9.gen-,genea-gen-,genea-:race家系，譜系genealogy起源，發(fā)生genesis龐雜的，異類的heterogeneousheteromorphy[生]異態(tài)性heteronomy他治，不自治heterosexual10.meter-,metr-meter-,metr-:measure計(jì)時(shí)器chronometer體溫計(jì)thermometer十進(jìn)制metrication11.onym-,onomatro-onym-,onomatro-:word匿名的anonymous筆名，假名pseudonym同義詞synonym受支配詞hyponym8.geo-10.meter-,metr-2412.ortho-ortho-:correct

orthography正字法正統(tǒng)的orthodox整形外科醫(yī)生orthopedist13.pan-,panto-pan,panto-:complete泛美洲Pan-America寬屏幕電視/電影panavision全景panorama萬(wàn)靈藥panacea14.prot-,proto-prot-,proto-:first原型prototype原始形式protomorph15.therm-,thermo-therm-,thermo-:heat體溫計(jì)thermometer熱核thermonuclear熱的，溫泉的thermal12.ortho-14.prot-,proto-25Someproductiveprefixes1.a-,an-+表述性v.a-,an-:1）處于某狀態(tài)2）缺乏alive不講道德amoral無(wú)政府a(chǎn)narchy2.co-,con-,col-,cor-+n./v.co-,con-,col-,cor-:1)結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，共同2)相互的關(guān)系合作cooperate同時(shí)發(fā)生concur符合，相稱correspond同事colleagueSomeproductiveprefixes1.a-,263.counter-+v./抽象n.counter-:與……相反，反反擊counterattack對(duì)應(yīng)一方counterpart反主流文化分子counterculturist4.dis-+adj./v.dis-:與…相反，不不誠(chéng)實(shí)dishonest不遵守disobey5.eco-+adj./n.eco-:生態(tài)生態(tài)危機(jī)ecocrisisecocide生態(tài)滅絕6.fore-+n.fore-:1)前部2)先前額forehead預(yù)言forecast首要的foremost3.counter-+v./抽象n.5.eco277.in-+adj./v./n.in-:1)不，與相反2)向內(nèi)不完全incomplete不禮貌impolite不合邏輯illogical雕刻inscribe移入immigrate8.inter-+v./n./adj.inter-:在之間政府間的intergovernmental調(diào)停者intermediary州際的interstate7.in-+adj./v./n.8.inte289.mini-+n.P46mini-:1)小，微2）短暫超短裙miniskirt微型汽車minibus短暫危機(jī)minicrisis10.mis-+v./分詞/抽象名詞mis-:錯(cuò)誤，歧途誤解misunderstanding引入歧途mislead不幸mislead9.mini-+n.P4610.mis-+2911.out-+n./v.out-:超過(guò)活得比長(zhǎng)outlive以智取勝outwit12.over-+v./adj./n.over-:1）過(guò)于，過(guò)分2）上方過(guò)分自信overconfident溢出overflow高估overestimate13.post-+n./adj.post-:在…之后附言postscript博士后post-doctor14.pre-+n./adj.pre:在…之前預(yù)習(xí)preview史前prehistory11.out-+n./v.13.post-+3015.sub-+adj./n.sub:下、次小標(biāo)題subtitle低于正常subnormal16.trans-+n.trans-:跨越，穿過(guò)運(yùn)輸transport移植transplant變形transform17.super-+adj./n.super:1）超，極2）頂級(jí)3）在…之上超級(jí)明星superstar上層建筑superstructure18.under-+n./v./ved.under:在之下；不足下劃線underline公共設(shè)施不足under-serviced15.sub-+adj./n.17.super-31NumberPrefixes1.oneone:mon(o)-(G)uni-(L)獨(dú)白Monologue一夫一妻制Monogamy不分性別的Unisex獨(dú)一無(wú)二的unique2.twotwo:di-(G)/bi-(L)對(duì)話dialogue二氧化物dioxide雙語(yǔ)bilingual雙邊bilateralNumberPrefixes1.one2.two323.doubledouble:amphi-(G)ambi-(L)兩棲amphibian模棱兩可amphibology歧義ambiguity4.threethree:tri-(L)三角形triangle三輪車tricycle5.fourfour:quadri-(L)四邊形quadrangle6.fivefive:pent(a)-(G)quint-(L)五角大樓pentagon五重奏quintet3.double5.four337.sixsix:hexa-(G)/sex-(L)六角形hexagon六重奏sextet7.Ninenine:enne-(G)non-(L)九邊形enneagon/nonagon九重奏nonet8.tenten:deca-(G)/deci-(L)十年Decade十進(jìn)制Decimalism9.halfhalf:hemi-(G)/semi-(L)半球Hemisphere半圓Hemicycle/semicircle半殖民地semicolonial7.six8.ten3410.manymany:poly-(G)/multi-(L)多元的polycentric多民族的multi-racial11.hundredhundred:hecto-(G)/cent-(L)百米hectometer厘米centimeter蜈蚣centipedeback10.many11.hundred353.3.2Suffixation加后綴Questions:1.Whatissuffixation?2.Theclassificationofderivation.3.Someproductivesuffixes.3.3.2Suffixation加后綴Questio36ProductivesuffixesonP501.ablechangeable,variable,knowledgeablechangeable=beabletobechanged

vt.+ableadj.Variable=abletovary

vi.+ableadj.knowledgeable=knowalot

n.+ableadj.

havingthestatedqualityorconditionProductivesuffixesonP501.a372.–er他教書(shū)教得很好。Heteachesverywell.Heisagoodteacher.2.–er383.ride-in,swim-in

v.-in:

protestingagainstracialdiscriminationpublicdemonstrationsit-in,lie-in,work-inbe-in,drop-in,sing-in,

socialgatheringdrive-in3.394.–yrisky,dirty

n.-yadj.

fullof,coveredwith,characterizedby…Sleepy

v.-yadj.

havingatrendyto,inclinedto…4.–y40harmful,wonderful,useful,meaningful,joyfulhandful,mouthful,spoonful1.n.+-ful=adj.-ful=befullofahelpsuggestion=asuggestionisfullofhelparesentfullook=alookisfullofresentaeventfullife=alifeisfullofevents2.n.+-ful=n.

-ful=所容的量ahandfulofnuts

harmful,wonderful,useful,me41postal,sensational,tropical,philosophical

n.+-al=adj.

-al=aboutpostal,sensational,tropical,42ambitious,desirous,dangerous

n.+-ous=adj.

-ous=befullofambitious,desirous,dangerous43同根近義詞(P54)continuance,continuation,continuityContinuance=continue+ancethestateofcontinuingContinuation=continue+actiontheactofcontinuingContinuity=continue+itythequalityofbeingcontionuous同根近義詞(P54)continuance,contin44sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.sensible/sensitive45Sensitive/sensibleSensitive=sense+tivebefullofsense(n.)e.g.asensitiveskin=theskinisfullofsense1)敏感的

besensitivetoridiculebesensitiveaboutone’sappearance2)靈敏的；神經(jīng)過(guò)敏的；容易生氣的Sensible=sense+able=canbesensed(vt.)e.g.asensibleerror1)感覺(jué)得到的，明顯的Iamsensibleofyourkindness.2)知道的3)明智的asensibleSensitive/sensible463.–ish/-likeN.→Adj.e.g.childish/childlike-ish:derogatory3.–ish/-like471.Thetalkshadbeen___butmuchremainedtobedone.A.fruitfulB.effectiveC.advantageousD.validfruitful:producinggoodresults富有成效的，收效很多的effective:havingapleasingeffect有效的E.g.takeeffectivemeasures答案：A1.Thetalkshadbeen___but482.Thecomingoftherailwaysinthe1830s___oursocietyandeconomiclife.A.transformedB.transportedC.transferredD.transmittedHehopedthefirmwould_____himtotheParisbranch.A.exchangeB.transmitC.transferD.remove答案：CSomediseasesare_____bycertainwateranimals.A.transplantedB.transformedC.transportedD.transmitted答案：DAmericanfootballandbaseballarebecomingknowtotheBritishpublicthroughtelevised_____fromtheUnitedStates.A.transferB.deliveriesC.transportationD.transmissions答案：D2.Thecomingoftherailways49Retirementisobviouslyaverycomplex_____period;andtheearlieryoustartplanningforit,thebetter.A.transitionB.transactionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡThereismuchIenjoyaboutthechangingseasons,butmyfavoritetimeisthe_____fromfalltowinter.A.transmissionB.transformationC.transitionD.transfer答案：ＣHeattendstothe_____ofimportantbusinesshimself.A.transactionB.transitionC.transmissionD.transformation答案：ＡItwillbesafertowalkthestreetsbecausepeoplewillnotneedtocarrylargeamountsofcash;virtuallyallfinancial_____willbeconductedbycomputer.A.transactionsB.transmissionsC.transitionsD.transformations答案：ＡRetirementisobviouslyavery50transform:tochangecompletelyinform,appearance,ornaturee.g.transformheatintopowertransport:tocarry(goods,people,etc.)fromoneplacetoanother.transform:tochangecompletel51transfer:1.tomovefromoneplace,job,position,toanother;2.tomovefromonevehicletoanotherinthecoursee.g.transferproductionofthenewspapertoitsnewplanttransferthatfootballplayertoanotherteamtransferfromthetraintoabustransmit:1.tosendout(electricsignals,messages,etc.)byradio;2.tosendorpassfromoneperson,place,orthingtoanothere.g.Thisinfectionistransmittedbymosquitoes.Theinformationistransmittedfromonecomputertoanotherthroughatelephoneline.transfer:521.variety/variationA.Therearewideregional____inhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawide____ofcolors.2.incredible/incredulousA.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely

____story.B.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher___smile.C.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

1.variety/variation533.imaginary/imaginativeA.

____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.B.

Itisonlyan____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.4.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisavery____thingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.

No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoo______.5.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisavery_____person.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.

3.imaginary/imaginative546.subtle/delicateA.

Thereisavery_____differencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B.

Thisisa_____situation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C.Shelookedvery______,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’t_____.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwas_____ofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbe_______?

back6.subtle/delicate55–al/–ation/-mentV.→N.-al:theactionof某行為E.g.arrival,approval-ation:theact,state,orresultof動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致的狀態(tài)或機(jī)構(gòu)E.g.education,interpretation,organization-ment:動(dòng)作的過(guò)程E.g.arrangement,development,movement(選講該頁(yè))–al/–ation/-ment56–ity/-nessAdj.→N.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品質(zhì)或?qū)嵗齟.g.diversity,equalitywithgreatregularity=regularlySuchstupidities=stupidactionsorremarks-ness:thecondition,quality,ordegreeofbeing狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、程度e.g.carelessness,frankness,selfishness(選講該頁(yè))–ity/-ness571.variety/variationA.

Therearewideregionalvariationsinhouseprices.B.TheT-shirtsareavailableinawidevarietyofcolors.-ity:thequalityoranexampleofbeing品質(zhì)或?qū)嵗齰ariety:anumberorcollectionofdifferentsortsofthesamegeneraltype種類-ation:theact,state,orresultof動(dòng)作導(dǎo)致的狀態(tài)或機(jī)構(gòu)variation:(adegreeof)thefactofvarying差異，變動(dòng)程度back1.variety/variation582.incredible/incredulouscred(it):believeincredible=can’tbebelievedincredulous=befullofunbelief=showingdisbelief

A.Thewaysheescapedisanabsolutely_____story.

incredibleB.

Icouldtellsheknewhewaslyingbyher_____smile.

incredulousC.Theyalllooked______whentheyoungwomansaidthatshecouldgettheirfactorytomakeaprofitwithinfivemonths.

incredulousback

2.incredible/incredulous593.imaginary/imaginativeA.

_____workscanalwaysattractalotofreaders.imaginativeB.Itisonlyan_____story,soyou’dbetternotbelieveit.

imaginarycustomary-ary:concerning;aboutback3.imaginary/imaginative604.sensible/sensitiveA.

Ithinkitisaverysensiblethingforyoutodounderthecircumstances.B.No,Ididn’tmeanthat.Youaretoosensitive.P33back4.sensible/sensitive615.exciting/excited/excitableA.Nevermindhim.Heisaveryexcitableperson.Hedoesn’tknowwhatheistalkingabout.Excitable:(ofapersonoranimal)easilyexcitedExcited:fullofstrongfeelingsofexpectationandhappiness;nitcalme.g.TheexcitedchildrenwereopeningtheirChristmaspresents.back5.exciting/excited/excita626.subtle/delicateA. Thereisaverysubtledifferencebetween“citizenrights”and“humanrights”.B. Thisisadelicatesituation.Wemusthandleitwithgreatcare.C. Shelookedverydelicate,butshewasveryenergeticandhadastrongwill.back6.subtle/delicate63Subtle:adj.a.noteasytonotice,understand,orexplain

difficulttounderstand難理解→微妙的e.g.subtledifferencesinmeaningb.cleverinarrangement,esp.soastodeceivepeople精妙的e.g.asubtleplanc.verycleverinnoticingandunderstandinge.g.asubtlemindbackSubtle:adj.64Delicate:adj.a.needingcarefulhandling,esp.becauseeasilybrokenordamagede.g.Becarefulwiththosewineglassesthey’reverydelicate.b.needingcarefultreatmentinordertoavoidfailureortroublee.g.adelicatesituationThenegotiationsareataverydelicatestage.c.easilymadeille.g.adelicatechildd.finelymadeinawaythatshowsgreatskille.gadelicatepieceofworkmanshipe.(ofataste,smell,etc.)pleasingbutnotstrongandperhapsnoteasytorecognize.e.g.adelicateflavour/smellbackDelicate:adj.65

7.worth/worthy/worthwhileA.

Icanfixit.Butitisn’tworthwhile.Whydon’twegoandgetanewone?B.

Hiseffortwasworthyofgreatpraise.C.Howmuchdoyouthinkapearlofthatsizewillbeworth?back

7.worth/worthy/worthwhil66worth:prep.(esp.afterbe)havingthestatedvaluee.g.It’sworthmuchmorethanIpaidforit.Thispieceoflandisworth$44,500.Howmuchisyoucarworth.worthy:adj.1.[A(attributive)]deservingrespectorseriousconsideratione.g.Sheprovedherselfaworthysuccessortotheformerchampion.2.[+of/to-v]deservinge.g.aperformanceworthytoberememberedworthyofadmirationworthwhile:adj.deservingtheeffortneededthetimeormoneyspent,etc.e.g.Wehadalongwait,butitwasworthwhilebecausewegotthetickets.backworth:prep.(esp.afterbe)h673.4Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法Questions:1.Whatis“conversion”?Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandsuffixation?2.Thetypesofconversion3.4Conversion詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法Questions:68詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法conversionfunctionalshiftderivationbyzerosuffixfunctionalshift:concernedwithusageonlynotwithword-formationderivationbyzerosuffix:longandcumbersome;clarifyonlysomethingminor,notcrucial詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法69P703.illustratetheaxiom,“Theactualgrammaticalclassificationofanywordisdependentuponitsuse.”P(pán)703.illustratetheaxiom,“T70Thetypesofconversionnoun→verbconversion(themostproductive)verb→nounconversionadj.→verbconversionadj.→nounconversionotherconversionsThetypesofconversionnoun→71noun→verbconversionWhyistheconversionfromnountoverbthemostproductiveprocessofconversion?1)apreponderanceofnounsoververbs2)thereareonlyafewverb-formingaffixesinEnglishnoun→verbconversionWhyis72Majortypesundern.→v.conversionTheworkerscanned

apples.putapplesincansThisroomwasflooredwithtitles.cagebirdsThequestioncertainlycorneredme.Hepocketedhiswallet.(a)

toputin/onN.Majortypesundern.→v.conv73Theyshelteredtheorphans.

givesheltertotheorphanspillscoatedwithsugarsugaredpillsThebottleislabeledpoison.Thechildrosefromthegroundplasteredoverwithyellowclay.(b)

togive/provideN.Theyshelteredtheorphans.74Billweededthegarden.

cutoffweedsinthegardencoreanapplepeelanorangedustacap(c)

toremoveN.Billweededthegarden.75Johnbrakedthecar.stoppedthecarwithabrakescrewthetwopiecestogetherelbowone’swaythroughthecrowd(d)todosth.withN.Johnbrakedthecar.76Shemotheredtheorphan.(humann.)lookedaftertheorphanlikeamotherTompa