常見的修辭格翻譯

常見的修辭格翻譯一、比喻（figureofspeech）比喻無處不在，為各語言文化共有。比喻有四個要素：本體（tenor），喻體（vehicle），比喻詞（comparativeword）及相似點（pointofresemblance）。這里主要談?wù)劽饔鳎╯imile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻譯。英漢語明喻標(biāo)記比較明顯，一般需出現(xiàn)比喻詞，漢語如像、如、仿佛、似等，英語如like，as，asif/though等。英語的隱喻大致分三類：1.AisB；2.N1ofN2；3.只出現(xiàn)本體。Alltheworld’sastage,andallmenandwomenmerelyplayers.整個世界是座舞臺，男男女女，演員而已。Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohoeoutofthemountainofdespair

astoneofhope.Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood.抱有這個信念，我們就能從絕望之山鑿出希望之石。抱有這個信念，我們就能把我們這個民族中那些刺耳的噪音變成一部歌頌手足之情的美妙交響曲。Shehasaphotographicmemoryfordetail.她對細(xì)節(jié)有照相機(jī)般的記憶力。（把hermemory比作camera，但喻體camera沒有出現(xiàn)。）漢語暗喻大致也有三種，1.判斷結(jié)構(gòu)“甲是乙”；2.本體和喻體同時出現(xiàn)，但無判斷詞；3.狀語加中心詞（偏正式的結(jié)構(gòu)）薛蟠也假說來上學(xué)，不過是“三天打漁，兩天曬網(wǎng)”……也不曾有一點兒進(jìn)益。（《紅樓夢》）XuePanhadhastenedtoregisterhimselfasapupil.Hisschool-goingwas,needlesstosay,apretence–“Onedaytofishandtwodaystodrythenet”astheysay–andhadnothingtodowiththeadvancementoflearning.（楊憲益，戴乃迭）潭西南而望，斗折蛇行，明滅可見。（柳宗元《小石潭記》）Viewedfromthesouthwest,thepondsometimeszigzagsliketheshiningBigDipperandsometimeswindsgloomilylikealongcreepingsnake.她們一窩蜂地擠攏來，每人盛一碗，就四散地蹲伏或者站立在路上和門口吃。（夏衍《包身工》）Theycrowdedstrenuouslyaroundlikeaswarmofbees,eachladlingoutabowlofmeagreporridge,andthenscattered,havingtheirmealbycrouchingorstandingatthepathwayorthedoorway.比喻的翻譯方法主要有：直譯、直譯加注、轉(zhuǎn)換、意譯等。明喻一般直譯；暗喻中英漢語共有的“A是B”結(jié)構(gòu)比較適合直譯；帶有文化內(nèi)涵的習(xí)語型比喻常直譯加注；不適合直譯的暗喻可考慮轉(zhuǎn)換為明喻，或者改變喻體；放棄比喻修辭，翻譯意義。何等動人的一頁一頁！這是人類思維的花朵。（徐遲《哥德巴赫猜想》）Whatinspiringchapters!Theyaretheflowersofthehumanbrainwork.Educationisnotthefillingofapail,butthelightingofafire.(WilliamB.Yeats)教育不是注滿一桶水，而是點燃一把火?！半y道這也是個癡丫頭，也像顰兒來葬花不成？”因又暗自笑道：“若真是葬花，可謂‘東施效顰’了，不但不為新奇，而且更為可厭?！保ā都t樓夢》）“CanthisbeanotherabsurdmaidcomingtoburyflowerslikeDaiyu?”hewonderedinsomeamusement.“Ifso,she’sTunShihimitatingHisShih,whichisnotoriginalbutrathertiresome.”(Note:HisShihwasafamousbeautyintheancientkingdomofYue.TungShihwasanuglygirlwhotriedtoimitateherways.)NewYorkwasnevermeccatome.AndthoughIhavelivedtheremorethanhalfmylife,youwon’tfindmewearingan“IloveNewYork”T-shirt…………..紐約對于我來說絕不是麥加。雖然我已經(jīng)在這里住了大半輩子，你卻不會看到我穿上一件印有“我愛紐約”字樣的T恤。（麥加：位于沙特阿拉伯西部，伊斯蘭教徒的朝圣地，后此專業(yè)名詞普通化，意為“圣地”或“渴望之地”。）一些人清醒，多數(shù)人被蒙蔽，少數(shù)是右翼骨干。（《毛澤東選集》）Amongthemembersofthesepartiessomekeeptheirheads,manyaredeceived,andasmallnumbermakeupthenucleusoftherightwing.Holdfasttodreams,Forifdreamsdie,Lifeisabroken-wingedbirdThatcannotfly.(LangstonHughes)緊緊抓住夢想吧，如果夢想死亡，生命就像折翼的鳥兒，再也不能飛翔。Theenemy’sAchilles’heelwashisharbourdefense.敵人的致命處在于其海港防御。更多實例分析：月光如流水一般，靜靜地瀉在這一片葉子和花上。薄薄的青霧浮起在荷塘里。葉子和花仿佛在牛乳中洗過一樣；又像籠著輕紗的夢。Likeflowingstreams,moonlightrushesdown,silentlyclothingeveryleafandflower.Thelotuspondiscloakedinlightmist.（Mistfloatsabovethelotuspond.）Theleavesandflowersaresomewhatwhitenowasthoughtheyhadbeenbathedinmilk.Onewillfeelheisinadreamcoveredwiththingauze.樹縫里也漏著一兩點燈光，沒精打采的，是瞌睡人的眼。Throughthebranchesarealsoacoupleoflamps,aslistlessassleepyeyes.他就像一只斗敗的公雞似的垂頭喪氣。Hewasshakenandunnervedlikeadefeatedfightingcock.把這個趙寡婦在屏風(fēng)后急得像熱鍋上的螞蟻一樣。AllthismadeZhaothewidowbehindthescreenasfranticasanantonahotfurnace.Marriageisabookofwhichthefirstchapteriswritteninpoetryandremainingchaptersinprose.婚姻是一本書，第一章以詩寫成，其余各章則以散文寫成。他清清楚楚地看見一條丁字街，橫在他眼前。Hesawdistinctlythecross-roadaheadofhim.Afterthatlongtalk,Jimbecamethesuninherheart.那次長談之后，吉姆成了她心中的太陽?！度龂萘x》中的一些例子：玄德就馬上執(zhí)庶之手曰：“先生此去，天各一方，未知相會卻在何日！”說罷，淚如雨下。XuandetookShanFu’shand.“Nowwepart,”Xuandesaid,“togotodifferentworlds.Whoknowswhenwemaymeetagain?”Xuande’stearsfelllikerain.(MossRoberts)后曰：“旦夕如坐針氈，似此為人，不如早亡！妾看宦官中之忠義可托者，莫如穆順，當(dāng)令寄此書?！薄癉ayandnightwesitonpins,”theEmpresscontinued.“Ipreferdeathtoalifelikethis.AmongoureunuchsMuShunisloyalandtrue.Hecoulddelivertheletter.”張飛聽了，瞋目大叱曰：“我哥哥是金枝玉葉，你是何等人，敢稱我哥哥為賢弟！你來！我和你斗三百合！”ThemomentZhangFeiheardthis,hiseyeswidenedandheshouted,“Ourbrotherisaprinceoftheblood,ajadeleafonthegoldenbranch.Whoareyoutocallhim‘youngbrother’?Comeoutnowandfightthreehundredroundswithme.”權(quán)曰：“今聽臣言，則西蜀有泰山之安，不聽臣言，則主公有累卵之危矣?！盚uangQuanreplied:“HeedmywordsandourrulecanbesecureasMountainTai.Heedthemnotandyourownpositionwillbecomeasprecariousasapileofeggs.”曹操下令軍中曰：“今劉備釜中之魚，阱中之虎；若不就此時擒捉，如放魚入海，縱虎歸山矣。眾將可努力向前?！盋aoCaoinstructedhismen:“LiuBei’safishinourpot,atigerinourtrap.Ifwedon’ttakehim,hereandnow,we’llbelettingthefishbackintothesea,settingthetigerfreeinthehills.Pressforwardandsparenoeffort.”二、擬人擬人是將物當(dāng)作人來描寫的修辭手法，其本質(zhì)上是一種隱喻。擬人大致分四種：以動物擬人、以植物擬人、以無生命的事物擬人以及以抽象概念擬人。Itisuselessforthesheeptopassresolutionsinfavorofvegetarianismwhilethewolfremainsofadifferentopinion.當(dāng)狼依然持有不同意見之時，群羊通過的贊成素食主義的決議案也是徒勞無功的。老蟈蟈大約有什么心事，一大早就躲在樹葉下唱，那調(diào)子顯得深沉而悠遠(yuǎn)。Itseemsthattheoldgrasshoppertakessomethingtoheart,singingintheleavesofthetreeintheearlymorning.Thelonglongmelodyrunsdeepdownintoyourheart.AtreewhosehungrymouthispressedAgainsttheearth’ssweetflowingbreast;AtreethatlooksatGodall,Andliftsherleafyarmstopray.樹那饑渴的嘴唇緊緊貼住大地乳汁甘美的胸膛；它整天仰望著上帝，舉起枝葉繁茂的手臂祈禱。他對沾滿露水的青草瞥了一眼，青草也對他擠了一眼。Heglancedatdew-coveredgrass,anditwinkedbackathim.Theclockonthewalltickedloudlyandlazily,asifithadtimetospare.Outsidetherattlingwindowstherewasarestlesswhisperingwind.Theroomgrewlightanddark,andwonderouslightagain,asthemoonplayedhide-and-seekthroughtheclouds.掛鐘懶洋洋地滴答作響，聲音那么大，好像時間很充裕。窗外，風(fēng)不停地刮著，像在低聲耳語般，窗戶也被吹得格格地響。月亮在云層中捉迷藏時，房間里忽明忽暗，不時閃起奇幻的光芒。群山肅立，江河揮淚，遼闊的祖國大地沉浸在巨大的悲痛之中。Themountainsarestandinginsolemnsilence;theriversaresheddingbittertears;ourmotherlandissoakedinenormousgrief.Aliecantravelhalfwayaroundtheworldwhilethetruthisputtingonitsshoes.真理剛剛穿上鞋子，謊言卻可能已經(jīng)走過半個世界。擬人一般可以采用直譯、意譯和轉(zhuǎn)換（如轉(zhuǎn)換為明喻）。每條嶺都是那么溫柔，雖然下自山腳，上自嶺頂，長滿了珍貴的林木，可誰也不孤峰突起，盛氣凌人。（老舍《小花朵集》）Alltheridgesweresoamiable.Noneofthemstoodabovetheotherswitharrogance（adomineeringmanner/posture）,thoughtheirslopeswerefullycoveredwithprecioustrees.（直譯）細(xì)雨如絲，一棵棵楊梅樹貪婪地吮吸著春天的甘露。它們伸展著四季常綠的枝條，一片片狹長的葉子在雨霧中歡笑著。（王魯彥《我愛故鄉(xiāng)的楊梅》）Eachwaxberrytreeisgreedilysuckingthespringrain，whichfallsdownlikefinethreads/softly.Theevergre