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16閱讀回答問題型之說明介紹類(2023·遼寧·統(tǒng)考中考真題)Whenpeoplearoundtheworldtalkaboutpingpong,theymustthinkofChina.Withoutdoubt,pingponghasbeenChina’snationalsportforalongtime.WhydoChinesepingpongplayersalwaysdominate(稱霸)theworld’smajor(主要的)pingpongevents(比賽項(xiàng)目)?Oneofthereasonsisthatthereisalargefanbase(基礎(chǔ))forthesportinChina.Almosteveryonecanplayalittle.YoucanhearthesoundofpingpongalmosteverywhereinChina.Peopleofallageslikethiskindofsport.Myfather,forexample,hasplayeditformorethan50years.Everyday,hegoestotheparkandplayspingpongwithhisoldfriendsfortwohours.Itispartofhislife.Hewasevennamedoneofthe“BeijingMasters(高手)”whenhewas70.Notonlytheoldpeople,butalsokidsarepracticinghardinanypingpongclubinChina.Manychildrenhopethattheycanbeexcellentplayersoneday.Thegreatplayers’spiritofnevergivingupencouragestheyoungtosticktotheirdreams.Also,manykidssayplayingpingponghelpsthemrelaxafterdoingschoolwork.Chinesepeopletakepartinthissport,notonlytowin,butalsotohavefun,tosocialize(社交)andtoliveahealthylife.1.Whoalwaysdominatestheworld’smajorpingpongevents?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Howlonghasthewriter’sfatherplayedpingpong?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Whatdoesthegreatplayers’spiritencouragetheyoungtodo?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whydomanykidsplaypingpongafterdoingschoolwork?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.DoChinesepeopleplaypingpongjusttowin?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·湖南懷化·統(tǒng)考中考真題)ThefirstforestlibraryinShanghairecentlyopenedtothepublic.Readerscanrelaxandreadbooksintheforestlibrary.TheforestlibrarywasbuiltbyPudongNewAreaandShanghaiLibrary.ItisknownasRead&JoyForest.TheforestlibraryisnearShanghaiLibraryEast.Itcoversanareaof20,546squaremeters.Readerscanrelaxthemselvesinthequietandfortableenvironment.Therearemanydifferentkindsoftreesinthelibrary.Thegreenspacesareconnectedbywoodenwalkways.Thelibraryisintheopenair.Therearemanythingssuchaschairsandaninformationdesk.Mostofthevisitorstotheforestlibraryareyoungpeopleandparentswiththeirchildren.Havingalibraryintheforestissuchawonderfulidea.Peopleenjoythemselvesreadingintheforest.“Ilovethefreshairandtreeshere,”saidWangTao,areaderofthelibrary,“Thelibrarymakesitpossibletoenjoyreadinginthenaturalenvironment.Ifeelveryrelaxedhere.Iwillebackforsure.”1.Whatcanreadersdointheforestlibrary?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Whereistheforestlibrary?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Aretheremanydifferentkindsoftreesinthelibrary?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whoaremostofthevisitorstotheforestlibrary?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.WhatdoesWangTaolovethere?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·湖北·統(tǒng)考中考真題)About2300yearsago,theareaaroundChengduhadbadfloods(洪水)inspringeveryyear.Floodwaterfromthemountainsflowed(流動(dòng))downtheMinjiangRiverandcoveredtheland.Luckily,theQingovernor(太守),LiBing,wasawaterengineer.ThekingofQinprovidedthemoneyandaskedthegovernortosolvetheproblem.Theusualmethodtoavoidfloodingistobuildawallacrosstheriver,calledadam.Specialopeningsinthedamallowtheflowofwatertobecontrolled.However,thekinghadalsoaskedLiBingtomakesurethatshipscouldstillusetheriver.Thiswasnecessarybecausethekingneededtosendfoodtohisarmy.SoLiBingstudiedthesituationandcameupwithaplan—aplanthatstillworkstoday!Helpedbyhisson,andtensofthousandsofworkersfromthearea,LiBingbuiltamanmadeislandinthemiddleoftheriver.Thisislandwasshapedlikeafishanditdividedthewaterintoaninnerandanouterriver.Theinnerriverwasdeeperthanbutnotaswideastheouterriver.Ittookfouryearstobuildtheisland.LiBingalsocutanewchannel(運(yùn)河)throughMountYulei.Thischannelwouldtakewaterawaytoirrigate(灌溉)thelandintheflatfarmlandbelow.Therockofthemountainwasveryhardanddifficulttocut.LiBingusedfiretoheattherockandthenwatertocoolitquickly.Thismadetherockbreakintosmallerpieceswhichcouldbecarriedawaymoreeasily.Cuttingthechanneltookeightyears!AfterLiBing’sworkwasfinished,therewerenomorefloods,andtheDujiangyanirrigationsystem(灌溉系統(tǒng))allowedthefarmerstogrowmoreandmorefood.Theriverflowednaturally,andbecausetherewasnodam,shipsandfishcouldpassfreely.SichuanbecamethemostproductiveareainChina,asitstillistoday.Today,scientistsandvisitorsfromallovertheworldetolookatthiswonderfulexampleofengineering.ThisworkandthenameofLiBingliveon.1.WhatwasLiBing’sjob?(答題詞數(shù)不超過11個(gè))____________________________________________________________________________________________2.WhydidthekingaskLiBingtomakesurethatshipscouldstillusetheriver?(答題詞數(shù)不超過10個(gè))____________________________________________________________________________________________3.HowlongdidittakeLiBingtocutanewchannel?(答題詞數(shù)不超過5個(gè))____________________________________________________________________________________________4.WhatdoesthewriterthinkoftheDujiangyanirrigationsystem?(答題詞數(shù)不超過12個(gè))____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·遼寧錦州·統(tǒng)考中考真題)Rabbitisthefourthofthe12Chinesezodiac(parts,intheorderofRat,Ox,Tiger,Rabbit,Dragon,Snake,Horse,Goat,Monkey,Rooster,DogandPig).ItistheYearoftheRabbitthisyear.Becauserabbitsaregentleandsmart,theyareverypopularwithpeoplefromallovertheworld.InChina,rabbitsareconsideredtobealuckysign.That’sbecauserabbitscanhavemanybabiesinthenature,eveninterribleconditions.Inthepast,peoplethoughtthemorechildrentheyhad,thebettertheirlifewouldbe.Therabbitcanmakepeoplethinkofthemoon.AncientChinesepeoplebelievedarabbitwaslivingonthemoon.ItiscalledtheMoonRabbitandhelpsChang’e,agoddesswhoiswidelyknowninChina,tomakemedicine.Similarly,rabbitsareseentobeluckyinWesternculture.Therearesometraditionsabouthowtogettherabbit’sgoodluckforyourself.Forexample,arabbit’sfootisoneofthemostfamoussymbolsofgoodluckandthepersonwhoholdsitissupposedtobelucky.Also,peopleusuallysaytheword“rabbit”onthefirstmorningofeverymonth.They’relookingforwardtobringingthemselvesgoodluckforthiswholemonth.Nowit’stheYearoftheRabbit.Hopeyouarealwaysluckythisyear!1.WillitbetheYearoftheRabbitin2033?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.WhyarerabbitsseenasluckyanimalsinChina?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.InChineseancientfolkstories,whatdidChang’eandtheMoonRabbitdoonthemoon?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.HowcanWesternpeoplepossiblygettherabbit’sgoodluck?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Doyoulikerabbits?Whyorwhynot?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·重慶·統(tǒng)考中考真題)①ATeacher’sDiaryApril14IputSharla,Tony,andLeetogethertomakeavolcano(火山).Iknewtheyweren’tgoodfriends,andIencouragedallmystudentstolearntoworktogether.Somethingblewup!Onelookedmad,onelookedsad,andonewasnearlyintears.Theydidn’tagreewitheachother.Oh,dear!Icalmedthemdown.Buttheycouldn’tagreeoneventhebaseforthevolcano,andTonydidn’twanttotouchthepaste(漿糊).IwonderedifIhadmadeabigmistake.Maybethiswasonegroupwhocouldn’tworktogether.②AStudent’sDiaryApril16Yesterday,Mrs.Holtmadeusstaybehindsowecouldfinishplanningourvolcano.Anyway,wefinallymovedaheadwithourproject.Iwasmakingmysidesmooth.Tonyjustwatched(unfair).ItoldLeetosmoothoutherside,too.“No,Sharla,itshouldlooklikearealmountain,”shesaidjustasifsheweretheboss.Thewholethingwentdownhill.Thedayendedwithnoprogress.③TheShowTimeThelastworkdayfortheprojectcame.“Isthereaproblem?”Mrs.Holtknewwelltherewasaproblem.Shewantedthemtoputitintheirownwords,though.“Well,Ithinkthevolcanoshouldbesmooth.”Sharlabegan.“And,”jumpedinLee,“itshouldlookrocky,likearealmountain.”“Isee.Whatdoyouthink,Tony?”Mrs.Holtwaited.“Well,Ithinkitwouldhavelava(巖漿)runningdown.”“Hey,agreatidea!”cutinSharla,“Thelavawouldbesmooth.RightMrs.Holt?”Sharlacontinued.“Theothersidewithoutlavawouldlookrocky.Right?”Tonycaughton.“Soonesidecanbesmooth,andtheotherrocky.eon,youguys,let’sgofinish!”Itwastheshowtime.________________________________________________________1.Didthestudentsagreewitheachotheratfirst?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Whowrotethestudent’sdiary?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Whatcouldthestudentslearnaboutworkingtogetheraftertheproject?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whathappenednext?Finishtheending.(about30words)____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·黑龍江綏化·統(tǒng)考中考真題)Youmayknowabout“junkfood”likeFrenchfries.Butdoyouknowabout“junksleep”?ABritishsurveyshowsthattherearemanyelectronicproductsinteenagers’bedrooms.Theyareinfluencingteenagers’sleepbadly.Thesurveywasdoneamong1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16.Itisfoundthat50%ofthemgotjust4to7hours’sleepeveryday.Butdoctorssaytheyneed8to9hours.Almost25%ofthekidssaidtheyoftenfellasleepwhiletheywerewatchingTV,listeningtomusicorusingotherelectronicproducts.“Thisisveryworrying,”saidDr.Chris,aBritishprofessor(教授),“Wecallit‘junksleep’.Itmeansyoudon’tgetenoughsleepandthequality(質(zhì)量)ofthesleepislow,too.”Thesurveyfoundthatquiteafewofthekidsfelttiredeachdaybecauseofthejunksleep,especiallygirlsbetween13and16.Nearlyalltheteenagershaveaphone,musicplayerorTVintheirbedrooms.Andlotsofthemevenhaveallthethree.Dr.Chrissuggestedthatparentsshouldhelptheirchildrenkeepawayfromelectronicproducts,andthatteenagersshouldspendlesstimeontheelectronicproducts.1.Howmanyofthe1,000Britishkidsfrom12to16getonly4to7hours’sleepadayinthesurvey?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Accordingtothepassage,whatwere25%ofthekidsdoingwhentheyfellasleep?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Whatdoes“junksleep”meaninthepassage?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.InDr.Chris’opinion,whatshouldteenagersdo?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whatdoesthispassagemainlytalkabout?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·江蘇蘇州·統(tǒng)考中考真題)Reporter:WhydoyouloveSuzhou?Zekro:WhenIwasachild,myparentstoldmethatlovehasnoboundaries.Theytoldmethepurposeoflifeistoservepeopleandmakecontributionstooursociety.SincemywifeandIcametoSuzhoutwentyfouryearsago,Ihaveneverstoppedshowingmyloveinaction.I’vetaughtthelatesttechnologytomystudentsinSuzhouUniversityforfree.I’vehelpedpeopleinneed,caringforsickchildren,sendingmoneytodisasterareasandteachingAfricandrummingtopoorchildren.I’vealsoworkedcloselywithSuzhougovernmenttointroduceSuzhoutoforeigners.ManyfriendsoftencallmetheAmbassador(大使)ofSuzhou.Reporter:PleasetellusaboutHappyHomeClub.Zekro:Sevenyearsago,IopenedFinlandHomeCafetointroduceFinnish(芬蘭的)culturetoourChinesefriendsthroughfoodandmusic.OnemeaningfulactivityweholdeveryweekisHappyHomeClub.Itisopenfrom7:00p.m.to8:30p.m.onFridays.It’sforeverybodywholovestomakenewfriends,learnaboutlifeandpracticetheirEnglish.ThemostrecenttopicsforHappyHomeClubare:Whywesleep;Howtoreadabook;Remembertosaythankyou…Reporter:WhatelsedoyouwanttosaytopeoplewhoarewatchingourTVshow?Zekro:Thosewhoareinterestedinourculture,foodandtopicsaremostweletoourCafe.Pleaseeandshareyourstorieswithus.Together,wecanmakeadifference.1.HowlonghaveZekroandhiswifelivedinSuzhou?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.WhydoZekro’sfriendscallhim“theAmbassadorofSuzhou”?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.PleasewriteanothergoodtopicforHappyHomeClubandexplainyourreason.(AvoidanytopicsofHappyHomeClubthatarementionedinthispaper.)____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·遼寧沈陽·統(tǒng)考中考真題)JustinhasjustorderedsomefoodfromtheCornerCafe.Hereishisorderform.1.Whatisthenameoftherestaurant?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Whichsandwichisthemostexpensive?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.Howmuchshouldthecustomerpayintotal?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Bywhattimewilltheorderbeready?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whoplacedtheorderabove?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·遼寧營(yíng)口·中考真題)Thesedays,shortvideosandlivestreaming(網(wǎng)絡(luò)直播)havegottenmillionsofviewsonline.MoreandmorepeoplecreateandshareshortvideosonpopularappslikeDouyinandKuaishoutoshowpartsoftheirlives.Usinglivestreamingispopularamongthepeopleaged18to35.Eventheteachersgivelessonsbylivestreaming.Besidesleavingreviewsonthescreen,viewerscanalsomunicatedirectlywiththehostsbybuyingvirtual(虛擬的)giftssuchasflowers,toysandcarsforthemonline.ThemostrecentfamousexamplewastheOlympicswimmerFuYuanhui.Shedidonehourlivestreamingwhichreachedmorethan11millionviewers.What’smore,livestreamingallowsuserstomunicatewithstrangersandexpressthemselves.A19yearoldcollegestudentcalledNicLisaysshespendsthreetofourhourseachweekchattingandsingingwithviewersthroughoneappcalledIngkee.“SometimesIfeellonelyandwanttotalktopeople,”shesays,“Ifeelnicewhenviewersarepayingattentiontome.”However,astherearemorethan80appsand300websitesforlivestreaminginChina,theInternetregulator(監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu))almostcan’tmonitorthecontent(內(nèi)容)allthetime.“Wesupporttheuseoflivestreaming.Butpeopleshouldbeawareofthetwosidesofit,”oneoftheofficialssaid.1.Whatdomoreandmorepeopleshowbysharingvideosonapps?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Howdoviewersmunicatewithhosts?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.WhyisNicLi’sexamplementioned?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Itisn’tdifficultfortheInternetregulatortomonitorthecontentallthetime,isit?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whatshouldpeoplebeawareofwhenusinglivestreaming?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·江蘇連云港·統(tǒng)考中考真題)閱讀短文,根據(jù)短文內(nèi)容回答問題,每個(gè)題目的答案不超過5個(gè)單詞。Oneday,ayoungboynamedZhangLiangwaswalkingalongabridge.Hesawanoldmansittingthere.Oneoftheoldman’sshoeswasleftunderthebridge.“Gooverthereandgetmyshoe,youngboy!”theoldmanordered.ZhangLiangfeltsurprised,buthestillpickeditupfortheoldman.Theoldmansaid,“Fivedayslater,pleaseetomeetmeatthebridgeearlyinthemorning.”Fivedayslater,ZhangLiangwentthereaspromised.Buttheoldmancametherebeforehim.Theoldmangotangryabouthislazyhabit.ZhangLiangwasaskedtoeagain.Thenextday,ZhangLiangarrivedearlierthanbefore.Buttheoldmanwasstillbeforehim.Theoldmanbecamemuchangrierandaskedhimtogetthereagainthenextmorning.Thistime,ZhangLiangarrivedatthebridgelateatnight.Hespentthewholenightthere.Whentheoldmancamethenextearlymorning,hewashappytofindZhangLiangthereearlierthanhim.TheoldmannoddedwithasmileandgaveZhangLiangavaluablebook.ZhangLiangreadthebookcarefullydayandnightandlearnedmanyskillsfromit.Manyyearslater,hebecameawisegeneral(將軍)andmadegreatachievements.1.WheredidZhangLianggetoneoftheoldman’sshoes?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Whocametothebridgefirstfivedayslater?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.WhywastheoldmanangrywithZhangLiang?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.WhatdidtheoldmangiveZhangLiangatlast?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.WhatcanwelearnfromZhangLiang?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·山東臨沂·統(tǒng)考中考真題)SeptemberisabigmonthforstudentsinChinasincethenewtermbeginsfromnowon.InancientChina,theschoolentranceceremony(入學(xué)典禮)wasoneofthemostimportantceremonies.Childrenbeganschoolbetweentheagesof4—7inancientChina.Sincetherewasnocertaintimetobeginanewtermatthattime,themostimportantthingforparentswastochoosealuckydayfortheirchildrentoenterschool.Next,parentswouldpreparesomeschoolthingsfortheirchildren,includingdesks,chairsandfourtreasuresofthestudy.Inancienttimes,teacherswereusuallyveryknowledgeablelocalpersons.Parentswouldpreparemanygifts,andthenwritealetterofinvitationtoaskaknowledgeablemantobetheirchildren’steacher.Onthedaytheirchildrenenteredschool,parentswouldtakethemtotakepartintheFirstWritingCeremony.Beforethat,childrenwouldkowtow(叩頭)tothestatueofConfucius(孔子像)9timesandthentotheirteacher3timestoshowtheirdeeprespect(尊敬).Duringtheceremony,theteacherwouldputaredpointonthestudents’forehead(前額)asitmeantopeningthewisdomeye.Childrenwouldalsoringacertainbelltostartanewterm.Afterthat,theycouldfinallysitdownintheirseatsandbegintostudy.TheFirstWritingCeremonywasaveryimportantceremonyforeverystudent.Everyday,studentswouldarriveatschoolearlierthantheirteacher,andkowtowtothestatueofConfucius,andthengobacktotheseats.Usuallytheteacherwouldgiveeverystudentanewname,whichwasusedforfutureImperialExamination(科舉考試).Today,someschoolsarestartingtoholdanentranceceremonyliketheydidinancienttimes.StudentsputontraditionalcostumesandbowtothestatueofConfuciusandtheirteachers.Thismeansthatfromthismoment,theytakeastepinthelifelongjourneyoflearning.1.AtwhatagedidchildrenbeginschoolinancientChina?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.ListtwothingsparentsdidforchildrentoenterschoolinancientChina.____________________________________________________________________________________________3.WhywouldchildrenkowtowtothestatueofConfuciusandtheirteacherbeforetheFirstWritingCeremony?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.WhatwouldchildrendoduringtheFirstWritingCeremony?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Whatdoyouthinkoftheschoolentranceceremony?Andwhy?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·黑龍江·統(tǒng)考中考真題)MynameisBob.Manypeopleaskmewhatmyfavoriteinventionis.Ifinditveryhardtoanswerthequestion,becausetherearesomanythingsinmylifethatIcanchoose.However,Ihavechosenapen.Don’tyouthinkit’ssurprising?Tomostpeople,apenisveryboring,buttome,itstandsforpossibility(可能).Therearesomanythingsyoucandowithapen.Youcanwriteanovelorasong,recordinformation,ordrawapicture.Apenislikethebeginningofsomethingamazingtome.Everyday,Iwriteanewpagewithmypen,andIamslowlymakingapath(路)formyfuture.MaybeIwillbeascientistandchangetheworldwithmydiscoveries.MaybeI’llbeeamusicianandtouchpeople’sheartswithmymusic.OrperhapsIwillbeawriterandmovepeoplethroughwords.TherearesomanypossibilitiesastowhatIwilldowithmylifeinthefuture,butIknowthatwiththepeninmyhand,Iwillwriteagoodfutureformyself.Tellmewhatfutureyouwillwriteforyourself.Answerthequestionsaccordingtothepassage.1.What’sthewriter’sfavoriteinvention?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.Howmaypeoplefeelaftertheyknowthewriter’schoice?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.What’sthewriter’sfavoriteinventionlike?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.Whodoyouthinkcanmovepeoplethroughwords?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Willthewriterwriteagoodfutureforhimself?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·山東威?!そy(tǒng)考中考真題)研讀報(bào)刊“暢所欲言”專欄,結(jié)合文中信息回答問題并表達(dá)觀點(diǎn)。請(qǐng)將答案填寫到答題卡指定位置。OPINIONA.I.IneachOpinionsectionoftheTheNewYorkTimesforKids:China,wevisitadifferentChineseschoolandinvitekidstoexpresstheiropinionsonacertaintopic(話題).InMarch,wewenttoShenzhenBaySchooltorecordstudents’opinionsonhowhumansandA.I.(人工智能)getalong.14小題,每小題答案不超過8個(gè)詞;5小題,不限詞數(shù)。1.What’sthetopicoftheOpinionsectioninMarch?____________________________________________________________________________________________2.AccordingtoAndy,whatcanhumansdobetterthanA.I.?____________________________________________________________________________________________3.WhydoesEileenwanttopredictearthquakes?____________________________________________________________________________________________4.FromEva’sopinion,whatabilitydoesA.I.have?____________________________________________________________________________________________5.Inyouropinion,whatelsecouldA.I.possiblydoforus?____________________________________________________________________________________________(2023·山東日照·中考真題)Inmanycountriesoftheworldpeoplearesaying,“Wemustdosomethingaboutourrubbish.Wedon’twantourworldtobeeonebiglandfillsite(垃圾填埋場(chǎng)).”InIrelandthegovernmentwereveryworriedaboutplasticbagssotheydecidedtomakepeoplepayforthem.Since2002Irishpeoplehavebeenpayingforthebagstheytakehomefromtheshops.Ofcourse,theysoonstoppedbuyingnewbagsandstartedtakingbagswiththemwhenshopping.Somecountrieshavemadeevenbiggerchanges.In2006,thepeopleofZanzibardecidedtostopmakingplasticbags.Theywereworriedthebagswerekillingfishandseaanimals.Theyalsosaidnobodycouldbringplasticbagsintothecountry.Soontherewerenoplasticbagsinthecountry.OneofthemostexcitingrecyclingideasisFreecycle.Ithasgrownaroundtheworld.PeoplejoinaFreecyclegroupbecausetheyarelookingforthingsorhavethingsthattheywanttogivetootherpeople.Perhapstheyhaveachairtheydonotneedanymore,ortheywantacamera.TheyleaveamessageontheInternettotellpeoplewhattheywantorwhattheyaregoingtogive.Nobodybuysorsellsanything—peoplegivethingstootherpeoplewhowantthem.Itisagoodideabecauseitrecyclesusefulthings.Recyclingisimportantandsometimesitisexcitingtoo,butitisonlyonepartoftheanswer.Usinglessandreusingarealsoimportantanswerstotheproblemofrubbish.1.WhatdidtheIrelandgovernmen
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