(1.1)-3D打印技術(shù)概述三維數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)方法與應(yīng)用

AdditiveManufacturingTechnology《3D打印技術(shù)與原理》（雙語）1Lecture

01An

introductionArrangementforthisAM

courseWhat'sAM?AdvantagesovertraditionalprocessesTermsand

ClassificationApplication

fieldsCourse

targets

AcquiringtheAMfundamentaltheory,knowledgeandskill,thustobringupthestudents'interdisciplinaryinnovativethinkingability;UnderstandingthematerialprocessingproceduresofdifferentAMtechniques,beingabletooperatecorrespondingAMinstrumentsandbeinginformedofthecutting-edgeAMapplicationsinindustries;GuidingthestudentstosolverealindustrialproblemsusingthelearnedAMtechnologiesbysmallresearchprojects;LettingthestudentsunderstandtheimpactofAMtechnologiesonmanufacturingindustryandhumandailylife

byprofessionalknowledgelearning,thereforeleadingthestudentsbeawareofsocialservices.Course

ContentChapterContentHours1Introductiontoadditivemanufacturing32Pre-processingandmodelingofadditivemanufacturing43Selectivecuringofphotosensitivematerials44Selectivelasersinteringtechnology45Fuseddepositionmodelingtechnology46LaminatedObjectManufacturingtechnology27Selectivelasermeltingtechnology48Seminaranddiscussionof3Dprinting29Post-processing、Selectionguidelinesof3Dprinting3

10Applicationsof3Dprinting2Learningby

Doing32

hourslectureincluding

discussionsHomeworkAcademic

creditsHomeworkreport

(10%)ProjectPresentation(30%)Oralexamination

(60%)

LearningskillsAcquiringtheAMfundamentaltheory,andfirmlyestablishtheprinciple-material-equipmentmainlineMastersomerepresentativefiguresinthefieldof3DprintingMasterandunderstandtheuniquenessofeachtypeof3DprintingCourse

arrangementCourse

arrangementTeam

working(ProjectPresentation)Homeworks&Project

research4-5studentsworking

togetherWritereport,perparePPTandgivethepresentationDesignandstructuraloptimizationofa

partForeachgroup,answeronequestions.Pleasemakegroupsafterthislecture!Project

Research01.UsingAMprocessandequipmenttosolve

anindustrial

problem采用增材制造技術(shù)解決工程實(shí)際問題，包括問題提出、分析、解決方案、實(shí)施、評估等環(huán)節(jié)內(nèi)容Interactive

classroom01.Eachgroupwillprepareanoralpresentation

tointroducetheresultsofHomework

0102.Eachgroupwillprepareanreportand

oralpresentationforProject

ResearchCourse

arrangementChapter1

What's

AdditiveManufacturingor3Dprinting

?Howtofabricatethefollowingparts?Howisapart

fabricated?Masschangeduring

thefabrication

process:ΔM＜0Material

removalCutting…ΔM＝0Material

formingWelding…ΔM＞0Material

additiveAdditive

manufacturing…Subtractive

manufacturing減材制造Additive

manufacturing增材制造Formative

manufacturing成形制造Whatisadditivemanufacturing?Key:Alayer-by-layer

processAdditivemanufacturing(ReferredtoinshortasAM),alsoknownas3Dprinting,isaprocessinwhichathree-dimensionalobjectisbuiltfromacomputer-aideddesign(CAD)model,usuallybysuccessivelyaddingmaterialsinalayer-by-layerfashion.Whataretheeffects?11Howisadditivemanufacturingwork?Basicprocedureofadditivemanufacturing前處理-分層堆積-后處理

Step1:CADStep2:ConversiontoSTLStep3:STLmodelslicingStep4:toolpathandG-codegenerationStep5:machinesetupandbuildStep6:removalofprintedobjects

Step7:post-processing

Step8:application

整體——離散——整體（離散-堆積思想）WhyUsetheTermAdditiveManufacturing?MaterialIncreaseManufacturingSolidFree-formFabricationStereolithography3DPrintingRapidPrototypingLayeredManufacturing

3D

printingIngeneralAllthe

additivemanufacturingmethods

…NarrowsenseAprinter-likeadditivemanufacturing process

orequipment…Bindersprayingorsuspension

injectingAdditive

ManufacturingProcessofjoiningmaterialstomakeobjectsfrom3Dmodeldata,usuallylayerupon

layerTheBenefitsofAM

RevolutionizingproductdevelopmentandmanufacturingChangingthewaywedesignproductsandsetupnewbusinessesTheBenefitsofAM

3D

printing(yyds)Rapid:WYSIWYGSeamlessnessintermsofthereductioninprocesssteps

:

Regardlessofthecomplexityofparts

Reducedthenumberofprocessesandresources:removeoratleastsimplifymanyofthesemultistageprocesses.

TheBenefitsofAM

Whataretheadvantagesof

AMprocessovertraditional

ones?設(shè)計(jì)焊接鑄造鍛壓毛坯(大于工件)焊接焊接半成品半成品工件去除式切削加工（a）傳統(tǒng)制造設(shè)計(jì)分層疊加式增材制造樣品工件模具小批量生產(chǎn)（b）增材制造DistinctionBetweenAMandCNCMachiningMaterialsSpeedComplexityAccuracyGeometryProgrammingCategoriesofadditivemanufacturingASTMnewstandard

2012Materials

covered:Plastics(FDM,SLS,

SL)Metals (EBM,SLS,

Lens)Ceramics(3DP,SLS)CompositesMulti-materialsOthersStateof

materials:LiquidSL,

3DPPasteFDMPowderEBM,SLS,Lens,3DPFilamentFDMSheetsor

tapesLOMCategoriesofadditivemanufacturing

第2類：金屬增材制造：1977(~1992)年開始用途：裝備關(guān)鍵金屬零部件的直接制造與升級再制造

第1類：非金屬增材制造：1984年提出，RP/RPM新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)(間接制造);產(chǎn)品定制化；生產(chǎn)離散化Accordingtothetypesofprintingmaterials:第3類：生物組織增材制造：~2003年開始用途：人體組織及器官的體外/體內(nèi)“培養(yǎng)”

21

第1類：非金屬增材制造：1984年提出，RP/RPM新產(chǎn)品開發(fā)(間接制造);產(chǎn)品定制化；生產(chǎn)離散化工藝名稱原材料增材方式光敏樹脂固化：SLA液體樹脂光固化疊層實(shí)體制造：LOM紙/塑料膜粘結(jié)熔絲擠出造型：FDM樹脂絲粘結(jié)粉床激光燒結(jié)

：SLS粉末燒結(jié)粉床3D打印

：3DP粉末粘結(jié)五種基本方法22Accordingtothetypesofprintingmaterials:高能束零件尺寸小~600mm、效率低~100g/h、成本高粉床(鋪粉)選區(qū)熔化SLM/SEBM：小型復(fù)雜構(gòu)件

第2類：金屬增材制造：1977(~1992)年開始用途：裝備關(guān)鍵金屬零部件的直接制造與升級再制造23Accordingtothetypesofprintingmaterials:24粉末零件數(shù)模少量加工最終零件零件精坯激光熔化沉積

“增材制造”送粉/絲金屬增材制造，大型承力構(gòu)件~1992年開始，激光/電子束/電弧激光束高性能材料制備與復(fù)雜零件“近凈成形”一體化非平衡材料、多材料復(fù)合、梯度材料高性能構(gòu)件無需大型鍛造裝備及鍛壓模具材料利用率高、加工時(shí)間短、成本低、周期短“超?！笨焖俜磻?yīng)能力、高柔性，快速修復(fù)材料技術(shù)制造技術(shù)高性能大型復(fù)雜整體構(gòu)件制造技術(shù)發(fā)展方向

24Accordingtothetypesofprintingmaterials:25第3類：生物組織及人體器官增材制造用途：人體硬/軟組織或器官體內(nèi)或體外“培養(yǎng)”（3D打印生物可降解多孔支架+活性細(xì)胞或細(xì)胞直接打印后進(jìn)行“體外或體內(nèi)培養(yǎng)”）~2003年開始，25Accordingtothetypesofprintingmaterials:Terms

evolutionMaterialAccumulatingManufacturingRapidPrototyping,

RP快速原型Layered

ManufacturingRapidPrototyping&Manufacturing,

RP&M快速原型與制造Solid

Free-formFabrication,

SFF1990s2000s2010sAdditiveManufacturing,

AM增材制造3Dprinting,

3DP3D

打印DevelopmentofAdditiveManufacturingTechnology

28電子束熔絲沉積成形：北京625所1990~1995~2000~2003~電子束選區(qū)熔化成形：清華大學(xué)北京625所2007西北有色院2011中科院金屬所2011……快速原型：清華大學(xué)西安交大華中科大中北大學(xué)北京625所北京隆源公司……2003~金屬激光成形：西工大北京有色院北京625所華中科大華南理工北京殷華公司……2011~大型結(jié)構(gòu)激光成形：北航西工大北京625所……2006~激光成形大型航空鈦合金結(jié)構(gòu)裝機(jī)應(yīng)用：北京航空航天大學(xué)……電子束熔絲沉積成形鈦合金結(jié)構(gòu)及激光選區(qū)熔化成形精密結(jié)構(gòu)裝機(jī)應(yīng)用北京625所

34AdditiveManufacturingTechnologyinChina

編號單位代表人物專業(yè)工藝產(chǎn)品國家認(rèn)可1北航王華明鑄造材料激光熔融航空部件國家技術(shù)發(fā)明獎(jiǎng)一等獎(jiǎng)2華中科大史玉升材料激光燒結(jié)航空部件、汽車部件、骨骼、牙齒國家技術(shù)發(fā)明獎(jiǎng)二等獎(jiǎng)3西北工大黃衛(wèi)東鑄造激光熔融航空部件C919應(yīng)用4清華顏永年機(jī)械容積成型塑料5西安交大盧秉恒機(jī)械光固化樹脂、骨骼、芯片院士

35AdditiveManufacturingTechnologyinChina

2013年4月16日,科技部公布《國家高技術(shù)研究發(fā)展計(jì)劃863計(jì)劃》，備受關(guān)注的增材制造（3D打?。┊a(chǎn)業(yè)首次入選。該指南聚焦航空航天、模具領(lǐng)域的需求，突破增材制造（3D打?。┘夹g(shù)中的核心關(guān)鍵技術(shù)，研制重點(diǎn)裝備產(chǎn)品，并在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域開展驗(yàn)證，初步具備開展全面推廣應(yīng)用的技術(shù)、裝備和產(chǎn)業(yè)化條件。2015年2月，工信部正式發(fā)布《國家增材制造產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展推進(jìn)計(jì)劃（2015—2016年）》。該計(jì)劃提出到2016年，初步建立較為完善的增材制造產(chǎn)業(yè)體系，整體技術(shù)水平保持與國際同步，在航空航天等直接制造領(lǐng)域達(dá)到國際先進(jìn)水平，在國際市場上占有較大的市場份額。

36AdditiveManufacturingTechnologyinChina

“中國制造2025”:“中國版的“工業(yè)4.0”規(guī)劃，于2015年5月8日公布。規(guī)劃提出了中國制造強(qiáng)國建設(shè)三個(gè)十年的“三步走”戰(zhàn)略，是第一個(gè)十年的行動(dòng)綱領(lǐng)?！爸袊圃?025”要實(shí)施五大工程：智能制造工程、制造業(yè)創(chuàng)新建設(shè)工程、工業(yè)強(qiáng)基工程、綠色制造工程、高端裝備創(chuàng)新工程。其中，最核心的是實(shí)施智能制造工程。未來3D打印將成為“中國制造2025”發(fā)展的一個(gè)支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，3D打印技術(shù)只有跟傳統(tǒng)制造業(yè)結(jié)合起來，才能推動(dòng)制造業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)型和發(fā)展。國家“十三五”相關(guān)規(guī)劃:大力推進(jìn)先進(jìn)半導(dǎo)體、機(jī)器人、增材制造、智能系統(tǒng)、新一代航空裝備、空間技術(shù)綜合服務(wù)系統(tǒng)、智能交通、精準(zhǔn)醫(yī)療、高效儲能與分布式能源系統(tǒng)、智能材料、高效節(jié)能環(huán)保、虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)與互動(dòng)影視等新興前沿領(lǐng)域創(chuàng)新和產(chǎn)業(yè)化，形成一批新增長點(diǎn)，被確定為新的國家目標(biāo)。

38AdditiveManufacturingTechnologyinChina

我國3D打印從1988年發(fā)展至今，呈現(xiàn)出不斷深化、不斷擴(kuò)大應(yīng)用的態(tài)勢。2015-2017年的3年間，中國3D打印產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模實(shí)現(xiàn)了翻倍增長，年均增速超過25%。我國增材制造裝備還非常依賴進(jìn)口。a)2018年中國3D打印設(shè)備數(shù)量所屬品牌占比情況（單位，%）;b)2013-2018年中國3D打印產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模及增速（單位：億美元，%）a)b)

39AdditiveManufacturingTechnologyinChina

40AdditiveManufacturingStandards

WhataretheAMtechnologiesusedfor

?AdditiveManufacturing

TechnologyIfapictureisworthathousandword,then

surelyaphysicalmodelisworthathousand

picturesPrototypes–Architectural

modelsApplicationsAdditiveManufacturing

TechnologyApplicationsAdditiveManufacturing

Technology23ApplicationsPrototypes–Movie

figuresAdditiveManufacturing

TechnologyApplicationsPrototypes–Industrial

designAdditiveManufacturing

Technology25Prototypes–Industrial

designApplicationsAdditiveManufacturing

Technology27ApplicationsPrototypesArtworksPersonalizationAdditiveManufacturing

TechnologyApplicationsToolingIndirectSilicone

rubbertoolingApplicationsTooling–

DirectAdditiveManufacturing

Technology42Applications?ToolingforMetal

castingSandmoldInvestment

castingAdditiveManufacturing

Technology43ApplicationsDirectlyused

parts–

PlasticsAdditiveManufacturing

Technology4432Smallbatchcomplexpartsaredesignedand3Dprinted,thatmayonlybeusedforasingl