建筑節(jié)能技術(shù)在某花園示范小區(qū)中的應用

目錄HYPERLINKForinstance,awallwithhighthermalinertia,subjectedtosolarradiationforanhour,willabsorbtheheatatitsoutsidesurface,buttransferittotheinterioroveraperiodaslongas6hours.Conversely,awallhavingthesameRfactor,butlowthermalinertia,willtransfertheheatinperhaps2hours.Highthermalinertiaisthereasonmanyolderpublicandcommercialbuildings,withoutmodernairconditioning,stillfeelcoolontheinsidethroughoutthesummer.Theheatfromthemiddaysundoesnotpenetratethebuildingsuntillateafternoonandevening,whenitisunoccupied.Althoughthesecharacteristicsmaynottypifyallhistoricbuildings,thepointisthathistoricbuildingsoftenhavethermalpropertiesthatneedlittleimprovement.Onemustunderstandtheinherentenergysavingqualitiesofabuilding.PassiveMeasures Thefirstpassivemeasurestoutilizeareoperationalcontrols;thatis,controllinghowandwhenabuildingisused.Thesecontrolsincorporateprogrammaticplanningandschedulingeffortsbytheownertominimizeusageofenergy-consumingequipment.Abuildingshouldsurveyandquantifyallaspectsofenergyusage,byevaluatingthemoniesexpendedforelectricity,gas,andfueloilforayearandbysurveyinghowandwheneachroomisused.Thiswillidentifywaysofconservingenergybyinitiatingoperationalcontrolssuchas:loweringthethermostatinthewinter,raisingitinthesummercontrollingthetemperatureinthoseroomsactuallyusedreducingthelevelofilluminationandnumberoflights（maximizenaturallight）usingoperablewindows,shutters,awningsandventsasoriginallyintendedtocontrolinteriorenvironment（maximizefreshair）havingmechanicalequipmentservicedregularlytoensuremaximumefficiencycleaningradiatorsandforcedairregisterstoensureproperoperationThepassivemeasuresoutlinedabovecansaveasmuchas30%oftheenergyusedinabuilding.Theyshouldbethefirstundertakingstosaveenergyinanyexistingbuildingandareparticularlyappropriateforhistoricbuildingsbecausetheydonotnecessitatebuildingalterationsortheintroductionofnewmaterialsthatmaycausedamage.Passivemeasuresmakeenergysense,commonsense,andpreservationsense!RetrofittingMeasuresThefollowinglistingincludesthemostcommonretrofittingmeasures;somemeasuresarehighlyrecommendedforapreservationretrofittingplan,but,aswillbeexplained,othersarelessbeneficialorevenharmfultothehistoricbuilding:AirInfiltrationAtticInsulationStormWindowsBasementandCrawlSpaceInsulationDuctandPipeInsulationAwningsandShadingDevicesDoorsandStormDoorsVestibulesReplacementWindowsWallInsulation--WoodFrameWallInsulation--MasonryCavityWallsWallInsulation--InstalledontheInsideWallInsulation--InstalledontheOutsideWaterproofCoatingsforMasonryTherecommendedmeasurestopreservationretrofittingbeginwiththoseatthetopofthelist.Thefirstonesarethesimplest,leastexpensive,andofferthehighestpotentialforsavingenergy.Theremainingmeasuresarenotrecommendedforgeneraluseeitherbecauseofpotentialtechnicalandpreservationproblems,orbecauseofthecostsoutweighingtheanticipatedenergysavings.Specificsolutionsmustbedeterminedbasedonthefactsandcircumstancesoftheparticularproblem;therefore,advicefromprofessionalsexperiencedinhistoricpreservation,suchas,architects,engineersandmechanicalcontractorsshouldbesolicited.AirInfiltration:Substantialheatlossoccursbecausecoldoutsideairinfiltratesthebuildingthroughloosewindows,doors,andcracksintheoutsideshellofthebuilding.Addingweatherstrippingtodoorsandwindows,andcaulkingofopencracksandjointswillsubstantiallyreducethisinfiltration.Careshouldbetakennottoreduceinfiltrationtothepointwherethebuildingiscompletelysealedandmoisturemigrationisprevented.Withoutsomeinfiltration,condensationproblemscouldoccurthroughoutthebuilding.Avoidcaulkingandweatherstrippingmaterialsthat,whenapplied,introduceinappropriatecolorsorotherwisevisuallyimpairthearchitecturalcharacterofthebuilding.Reducingairinfiltrationshouldbethefirstpriorityofapreservationretrofittingplan.Thecostislow,littleskillisrequired,andthebenefitsaresubstantial.AtticInsulation:Heatrisingthroughtheatticandroofisamajorsourceofheatloss,andreducingthisheatlossshouldbeoneofthehighestprioritiesinpreservationretrofitting.Addinginsulationinaccessibleatticspacesisveryeffectiveinsavingenergyandisgenerallyaccomplishedatareasonablecost,requiringlittleskilltoinstall.Themostcommonatticinsulationsincludeblanketsoffiberglassandmineralwool,blowingcellulose（treatedwithboricacidonly）,blowingwool,vermiculite,andblownfiberglass.Iftheatticisunheated（notusedforhabitation）,thentheinsulationisplacedbetweenthefloorjoistswiththevaporbarrierfacingdown.Ifflooringispresent,oriftheatticisheated,theinsulationisgenerallyplacedbetweentheroofrafterswiththevaporbarrierfacingin.Allshouldbeinstalledaccordingtothemanufacturer'srecommendations.Aweatherizationmanualentitled,"IntheBank...orUptheChimney"（seethebibliography）providesdetaileddescriptionsaboutavarietyofinstallationmethodsusedforatticinsulation.Themanualalsorecommendstheamountofatticinsulationusedinvariouspartsofthecountry.Iftheattichassomeinsulation,addmore（butwithoutavaporbarrier）toreachthetotaldepthrecommended.Problemsoccuriftheatticspaceisnotproperlyventilated.Thislackofventilationwillcausetheinsulationtobecomesaturatedandloseitsthermaleffectiveness.Theatticisadequatelyventilatedwhenthenetareaofventilation（freeareaofalouverorvent）equalsapproximately1/300oftheatticfloorarea.Withadequateatticventilation,theadditionofatticinsulationshouldbeoneofthehighestprioritiesofapreservationretrofittingplan.Iftheatticfloorisinaccessible,orifitisimpossibletoaddinsulationalongtheroofrafters,considerattachinginsulationtotheceilingsoftheroomsimmediatelybelowtheattic.Someinsulationsaremanufacturedspecificallyforthesecasesandincludeadurablesurfacewhichbecomesthenewceiling.Thisoptionshouldnotbeconsideredifitcausesirreparabledamagetohistoricorarchitecturalspacesorfeatures;however,inothercases,itcouldbearecommendedmeasureofapreservationretrofittingplan.StormWindows:Windowsareaprimarysourceofheatlossbecausetheyarebothapoorthermalbarrier（Rfactorofonly0.89）andoftenasourceofairinfiltration.Addingstormwindowsgreatlyimprovesthesepoorcharacteristics.Ifabuildinghasexistingstormwindows（eitherwoodormetalframed）,theyshouldberetained.Assuretheyaretightfittingandingoodworkingcondition.Iftheyarenotinplace,itisarecommendedmeasureofapreservationretrofittingplantoaddnewmetalframedwindowsontheexterior.Thiswillresultinawindowassembly（historicwindowplusstormwindow）withanRfactorof1.79whichoutperformsadoublepanedwindowassembly（withanairspaceupto1/2"）thatonlyhasanRfactorof1.72.Wheninstallingthestormwindows,becarefulnottodamagethehistoricwindowframe.Ifthemetalframesvisuallyimpairtheappearanceofthebuilding,itmaybenecessarytopaintthemtomatchthecolorofthehistoricframe.Triple-trackmetalstormwindowsarerecommendedbecausetheyarereadilyavailable,innumeroussizes,andatareasonablecost.Ifapreassembledstormwindowisnotavailableforaparticularwindowsize,andacustommadestormwindowisrequired,thecostcanbeveryhigh.Inthiscase,comparethecostofmanufactureandinstallationwiththeexpectedcostsavingsresultingfromtheincreasedthermalefficiency.Generally,custom-madestormwindows,ofeitherwoodormetalframes,arenotcosteffective,andwouldnotberecommendedinapreservationretrofittingplan.Interiorstormwindowinstallationscanbeasthermallyeffectiveasexteriorstormwindows;however,thereishighpotentialfordamagetothehistoricwindowandsillfromcondensation.Withstormwindowsontheinterior,theoutersash（inthiscasethehistoricsash）willbecoldinthewinter,andhencemoisturemaycondensethere.Thiscondensationoftencollectsontheflatsurfaceofthesashorwindowsillcausingpainttoblisterandthewoodtobegintodeteriorate.Rigidplasticsheetsareusedasinteriorstormwindowsbyattachingthemdirectlytothehistoricsash.Theyarenotquiteaseffectiveasthestormwindowsdescribedpreviouslybecauseofthepossibilityofairinfiltrationaroundthehistoricsash.Iftherigidplasticsheetsareused,assurethattheyareinstalledwithminimumdamagetothehistoricsash,removedperiodicallytoallowthehistoricsashtodry,andthatthehistoricframeandsasharecompletelycaulkedandweatherstripped.Inmostcases,interiorstormwindowsofeithermetalframesorofplasticsheetsarenotrecommendedforpreservationretrofittingbecauseofthepotentialfordamagetothehistoricwindow.Ifinteriorstormwindowsareinplace,thepotentialformoisturedeteriorationcanbelessenedbyopening（orremoving,dependingonthetype）thestormwindowsduringthemildmonthsallowingthehistoricwindowtodrythoroughly.BasementandCrawlSpaceInsulation:Substantialheatislostthroughcoldbasementsandcrawlspaces.Addinginsulationintheselocationsisaneffectivepreservationretrofittingmeasureandshouldbeahighpriorityaction.Itiscomplicated,however,becauseoftheexcessivemoisturethatisoftenpresent.Onemustbeawareofthisandassurethatinsulationisproperlyinstalledforthespecificlocation.Forinstance,incrawlspacesandcertainunheatedbasements,theinsulationisgenerallyplacedbetweenthefirstfloorjoists（theceilingofthebasement）withthevaporbarrierfacingup.Donotstapletheinsulationinplace,becausethestaplesoftenrustaway.Usespecialanchorsdevelopedforinsulationinmoistareassuchasthese.Inheatedbasements,orwherethebasementcontainstheheatingplant（furnace）,orwherethereareexposedwaterandsewerpipes,insulationshouldbeinstalledagainstfoundationwalls.Begintheinsulationwithinthefirstfloorjoists,andproceeddownthewalltoapointatleast3feetbelowtheexteriorgroundlevelifpossible,withthevaporbarrierfacingin.Useeitherbatorrigidinsulation.Installinginsulationinthebasementorcrawlspaceshouldbeahighpriorityofapreservationretrofittingplan,aslongasadequateprovisionismadetoventilatetheunheatedspace,perhapsevenbyinstallinganexhaustfan.DuctandPipeInsulation:Wrappinginsulationaroundheatingandcoolingductsandhotwaterpipes,isarecommendedpreservationretrofittingmeasure.Useinsulationwhichisintendedforthisuseandinstallitaccordingtomanufacturer'srecommendations.Notethatairconditioningductswillbecoldinthesummer,andhencemoisturewillcondensethere.Useinsulationwiththevaporbarrierfacingout,awayfromtheduct.Thesemeasuresareinexpensiveandhavelittlepotentialfordamagetothehistoricbuilding.AwningsandShadingDevices:Inthepast,awningsandtreeswereusedextensivelytoprovideshadetokeepbuildingscoolerinthesummer.Ifawningsortreesareinplace,keepthemingoodcondition,andtakeadvantageoftheirenergy-savingcontribution.Buildingownersmayconsideraddingawningsortreesifthesummercoolingloadissubstantial.Ifawningsareadded,assurethattheyareinstalledwithoutdamagingthebuildingorvisuallyimpairingitsarchitecturalcharacter.Iftreesareadded,selectdeciduoustreesthatprovideshadeinthesummerbut,afterdroppingtheirleaves,wouldallowthesuntowarmthebuildinginthewinter.Whenplantingtrees,assurethattheyarenocloserthan10feettothebuildingtoavoiddamagetothefoundations.Addingeitherawningsorshadetreesmaybeexpensive,butinhotclimates,thebenefitscanjustifythecosts.DoorsandStormDoors:Mosthistoricwoodendoors,iftheyaresolidwoodorpaneled,havefairlygoodthermalpropertiesandshouldnotbereplaced,especiallyiftheyareimportantarchitecturalfeatures.Assurethattheframesanddoorshavepropermaintenance,regularpainting,andthatcaulkingandweatherstrippingisappliedasnecessary.Astormdoorwouldimprovethethermalperformanceofthehistoricdoor;however,recentstudiesindicatethatinstallingastormdoorisnotnormallycosteffectiveinresidentialsettings.Thecostsarehighcomparedtotheanticipatedsavings.Therefore,stormdoorsshouldonlybeaddedtobuildingsincoldclimates,andaddedinsuchawaytominimizethevisualimpactonthebuilding'sappearance.Thestormdoordesignshouldbecompatiblewiththearchitecturalcharacterofthebuildingandmaybepaintedtomatchthecolorsofthehistoricdoor.Vestibules:Vestibulescreateasecondaryairspaceatadoorwaytoreduceairinfiltrationoccurringwhiletheprimarydoorisopen.Ifavestibuleisinplace,retainit.Ifnot,addingavestibule,eitherontheexteriororinterior,shouldbecarefullyconsideredtodeterminethepossiblevisualimpactonthecharacterofthebuilding.Theenergysavingswouldbecomparativelysmallcomparedtoconstructioncosts.Addingavestibuleshouldbeconsideredinverycoldclimates,orwheredooruseisveryhigh,butineithercase,theadditionalquestionofvisualintrusionmustberesolvedbeforeitisadded.Formostcaseswithhistoricbuildings,addingavestibuleisnotrecommended.ReplacementWindows:Unfortunately,acommonweatherizationmeasure,especiallyinlargerbuildings,hasbeenthereplacementofhistoricwindowswithmoderndoublepanedwindows.Theintentionwastoimprovethethermalperformanceoftheexistingwindowsandtoreducelongtermmaintenancecosts.Theevidenceisclearthataddingexteriorstormwindowsisaviablealternativetoreplacingthehistoricwindowsanditistherecommendedapproachinpreservationretrofitting.However,ifthehistoricwindowsareseverelydeterioratedandtheirrepairwouldbeimpractical,oreconomicallyinfeasible,thenreplacementwindowsmaybewarranted.Thenewwindows,ofeitherwoodormetal,shouldcloselymatchthehistoricwindowsinsize,numberofpanes,municipalshape,frame,colorandreflectivequalitiesoftheglass.WallInsulation--WoodFrame:Theadditionofwallinsulationinawoodframebuildingisgenerallynotrecommendedasapreservationretrofittingmeasurebecausethecostsarehigh,andthepotentialfordamagetohistoricbuildingmaterialsisevenhigher.Also,wallinsulationisnotparticularlyeffectiveforsmallframebuildings（onestory）becausetheheatlossfromthewallsisarelativelysmallpercentageofthetotal,andpartofthatcanbeattributedtoinfiltration.If,however,thehistoricbuildingistwoormorestories,andislocatedinacoldclimate,wallinsulationmaybeconsideredifextremecare（asexplainedlater）isexercisedwithitsinstallation.Theinstallationofwallinsulationinhistoricframebuildingscanresultinserioustechnicalandpreservationproblems.Asdiscussedbefore,insulationmustbekeptdrytofunctionproperly,andrequiresavaporbarrierandsomeprovisionforairmovement.Introducinginsulationinwallcavities,withoutavaporbarrierandsomeventilationcanbedisastrous.Theinsulationwouldbecomesaturated,losingitsthermalproperties,andinfact,actuallyincreasingtheheatlossthroughthewall.Additionally,themoisture（invaporform）maycondenseintowaterdropletsandbeginseriousdeteriorationofadjacentbuildingmaterialssuchassills,windowframes,framingandbracing.Thesituationisgreatlycomplicated,becausecorrectingsuchproblemscouldnecessitatethecomplete（andcostly）dismantlingoftheexteriororinteriorwallsurfaces.Itshouldbeclearthataddingwallinsulationhasthepotentialforcausingseriousdamagetohistoricbuildingmaterials.Ifaddingwallinsulationtoframebuildingsisdeterminedtobeabsolutelynecessary,thefirstapproachshouldbetoconsiderthecarefulremovaloftheexteriorsidingsothatitmaylaterbereinstalled.Thenintroducebatinsulationwiththevaporbarrierfacinginintothenowaccessiblewallcavity.Thefirststepinthisapproachisaninvestigationtodetermineifthesidingcanberemovedwithoutcausingseriousdamage.Ifitisfeasible,introducinginsulationinthisfashionprovidesthebestpossiblesolutiontoinsulatingawall,andprovidesanexcellentopportunitytoviewmostofthestructuralsystemforpossiblehiddenstructuralproblemsorinsectinfestations.Abuildingownershouldnotconsiderthisapproachifitwouldresultinsubstantialdamagetoorlossofhistoricwoodensiding.Mostsiding,however,wouldprobablywithstandthismethodifreasonablecareisexercised.Thesecondpossibleapproachforwallinsulationinvolvesinjectingorblowinginsulationintothewallcavity.Thecommoninsulationsaretheloosefilltypesthatcanbeblownintothecavity,thepouredtypes,ortheinjectedtypessuchasfoam.Obviouslyavaporbarriercannotbesimultaneouslyblownintothespace.However,anequivalentvaporbarriercanbecreatedbyassuringthattheinteriorwallsurfacesarecoveredwithanimpermeablepaintlayer.Twolayersofoilbasepaintoronelayerofimpermeablelatexpaintconstituteanacceptablevaporbarrier.Naturally,forthistowork,thepaintlayermustcoverallinteriorsurfacesadjacenttothenewlyinstalledwallinsulation.Specialattentionshouldbegiventoroomsthataremajorsourcesofinteriormoisture--thelaundryroom,thebathroomsandthekitchen.Inadditiontoprovidingavaporbarrier,makeprovisionsforsomeairtocirculateinthewallcavitytohelpventilatetheinsulationandthewallmaterials.Thiscanbeaccomplishedinseveralways.Onemethodistoinstallsmallscreenedvents（about2inchesindiameter）atthebaseofeachstudcavity.Ifthisoptionistaken,theventsshouldbeasinconspicuousaspossible.Asecondventingmethodcanbeusedwheretheexteriorsidingishorizontallylapped.Assurethateachpieceofsidingisseparatedfromtheother,allowingsomeairtopassbetweenthem.Successiveexteriorpaintlayersoftensealthejointbetweeneachpieceofsiding.Breakthepaintseal（carefullyinsertachiselandtwist）betweenthesectionsofexteriorsidingtoprovidethenecessaryventilationfortheinsulationandwallmaterials.Withprovisionsforavaporbarrier（interiorpaintlayer）andwallventilation（exteriorvents）satisfied,theappropriatetypeofwallinsulationmaythenbeselected.Therearethreerecommendedtypestoconsider:blowncellulose（withboricacidasthefireretardant）,vermiculite,orpolite.CelluloseisthepreferredwallinsulationbecauseofitshigherRfactoranditscapabilitytoflowwellintothevariousspaceswithinawallcavity.Therearetwoinsulationtypesthatarenotrecommendedforwallinsulation:ureaformaldehydefoams,andcellulosewhichusesaluminumorammoniumsulfateinsteadofboricacidasafireretardant.Thecellulosetreatedwiththesulfatesreactswithmoistureintheairandformssulfuricacidwhichcorrodesmanymetalsandcausesbuildingstonestoslowlydisintegrate.Thisinsulationisnotappropriateforuseinhistoricbuildings.Althoughureaformaldehydefoamsappeartohavepotentialasretrofitmaterials（theyflowintoanywallcavityspaceandhaveahighRfactor）theiruseisnotrecommendedforpreservationretrofittinguntilsomeseriousproblemsarecorrected.Themajorproblemisthattheinjectedmaterialcarrieslargequantitiesofmoistureintothewallsystem.Asthefoamcures,thismoisturemustbeabsorbedintotheadjacentmaterials.Thisprocesshascausedinteriorandexteriorpainttoblister,andcausedwatertoactuallypuddleatthebaseofawall,creatingthelikelihoodofseriousdeteriorationtothehistoricbuildingmaterials.Thereareotherproblemsthataffectbothhistoricbuildingsandotherexistingbuildings.Foamsareatwopartchemicalinstalledbyfranchisedcontractors.Toobtaintheexactproportionofthetwoparts,thefoammustbemixedandinstalledundercontrolledconditionsoftemperatureandhumidity.Therearecaseswherethecontrolswerenotfollowedandthefoameithercuredimproperly,notattainingthedesiredRfactor,orthefoamcontinuedtoemitaformaldehydesmell.Inaddition,theadvertisedmaximumshrinkageaftercuring（3%）hasbeentestedandfoundtobetwiceashigh.Untilthismaterialisfurtherdevelopedandtheriskseliminated,itisclearlynotanappropriatematerialforpreservationretrofitting.歷史性建筑物的固有能量節(jié)約特性許多歷史性建筑都在節(jié)能上都具有自然特性，在設計上具有良好的保溫性能。能源研究和發(fā)展部門表明事實上在1940-1975年之間建成的房屋能源的使用效率都很低。許多老式建筑很少為了加熱和冷卻而使用能源，因此在建筑的越冬御寒性能上可能較少改善。他們使用較少的能源，因為它們都建立了比較完備的自然意識，他們最大限度的取得天然資源來供暖、照明及通風。歷史性建筑的主任應當了解這些固有的節(jié)能特性。最明顯（和幾乎普遍）節(jié)能固有特點是使用視窗操作，提供自然通風和照明。此外，商業(yè)和公共建筑的歷史往往包括室內(nèi)光/通風庭院，屋頂換氣，通風窗或天窗。這些特點，提供新鮮空氣和輕型節(jié)能、保證機械設備能耗僅可能需要補充天然能源。隨時可以將取暖設備和空調(diào)關(guān)掉，窗戶打開，可節(jié)省能源。早期的建設者和建筑師處理窗戶熱性能差有兩種方式。首先，一些建筑物窗戶的數(shù)量被減至能提供充足的光線和通風。這一做法在許多地方不同于現(xiàn)代建筑，窗戶占墻體比例可以接近100%。歷史性建筑物的玻璃墻，往往較之低于20%，比之現(xiàn)代的新型建筑來說能更好的保存能源。其次，減少熱量從窗戶流失，往往包括歷史建筑物室內(nèi)或室外活門百葉窗、窗簾及遮陽篷。因此，一個窗口可以保持一個歷史性節(jié)能建筑組成。還有其它物理特性，使歷史建筑節(jié)能。例如，在氣候溫暖的美國，建成的大廈往往使從夏日陽光中吸收的熱量降到最低。這就需要引進外部露臺、陽臺、遮陽篷、綠蔭樹。此外，許多這些建筑設計與居住空間設在二樓是為了避開地面的熱量。另外，室內(nèi)外墻往往采用淺色的外墻涂料用來反射太陽光，造成室內(nèi)居住空間的清涼。在北方的氣候條件下建筑物使用重型砌石墻可以降低冬季熱損失，減少窗口的數(shù)量和大小，經(jīng)常用深色的外墻涂料顏色。在19世紀末和20世紀初所使用典型的沉重石墻，較之以前其展出其良好的熱工性能。已確定的數(shù)量和墻壁重量（厚磚或石頭）的好處是熱慣性高，又稱"米因子"。比如,墻高熱慣性,地表受到太陽輻射一小時所吸收的熱量，轉(zhuǎn)移到內(nèi)部卻長達6個小時。反之,同一住宅圍墻的因素，但具低熱慣性，也許會傳遞2個小時。很多老式公共和商業(yè)住宅在整個夏天沒有現(xiàn)代空調(diào)還是覺得清涼的原因是偏高的熱慣性。當它無人居住時中午太陽照射的熱量，直到下午和晚上，都不會穿透建筑物。雖然這些未必是所有典型歷史建筑的特性，但是歷史建筑熱性能往往不需要多大改善。一要了解建筑節(jié)能的內(nèi)在性質(zhì)。被動措施首先是利用被動措施來控制業(yè)務；即控制如何以及何時使用建筑物。這些管制方案納入規(guī)劃和調(diào)度工作，使業(yè)主盡量減少耗能設備的使用。要建設一個各方面的調(diào)查和量化能源用量的款項用于衡量電、氣、燃料油為一年，并測量了每個房間是如何及何時使用。將找出節(jié)能發(fā)起運作管制的方法，例如:在冬季降低溫度，在夏天提高溫度控制實際使用房間的溫度減少層次、多燈照明（自然光最大限度）使用可活動窗戶、百葉窗、遮陽篷控制室內(nèi)環(huán)境（空氣清新最大化）擁有機械設備定期維修，以確保最高效率散熱器空氣凈化和通風，以確保正常運作上述措施用于建筑物可以節(jié)約高達30%的能源。他們應用于任何現(xiàn)有建筑節(jié)能，歷史建筑尤為適宜，因為他們并不需要改建或引進新材料以避免可能造成的損害。被動措施使能源意識、常識意識、保存意識更為有意義！改造措施最常見的包括以下上市加裝措施；有的推崇為保全措施加裝計劃，但是由于會解釋，其他不利于甚至有害于歷史建筑:空氣滲透閣樓絕緣暴風視窗太空隔熱及地下室槽隙導管和管道保溫遮陽蓬裝置門和風波門前庭更換窗戶墻體保溫--木幀墻體保溫--砌石墻墻體保溫--安裝在里面墻體保溫--安裝在外面防水涂料砌筑推薦加裝保全措施開始付諸于首位。是最早最簡單、最便宜的，給予最高的節(jié)能潛力。其他措施并不推薦使用，因為一般節(jié)約的能源在技術(shù)潛力和保存問題上成本高于預期。必須下大決心解決具體事實和情況的特殊問題；因此，從歷史經(jīng)驗上建筑師、工程師、機械的承包商應當聽取專業(yè)咨詢?？諝鉂B透：會發(fā)生大量的熱量損失，因為冷空氣會通過松散的窗戶、門和建筑物外的裂縫滲透到室內(nèi)。把當風雨條添加到門窗、裂縫及伸縮縫，這將大大減少滲透。我們必須小心，不要減少滲透而使建筑物完全密封，阻止水分移動。一些無滲透，建筑物可能發(fā)生凝結(jié)問題。用防水材料可避免漏水，當適用否則不宜采用色彩視覺受損建筑的建筑特色。減少空氣滲透的首先要加裝保全計劃。成本低，缺乏技能要求，效益十分可觀。閣樓絕緣：閣樓和屋頂熱損失是熱量損失的主要來源，減少熱損失應該最優(yōu)先加裝保全。加入絕緣材料的閣樓是十分有效的節(jié)能方法。最常見的包括毛毯、絕緣玻璃、礦棉、纖維素、吹羊毛、蛭石、吹制的玻璃。如果閣樓不熱（不用于居?。┛刹捎脴堑匕鍞R柵形成隔斷以防止水蒸氣下降。如果是地板，或者是暖水閣樓、根據(jù)制造商的建議絕緣一般放在屋頂椽與蒸汽屏障之間。一個名為《越冬御寒性能手冊》：（見參考書目）規(guī)定詳細說明了用于閣樓絕緣各種安裝方法。手冊還建議閣樓絕緣用全國各地。如果有閣樓隔熱、（但無水汽屏障）總數(shù)達到深度要求可被推薦。如果發(fā)生問題的空間通風不好，這種缺乏通風會使飽和，失去絕緣成為熱效能。當有閣樓的流通領(lǐng)域流通網(wǎng)（天窗或通風孔的有效地區(qū)）約=1/300的閣樓面積。充足閣樓通風加上閣樓絕緣應最優(yōu)先加裝保全。如果閣樓地板是不能到達，或者是無法補充沿線屋頂隔熱椽，考慮附帶保溫房間的天花板僅次于閣樓，專門為這些案例制造絕緣和持久地表面其中包括新的天花板。如果這個方案對歷史性建筑用地或特征造成無可彌補的傷害，則不予以考慮；但是在其他情況下，可以推薦為加裝保全措施的計劃。暴風窗口：窗口熱損失的主要來源，因為他們都是隔熱差（住宅系數(shù)僅0.89），常常造成空氣滲透。添加暴風窗戶大大提高這些缺點。如果現(xiàn)有建筑物有雨窗（木或金屬骨架），應予以保留。并保證他們在良好的工作條件下有緊密的配合。如果不在合適位置，衡量推薦加裝一個金屬骨架計劃以增添新的視窗外觀。這將導致一個窗口裝配（暴風窗+歷史性窗）與住宅雙重因素優(yōu)于1.79其中窗口裝配（空間最多有1/2"），只有擁有住宅因素1.72。在安裝暴風窗要小心，不要損害歷史性窗框。如果金屬網(wǎng)不損害建筑物的外觀、他們可以配合彩色油漆的歷史性格局。推薦三軌金屬風暴窗口，因為他們在數(shù)量、大小、和成本上都很合理。如果不是暴風窗口提供特定窗口，成本可以很高。在這種情況下，比較成本與預期成本制造和安裝的節(jié)余可以增加熱效率。一般而言，訂造暴風窗戶，無論活動或金屬外殼，不符合成本效益更不會推薦了加裝保全計劃。內(nèi)部暴風窗裝置可作為熱效外觀暴風窗戶；但是歷史性的窗口損壞性很高且易