辛語教程譯文pdzh part i

目第一部分基礎(chǔ)知1人稱代詞目第一部分基礎(chǔ)知1人稱代詞..................................................................屬格人稱代詞.................................概述The12basicsigns......................2A類動(dòng)詞的..................................................................辛語動(dòng)詞概述A類動(dòng)詞的人稱詞尾............................................................................................................................................Moreconsonants......................Vowels............................Examples..........................233輔音弱化（弱音化..33輔音弱化（弱音化..................................................................總述輔音交替的規(guī)則連詞“和”之后的輔音變化.................................................Moreconsonants......................Writing’r’and’s’.......................Thedefinitearticle......................Punctuationmarks......................Examples..........................復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)成；鼻音型輔音4..................................................................鼻音型輔音交替.................................Somespecialpoints.....................Examples..........................TheBeleriandmode.....................Examples..........................5I..................................................................概述I...........................................................................................................................................Conversation-Greetings.......................46形容詞；否....46形容詞；否..................................................................否定關(guān)系從句.................................Conversation-Canyougiveme?..................7前綴；A類動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)..................................................................前綴A.................................Conversation-Comparisons.....................介詞上篇；不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)上篇；賓語8..................................................................介詞賓語代詞.................................Conversation-anInvitation.....................9I..................................................................I指示代詞系詞的祈使式AI.................................Conversation-theweather......................510A類及I類動(dòng)詞的將來時(shí)；數(shù)詞；不規(guī)則復(fù)510A類及I類動(dòng)詞的將來時(shí)；數(shù)詞；不規(guī)則復(fù)..................................................................-U結(jié)尾的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)..................數(shù)詞.................................Conversation-askingtheway....................11動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)類形式；集合..................................................................I類動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)類過去時(shí)...................A類動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)類過去時(shí)...................集合復(fù)數(shù)與格關(guān)系代詞.................................Conversation-inbattle........................12介詞中篇；混合型輔音..................................................................介詞混合型輔音交替.................................Conversation-tellaboutyourself!..................13介詞下篇；塞音型輔音交替；流音型輔..................................................................介詞............................................其他介詞.................................613.4Conversation-the ............613.4Conversation-the .......................14課分詞..................................................................AI類動(dòng)詞分詞動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)類分詞.................................Conversation-innature.......................第二部分進(jìn)?內(nèi)15語法相關(guān)的輔音交替；復(fù)數(shù)的其..............................................................................................................................................復(fù)數(shù)的其他形式副詞.................................Conversation-Howdoyoufeel?..................虛擬語氣；祈愿；強(qiáng)制16.........................................................................................................................................................虛擬語氣概述...................................................................................................Conversation-Letters........................717不規(guī)則動(dòng).717不規(guī)則動(dòng)..................................................................A類動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則完成主動(dòng)分詞.............I類動(dòng)詞的不規(guī)則過去時(shí)..................A..................I.................................Conveyingemphasis-wordorder..................Standardwordorder.....................Theverbinfrontposition..................Indirectobjectsinfrontposition..............輔音交替的18.............................................................................................................................................................................................................特例詞表混用.................................Expressions-’all’andexplicitpronouns...............18.4.1Theuseof’all’........................18.4.2Theuseofpronounsinnominative.............19非直接賓語代詞；物主..................................................................與格代詞...................物主詞尾8詞匯TranslationsintoSindarin-Remarks.....8詞匯TranslationsintoSindarin-Remarks.................19.4.1Recognizelimits.......................19.4.2Don’ttranslatewordsbutthesentence...........20被動(dòng)；單數(shù)..................................................................無人稱結(jié)構(gòu)所完成的“被動(dòng)態(tài)”.............完成被動(dòng)分詞被動(dòng)態(tài)....................小稱詞尾.................................TranslationsintoSindarin-’that’...................語音輔音交21..................................................................同化復(fù)合詞中的語音輔音交替....................................特例——不可變格形式...................多重前綴作非直接賓語的代詞....................關(guān)系從句副詞.................................TranslationsintoSindarin-Adverbs.................21.4.1Temporalsequences.....................21.4.2Causal ......................22單詞重..................................................................動(dòng)詞派生名詞9集合事物動(dòng)詞派生形容詞9集合事物動(dòng)詞派生形容詞...................................................................................TranslationsintoSindarin-creatingwords.............22.4.1Generalremarksregardingreconstructions.........22.4.2Differenttypesof..............輔音交替騰格瓦字母及名-英單詞前前我認(rèn)為本教程對于初學(xué)者的吸引力在于使他們從學(xué)習(xí)之初就得以直接接觸到辛語文段，從而對辛語的用法建立起較為直觀的感受。這些感受是很難只通過閱讀geger的相關(guān)文章而獲得的——后者從語言學(xué)角度上更勝一籌，但我認(rèn)為多數(shù)讀者更傾向于簡單地學(xué)習(xí)如何使用該語言，而非成為專業(yè)的語言學(xué)家。本文正是為此類讀者所準(zhǔn)備的。有興趣了解本文所示資料的更多詳情的讀者，不妨從geger的文章（http://www.uib.no/people/hnohf/sindarin.htm）開始入手本教程由兩部分組成：第一個(gè)部分囊括基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，旨在教學(xué)辛語中或多或少有規(guī)律可循的內(nèi)容。附加的藤格瓦教學(xué)單元以及不算嚴(yán)肅死板）的對話可以提供一些額外的信息（可以選擇跳過，并不影響其后課程的學(xué)討論辛語時(shí)面臨的一大難題是缺乏托爾金本人所作的辛語文段樣本，因而我們無從知曉辛語的真實(shí)用法。甚至某些核心語法亦不得而知，例如眾多代詞。因而本文中出現(xiàn)的許多形式及規(guī)則均基于不同程度的推測。出*標(biāo)出。若重構(gòu)內(nèi)容是讀者不應(yīng)受*星號(hào)文段的影響而認(rèn)為這些形式相對于其他“錯(cuò)誤的”選取最有可能的一種。這并不意味著其他推測是錯(cuò)誤的，而僅僅是在我看來可能性較低。已知托爾金本人對某些形式亦存在自相矛盾的說法，盡管讀者不應(yīng)受*星號(hào)文段的影響而認(rèn)為這些形式相對于其他“錯(cuò)誤的”選取最有可能的一種。這并不意味著其他推測是錯(cuò)誤的，而僅僅是在我看來可能性較低。已知托爾金本人對某些形式亦存在自相矛盾的說法，盡管最后一點(diǎn)：切記不可因本文缺乏證據(jù)確鑿的矛盾而得到“辛語知識(shí)高度可信，有據(jù)可依”的假象：實(shí)際情況與此相去甚遠(yuǎn)。典型的情況是，一條規(guī)則僅基于對不超過三個(gè)實(shí)例的分析。任何從事數(shù)據(jù)分析的人都能一眼看出，這種情況下其實(shí)無法做出確切的結(jié)論。隨著更多托爾金文稿的出版與公開，本文所呈現(xiàn)的形式及規(guī)則很可能做出更改（這種情況過去確實(shí)發(fā)生過關(guān)于教程的第二部分：該部分某些內(nèi)容包含了極具爭議性的推論。不幸的是，使用辛語時(shí)，這些飽受爭議的內(nèi)容很可能相當(dāng)重要（例如被動(dòng)態(tài)或虛擬式。對此，我在本文中僅選取一種解釋以灰文段標(biāo)明。考慮到本文只是初學(xué)者教程而非語法文章，我既不會(huì)提供其他可供選擇的觀點(diǎn)，亦不會(huì)進(jìn)行任何支持或是反駁某理論的討論。本文所示的觀點(diǎn)是我在綜合考的觀點(diǎn)很可能將有所改變（事實(shí)上本教程亦是如此。在讀者將本文觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)用到他們自己的文章中，或是進(jìn)行語法討論前，我強(qiáng)烈建議在研究其他可??第二版中，出現(xiàn)了一些與目前Ardalambion站所示截然不同之處。這很大程度上反映了與CarlHostetter，BertrantBellet，AaronShawandFlorianParmaTyelpelassivaMutationsinTheMutationsinTheSindarinVerbCommonEldarinViewsontheSindarinPronominalImpersonalConstructionsin??2.5版的發(fā)布主要受益于刊載于rmaden7的單詞，短語及段落》中所示的指環(huán)王附錄里關(guān)于辛語的新信息。這顯著地影響了我們對辛語動(dòng)詞的了解，尤其是代詞屈折以及過去時(shí)的構(gòu)成。另外，對于輔音交替的觸發(fā)條件的某些推測亦得到了更正。目前推薦的相關(guān)TheSindarinPastIntensifyingprefixesintheCompoundsintheNoldorinoftheTheEldarinin，i，Ithenen，Giliathiell，eneu，Loton，la，een等第一部第一部drdre@mon!1 課magoa1 課magoaeaagoeaemEagoae!iaeaaiaaon.iaaeeeoaemaee.isuaaeilariaema.peeeer@hiaau.i*naaaeku@va，aaon!aakuoaae1課人稱代詞；屬格MaeAragorn:1課人稱代詞；屬格MaeAragorn:MaeArwen:Maegovannen!ImArwen.Aragorn:ImAragorn.Imadan.Echelleth?Arwen:Ma.Imelleth.ImsellElrond.Arwen:Ma.Eperedhel.EchAragorn:Uin.ImDúnadan.Arwen:Cuiovae，Aragorn!Aragorn:CuioAragorn:WellArwen:Wellmet!I’mAragorn:I’mAragorn，ahuman.Areyouanelven-Yes，Iamanelven-maiden.IamElrond’sAragorn:HeisthelordofArwen:Yes.Heisahalf-elf.AreyoufromtheNo.IamaArwen:Aragorn:阿拉貢：我是阿拉貢，一個(gè)人類。你是女精靈嗎？阿拉貢：他是瑞文戴爾的領(lǐng)主嗎？阿拉貢：不，我是杜納丹人。1課人稱代詞；屬格 語定冠詞及[a]elf；1課人稱代詞；屬格 語定冠詞及[a]elf；anking；aiinithetheinithetheinthe屬1課人稱代詞；屬格aran kingof1課人稱代詞；屬格aran kingoflordofionsonofakingsonofkingsionionisonofthesonoftheleapoftheionincabedi這是最常見的方式。不過有些介詞也可以完成這一功能。en就是其中之一，復(fù)數(shù)形式為enan。不過這個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)形式相當(dāng)罕見，還經(jīng)常和下一個(gè)enn。某些情況（詳見第12課）ene。這類屬格一般1課人稱代詞；屬格leapofthesonoftheking1課人稱代詞；屬格leapofthesonofthekingsonofkingsendofbittertearskingofthedwarvescabedenionenionenanmethedenaranenen也適用于專有名詞，盡管這種情況并不常見（注意：ennoratharanenankingofMiddle-arasnandeerofthesonsoftheionnia這類結(jié)構(gòu)中，若第二個(gè)詞以輔音起首，往往導(dǎo)致輔音交替，詳見第3及第12人稱代斯”“?蘭巴斯”。le是昆雅借詞，辛語中與de，dhe1課人稱代詞；屬格I1課人稱代詞；屬格I它im[I][我]，ech[you[你，非敬體]，e，esthe;she;it[他；她；它]據(jù)推測，辛語中缺乏類似于“是”的系詞，或至少在不引起歧義時(shí)就不使用系詞。而既然其他所有動(dòng)詞都用人稱后綴來表達(dá)人稱（詳見2Im I[am]Ci You[are]Mí We[are]1課人稱代詞；屬格詞adan(pl.1課人稱代詞；屬格詞adan(pl.edain)aran(pl.erain)aras(pl.erais)cuioedhel(pl.edhil)elleth(pl.ion(pl.ion)sell(pl.sill)elf-MiddleEarth(lit.InnerLands)bittertears*no，Idonot，*Iam騰格瓦概InordertowriteSindarinliketheelveswouldhavedone，itisnecessarytolearntengwar,theElvishscript.Forthebeginnerthearguablygreatestsourceofconfusionliesinthefactthatasinglecharacter(’t?ew’)doesnotcorrespondtoasinglesound，butthatthiscorrespondenceisalteredaccordingtowhich’mode’onewrites—thereisadifferenttengwarsystemforwritingQuenyathanforSindarin，andevenSindarincanbewrittenin(atleast)twodifferentmodeswithdifferentsoundsforagivensign—theGeneralMode(alsocalledSindarintehtarmode)andtheModeof1課人稱代詞；屬格Whatremainsfixedhoweveraretherelationsbetweenthecharacters,indepen-dentoftheirsounds.1課人稱代詞；屬格Whatremainsfixedhoweveraretherelationsbetweenthecharacters,indepen-dentoftheirsounds.Inthefollowing，wewillstartbydiscussingtheGeneralMode，whichisusedinmostofthisThe12basicBasisofthetengwarsystemaretwocharacterswhichconsistonlyofa(’telco’)andabow(’luva’):tandK.Byaddingasmallline，onegetstwomorecharacters，alltogethertincotparmapcalmaKandquessek.However，intheGeneralMode，mostcharactersderivedfromcalma(exceptanna)arenotused:mainpurposeoftheirexistenceisthewritingofIntheGeneralMode，thesoundsexpressedbytinco，parmaandquessearepandOnefindsthreeadditionalsoundsbyaddingasecondbowtomakethesofter.Inthisway，andod，umbarb,andungwegarederived，correspondingtothesoundsd，b，andg.Byextendingthetelcoupwardone’addsanh’tothesounds，resultinginT,formenfandhwestac，correspondingtothesoundsth，fandThelastthreeofthebasicsignsarefoundbycombiningthetwomethodsvandunqueGwiththesoundsdh，vandgh.Weendupwiththefollowing1課人稱代詞；屬格tpktdpbgdTbfgcDfvG1課人稱代詞；屬格tpktdpbgdTbfgcDfvGvunqueGisusuallyunusedinSindarin，onlyifotherlanguages(liketheSpeech)arewritteninthismodethecharacterisused.IfinSindarinagconnectsah，botharewrittenseparatelygh(andthepronunciationisAtableofalltengwarandtheirnamesisfoundinappendix2A類動(dòng)詞的課a2A類動(dòng)詞的課auamiiariglofie leaaiaaoglofiegoae，aaon，kieoaamasaaeglofieaia.doTamiaaaaonre@i@anaaa.aenaaoaegoae，aon，mi@aeaaonaleaerafaiariaeaorenagliTia.laoieili第2 第2 AduialmiImAragorn.Maegovannen，Aragorn，ciMansadamrun.Aragornreviananadab.ArwennanArwen:MaeArwenahAragornanglennariedrainen-falchArwen:Anorreviananaeglir.Thinna.LastoginedhilEveninginIamAragorn.Wellmet，Aragorn，youareaWhereisTheretotheEast.ShelivesintheAragornwanderstothehouse.ArwenisattheArwen:WellArwenandAragornapproachtheborderoftheravineofArwen:Thesunwanderstothemountainpeaks.Itgrowstowardsevening.Doyouheartheelvessing?格洛芬戴爾：誰在那里？阿拉貢：阿爾文在哪里？阿爾文：你好，阿拉貢，進(jìn)來吧！第2 語辛語動(dòng)詞-na，-ia，-da，-tha，-ta派生而得。這些詞尾（自然也使得派生動(dòng)詞）第2 語辛語動(dòng)詞-na，-ia，-da，-tha，-ta派生而得。這些詞尾（自然也使得派生動(dòng)詞）-aAlachatoflame[燃燒]有時(shí)稱之為I類動(dòng)詞。例詞有ped-[tospeak][說]I類動(dòng)詞，詳見A-n我--*-l 第二人稱-g-者等人，但不包括聽者；-ncA-an，-ag第2 Iyouflamethouweflame第2 Iyouflamethouweflameyouflameweflameyeflame如果句子的主語有獨(dú)立出現(xiàn)，則使用不添加人稱詞尾的形式。這一形式僅分單復(fù)數(shù)。不添加人稱詞尾的動(dòng)詞在形式上與第三人稱沒有區(qū)別?；旧线@卻需要使用貌似第三人稱的動(dòng)詞（實(shí)際上是只是沒有人稱詞尾ArwenArwenItismewhoIImImlinnon.[II-sing.][歌唱EdhilElvesMí不定 → →toto → to[][]第2 IhearArwenlastonArwenI第2 IhearArwenlastonArwenI祈使MinnoAragornshallAnglennoiaran!Youshallapproachtheking!][你應(yīng)該靠近國王。]Thekingshallapproach動(dòng)名動(dòng)名詞是一類由動(dòng)詞派生出的名詞，表示動(dòng)詞所描述的動(dòng)作本身。 →燃燒 →聯(lián)合→第2 注意辛語的動(dòng)名詞對應(yīng)于英語中通過-ing派生而來的名詞，如[thesingingofthe第2 注意辛語的動(dòng)名詞對應(yīng)于英語中通過-ing派生而來的名詞，如[thesingingoftheelveswasbeautiful[精靈的歌唱真美]，而非分詞，如the]辛語的動(dòng)名詞也常常用于英語中使用不定式的場合3lastonIhearlastonArwenIhearArwen連詞“和anglennadaappraochingandElrondandElrondah根據(jù)下一個(gè)輔音的不同，這個(gè)詞可能引起復(fù)雜的語音變化；ar簡單一些，詳見第3第2 詞第2 詞adab(pl.edaib)aeglir(pl.aeglir)amrunedrain(pl.edrain)falch(pl.togivetomellon(pl.mellyn)toheartosinginthetothe，atthetowandertogrowtowards 騰格瓦M(jìn)oreByshorteningofthetelco，wecanderivetwomoregroupsofcharacters.How-ever，theregularpatternofsoundsbecomesnowabitbroken:Withasingleluva，onefindsoreR，valawandwilyaW.InSindarin，onlythefirsttwoareusedwiththesoundsrandw.Usingtwoluvar，onegetsnumennmaltamandnwalmeN.Thefirsttworepresentthesoundsnandm.nwalmehasthesound?，whichisspokenlikethein’ring’.Thistengwaisonlyusedatthebeginningorendofaword,ngintheofawordisalwayswrittenastwodistinctcharactersandpronouncedWecanaddtoour第2 RwWrnwm-Nnm第2 RwWrnwm-NnmIntheGeneralModedescribedhere，vowelsarewrittenasaccents(’tehtar’)aboveconsonants.Whenreading，onestartswiththevowelaboveandthenthecon-sonantbelowfollows(thisisdifferentfromQuenyawherethisorderisThetehtarareaaee,ii，ooanduSometimes(sointheinscriptiononthering)，thesignsrepresentingoanduareswitched:Thismayhavetodowiththequestionwhichofthetwooccursmorefrequentlyinalanguageandiseasiertowrite.ForthewritingofSindarin，wenotbeworriedtooInSindarin，alsoycountsasavowel(andiswrittenastehta):ItisbyForthediphthongsinSindarin(whichareai，ei，ui，ae，oeandau;anycombinationofvowelsrepresentstwodistinctsoundsandnotadiphthong)onethefollowingconvention:Thefirstvoweliswrittenastehta,butthesecondissentedbyatengwa.Forthis，oneusesIfori，EforeandUforuascarrier.Theconnect.Inthiscase，thereisnoconsonantwherethetehtashouldbewrittenandoneusesashortcarrier@instead，whichdoesnotrepresentanyInothercases，alongvowelneedstobeexpressed.Forthis，tehtararewrittenontoalongcarrier*.Thissignalsodoesnotrepresentanysound. aa，tiw，aaon，baa*R，moia第2第2 dur，Moria3輔音弱化（弱音化課daai3輔音弱化（弱音化課daaieroDaTaoTaeiiiiarierdaaae*naaeroieihaeieanhaearaeaDprtaemaocia*erola@benin，aeiefaaesugaaTaaDarthadArwenahElronddhartharorthadenIthil.D??nmiHoInedhil-haiedhil.Inedain-haiamrun.Lastoibethn??n，Arwen:Ivennfair.Suigaladha3課輔音弱化（弱音化AwaitingtheArwen3課輔音弱化（弱音化AwaitingtheArwenandElrondarewaitingfortherisingofthemoon.SilenceisWhoisAragorn?HeisaTheElves—areElves.TheMen—areMen.Theworldischanged.IfeelabreezeintheEast.Hearmyword，Arwen.Themanismortal.Liketreeand埃爾隆德：阿拉貢是誰？埃爾隆德：聽我的話，阿爾文。他是短生的。 語總發(fā)生在詞中的音變被復(fù)制到了詞首。這可以理解成定冠詞等已經(jīng)接近于是單詞的一部分。例如，原始精靈語的[r]父親在辛語中的對應(yīng)形式是drtd。同樣的音變又發(fā)生在了當(dāng)類似tr[d]木頭]-起首的緊隨于定冠詞后時(shí)：[ir]idawariDawar3課輔音弱化（弱音化saewpoison[毒haewhabit3課輔音弱化（弱音化saewpoison[毒haewhabit[習(xí)慣為例。某類輔音交替的一條[毒]ihaew[isaew]。對于熟練的辛語使用者來說無甚大礙，因hchthehabit[習(xí)慣]ichaew（其實(shí)這是運(yùn)氣好的時(shí)候……有時(shí)候只能靠上下文來判輔音交替也可以被分為兩種——語音相關(guān)的輔音交替（只要兩個(gè)單詞連接時(shí)即可發(fā)生）與語法相關(guān)的輔音交替（根據(jù)發(fā)生變化的單詞的語法角色而非因特定單詞引發(fā)。這種分類的相關(guān)細(xì)節(jié)詳見第15課及第1課。目前輔音交替1.i2.3.5.6.賓語（包括英語的直接賓語及間接賓語7.8.這只是一份大綱，第153課輔音弱化（弱音化的名詞發(fā)生了輔音交1Aragorn3課輔音弱化（弱音化的名詞發(fā)生了輔音交1AragornbadanaAragornisgoingto-AragornaranGondorpadanaAragorn，kingofGondorisgoingtoLastonIheara中，bennAnnonchammadIgiveafriend之前已經(jīng)講過，一個(gè)詞只能有一次輔音交替。例如，當(dāng)tawar[forest][森林dawar。但即使在使用了定冠詞的情況下，恰當(dāng)?shù)男问饺允莍dawar而非idhawar]。即使它是賓語，輔音交替也13課輔音弱化（弱音化→i木板森林the→ithe→ithe3課輔音弱化（弱音化→i木板森林the→ithe→ithe→ithe→itheg→ithe→ithe→i湯the→ithe→ithe →ithe-3課輔音弱化（弱音化 →ithe→ithe→ithe→i3課輔音弱化（弱音化 →ithe→ithe→ithe→ithe→ithe→i肉體蛇thelug→ithlugthe→i肉體蛇thelug→ilugthe連詞“和”之后的輔之前已經(jīng)提到過，aand[和3課輔音弱化（弱音化→galadha森林木板treeandforestrootandplanksilenceandlight3課輔音弱化（弱音化→galadha森林木板treeandforestrootandplanksilenceandlight→thonda網(wǎng)→rhawawebandnet→natha--詞lhugp?an(pl.pain)peth(pl.pith)rem(pl.rim)salph(pl.selph)tawar(pl.thond(pl.benn(pl.binn)calad(pl.celaid)d?lfen(pl.galadh(pl.gelaidh)gardh(pl.gerdh)glam(pl.glaim)hwest(pl.hwist)lam(pl.towait3課輔音弱化（弱音化 騰格瓦M(jìn)oreThetengwarsystemcontainsanumberofconsonantswhichcannotbederived3課輔音弱化（弱音化 騰格瓦M(jìn)oreThetengwarsystemcontainsanumberofconsonantswhichcannotbederivedsindarinwaHandhyarmenh.Theyrepresentthesoundss，s，l，r，hwandh.Hence，thetableofallconsonanttengwarrelevantfortheGeneralModetpkRwWtdpbgrnwm-NdTbfgcnsmSHDfvGsrshlvrhlWriting’r’andYoumayhavenoticedthattherearetwocharactersforrands.Whichofthoseshouldbepreferred?Ingeneral，itisnicertoendawordwitha’closed’órethanwiththeratheropenshapeofarómenandtousethesilmenuquernainsteadofsilmeinfinalpositionforpreciselythesamereason.Also，thenuquernaversionsarepreferredifthereisatehtaabovethetengwa—writingsilmenuquernainsteadofsilmeoffersjustmorespacefortheThedefiniteIfanounhasadefinitearticleandstartswithaconsonant，thedefiniteisusuallynotwrittenonaseparateshortcarrier(asinthecasewhenthenoun3課輔音弱化（弱音化withavowel)3課輔音弱化（弱音化withavowel)butdirectlyabovethefirstconsonantastehta.Hence，wehave@iaiaran(theking)butiueoiVellon(thePunctuationThetengwarwritingsystemdoesnotreallycontainthesamesetofmarksknownfromEnglish.However，breakscanbeexpressedbydots:abreakwithasingledot,，alongerbreakwithadoubledot;andanewsentenceorparagraphisusuallyconcludedwithfourdots..Possibly，onecanusethosesimilartothecomma，semicolonandfullstop.Additionally，there’sthequestionmark?andexclamationmark!. aaoleoa，gaariegilipehal，ei4課4課uluyciagliyceamieydraaeanaTanoR.drogaraaeaieaoafaanaeaiiineleiaimaaDriymaTariycfaaieaLuiaLuiymmiChithaeglir.Yrchreviarmineryd.Dravar’elaidhanartharnoer.Droegathradarithewair.Inedain’rogaraphadarnaithelaith.Imissahich??negledhiar.Iminnmabardhringa’ryndamaethar.Binnrimgwannarahinyrchfararinedain.BadTimesarebadinthemistymountains.Orcswanderinthemountains.Theyhewtreesandflamefires.Wolvescrosstheforests.Thehumansfearandgototheplains.Thewomenandchildrengotoexile.Themenseizehammersandclubsandfight.Manymendieandtheorcshuntthe第4 語復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)上一課討論了詞首輔音發(fā)生變化的情況；現(xiàn)在該輪到元音了。辛語第4 語復(fù)數(shù)的構(gòu)上一課討論了詞首輔音發(fā)生變化的情況；現(xiàn)在該輪到元音了。辛語中復(fù)數(shù)形式會(huì)改變詞根的元音，使它們變得更“接近”古代的復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-kings[國王們]因?yàn)镮趨向而改變元音，變成了ereini。第三紀(jì)元的辛語丟i-erain→→例外地，末音節(jié)的a后若緊跟軟化了的輔音（如-lph，-rph，-lch，- →湯 → → →第4 → → →第4 → → →山→→→dur→darkydrinking →drinking → →狼 →→elfofthefirstelvesofthefirst第4 →鳥→門 →鼻音型第4 →鳥→門 →鼻音型輔當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)名詞接在定冠詞之后時(shí)，in輔音交替。這類輔音交替的詞首輔音變化方式與輔音弱化不同。-n通常會(huì) →i木板 →i森林 →ithethethe→i狼the→ithe→inthe第4 →i樹 →inthethe 第4 →i樹 →inthethe →i →ithethe-- →ithe→i根the→ithe→ithe→idhthe→ithe→ithe →i狡猾者 →ithethe第4 詞l?u第4 詞l?utohewtohunttodie，tototokindle，totogo騰格瓦SomespecialThereareseveralspecialitiesoftheGeneralModewhichshouldbeknowntotengwarIfaappearsabovet，d，th，dhorn，thisrepresentsanadditionalforexamplegoGondor.Ifthetildeislocatedabovep，b，f，voradditionalmistobeinserted.Finally，ititisfoundabovec，g，ch，ghor?，an?Ifabarisdrawnbelowatengwa，itrepresentsadoublingofthesoundfornasalsoundsands)，forexampleinm?eomellon(friend).Insideaword，underlinedformenfhoweverrepresentsphinthetranscription.Word-finalphorfinsideawordiswrittenusingfalone，finfinalpositioniswrittenusingv.Foradoubless，nobarisdrawn，insteadesse(nuquerna)isused:zorZ.Ifawisappendedtosound，thiscanbewrittenastehtausing，foraeArwen.Butiftoomanytehtararestackedontopofeachother,wcanalso第4 Ifa第4 Ifawordstartswiththecombinationi+vowel，thentheinitialiisEalikethisintengwar:nanaw(thought). gro，lea，lio，@hiige，Hehwest(breeze)TheBeleriandToshowthedifferencebetweenthevariouswritingmodes，hereisabriefin-troductiontotheBeleriandSindarinmode:representa,e,i,oandu.Inthismode，AragornreadsdeAdditionally，themeaningofthesignsform，nandyischanged:mism,nnandSy(itfollowstriviallythatrisalwayswrittenasrómeninthismode).Fornn，númenNiswrittenandformmmaltaM，forllhoweverlambeissimplyrepeated，e.g.mellonmellon(friend)butaNonannon(gate).Thetilde-notationoftheGeneralModeisnotusedwiththeexceptionofw-tehtawhichisusedinthesamefunction:jaNagwanna(heHereisbeginningoftheMoriagateinscriptionintheBeleriand-eNSndurinaranmoriapedomellona第4 第4 andintheGeneraleyuaamoiape@eo@aiEnnynDurinaranMoria:PedomellonaDoyourecognizethiswriting?ItisintheGeneralMode，butinadifferentstyleofletters:anagdobaoO，anaggiaoanagTraaoO，aboZoiiriao5I類動(dòng)詞變課5I類動(dòng)詞變課iiaaaonglofieeianalailariaaon*aaneinaagliaaglofieiglofiedaoe@ieba@anaee@anaaa@ohaoe @oha ehiieo.aradnaiariglofiegoaeilainahano!glofie*nnareiaamaglofiemaooei第第5 AragornaGlorfindelreviarna’laindImladris.Aragorng?enadannerinanaeglir.Aragorn:Glorfindel，tiroGlorfindel:DaroahIvennbadananedhelananEobhan:Maegovannen!ImEobhan.TeginhiniathanElrond.Manr?adnaImladris?Glorfindel:MaeGovannen!Imladrisnanharad.Aragorn:Glorfindel:Mathonvorn…EphedinciAragornandGlorfindelwanderatthebordersofRivendell.Aragornseesamanrunatthemountains.Aragorn:Glorfindel，look，aGlorfindel:StopandcomeThemangoestotheelfandtheEobhan:Wellmet!I’mEobhan.IbringnewsforElrond.WhichwaytoGlorfindel:Wellmet!RivendellistotheSouth.GlorfindellookstowardsthedistanceandAragorn:Glorfindel:Ifeeladarkness...Wefollowthe格洛芬德爾：站??！過來！第5 語概A類動(dòng)詞相反，I類動(dòng)詞僅由赤裸的詞干構(gòu)成。換句話說，I類動(dòng)詞pedtospeak[說]。構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，這類動(dòng)詞需要在詞-i-第5 語概A類動(dòng)詞相反，I類動(dòng)詞僅由赤裸的詞干構(gòu)成。換句話說，I類動(dòng)詞pedtospeak[說]。構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)，這類動(dòng)詞需要在詞-i-，IAI類動(dòng)AIII類動(dòng)詞和人稱詞尾和A類動(dòng)詞基本相同，除了單音節(jié)詞干的元音在第-n我--*-l 第二人稱-g-Iheyethouyouyouthey-i-Ietoltocome[來第5 Ihecomesyouyecomethouthey第5 Ihecomesyouyecomethoutheyt?ldartostop[停止Istophestopsyoustopwestopyestopthouwestoptheystop不定I類動(dòng)詞的不定式通過添加詞尾-i（同時(shí)也遵從I趨向規(guī)則）來構(gòu)成趨向規(guī)則正是我們不以不定式形式列出辛語動(dòng)詞的原因tototodie to祈使來Aragornshall第5 動(dòng)名to →跳→第5 動(dòng)名to →跳→to看to →cenintolediIseetheeveningcenindoledenIseethecomingofthe詞toseetodietosing，totoruntospeaktowatchtoConversation-Ifyoumeetelves，itisgoodtoknowsomebasicphrasesforgreetingfarewell.Usually，onegreetswitha第5 Maegovannen!(Wellmet!第5 Maegovannen!(Wellmet!Ifyoupreferamoreformalgreeting，youcanalsoLesuilon!(Igreetusingtheformalpronoun，or，ifyouhappentoknowtheelfbetter,youmightGensuilon!(IgreetYoucanalsoAi!IntroduceyourselfbyphrasesorNinestarN.N.(TheycallmeButyoucanalsoIfyouwanttoknowthenameofanelf，youcanManienethl??n?(WhatisthySinceyoudonotyetknowthenameoftheotherperson，itismuchbettertouseformalpronouninthisIfyouwanttoleave，youcansaygoodbyeCuiovae!(Fareor，ifyoupreferaveryformalNamárié.However，thisisnotSindarinbutQuenya，averyancientelvishlanguage.Sindarinequivalentofthismay*Novaer!6課aa@o6課aa@ohadaiTaglofiepanaeroglofieaiaahiiaeroairoiemiaeohagoaeeoeaoaiaiaiu@i ei. aaoTepretave yeadevii.peihavek@alaeeaoieiitaeeroiei*aadu@.ei*R.iaeueiuRiadiean.aaaagira