have done 語法

1、1. Something may have happened to her. 她可能發(fā)生了什么事情。 She might have had an accident. 她或許遭受了意外. So she must have taken that too. 因此，她肯定把它也帶走了。 1) 這三句話都用了“情態(tài)動詞不定式的完成時”，表示對發(fā)生過的事作某種猜測、推測。 (1) must have done 可用來對某件過去的事情作肯定推測，表示“一定已經(jīng)，想必已經(jīng)”做過某事，用于肯定的陳述句中。否定句中用 cant have done。 She must have received the parce

2、l, I sent it by registered post. 她一定已經(jīng)收到包裹了，我是用掛號寄的。 (2) may have done, might have done, could have done “可能做過某事”，就語氣而言 could have done 所表的可能性更小些。 He may / might / could have left by nine. 他可能于九點前已離去。 (3) should have done / ought to have done 表示“本該做某事”但實際未做。 I should / ought to have left London befo

3、re nine but I didnt. 我本該在九點以前離開倫敦，但是我沒有。 (4) shouldnt have done / oughtnt to have done 表示“本不該做事”，但實際上又做了。 He shouldnt / oughtnt to have left London before nine but he did. 他本不該在九點前離開倫敦，但是他離開了。 (5) cant / couldnt have done 表否定推測，“不可能做過某事”。 She cant / couldnt have gone to bed, for the light in her roo

4、m is still on. 她不可能上床睡覺了，因為她房間的燈還亮著。 (6) could have done 可表示客觀上“本來能做某事但實際上沒做”。 He could have finished the work in time but he didnt work hard. 他本來可以按時干完活的，但他沒有賣力。 (7) neednt have done 表示客觀上“本不必做某事但實際上又做了”。 I neednt have gone to the office yesterday (but I went there). 昨天我沒必要去辦公室（但我卻去了）。 (8) might ha

5、ve done 還可表示過去“本可能發(fā)生但實際上沒有發(fā)生的動作”。用于表示說話人對已發(fā)生的事提出批評或意見。 He might have given more help, even though he was very busy. 即使他很忙，也可以多幫點忙。 情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞完成式即“ 情態(tài)動詞 + 動詞完成式即“情態(tài)動詞 + have + done”，表示對過去行為或動作進行推測、評論或判斷。這個結(jié)構(gòu)是近幾年高考情態(tài)動詞的重點和難點。 一、在虛擬語氣中的用法 1. should have done 表示“過去本應該做某事卻未做?！逼浞穸ńY(jié)構(gòu) shouldnt have done 表示 “

6、過去本不該做某事卻做了。” 2. ought to have done 表示“過去本應該做某事卻未做?！逼浞穸ńY(jié)構(gòu) oughtnt to have done 表示“過去本不該做某事卻做了?！?3. need have done 表示“過去本有必要做某事卻未做?！逼浞穸ńY(jié)構(gòu) neednt have done 表示“過去本沒必要做某事卻做了?！?4. could (不能用 can) have done 表示“過去本能夠做某事卻未做?！弊⒁猓浩浞穸ㄐ问?couldnt have done 沒有虛擬語氣的用法，couldnt have done 只能表推測，相當于 cant have done，意為：

7、“過去不可能做了某事。” 5. might (不能用 may) have done 表示“過去本可以做某事卻未做?！?注意：其否定形式 might not have done 沒有虛擬語氣的用法，might not have done 只能表推測，相當于 may not have done，意為：“過去可能沒有做某事?！?二、表推測的用法 1. must have done 表示對過去某事的肯定猜測，譯為：過去肯定做了某事。不存在 mustnt have done 的形式。其否定或疑問形式須用can(could) 來表示. 例如： Since the road is wet, it must

8、have rained last night. 既然路是濕的，那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。 He cant have missed the way. I drew him a map. 他不可能迷路。我（當時）給他畫了張圖。 “The dictionary has disappeared. Who could have taken it?”詞典不見了，（過去）誰可能把它拿走了？ 2. may / might have done may / might have done 表示“過去可能做了某事”。may 比 might表示的可能性在說話人看來稍大些。may/might not have done表示

9、“過去可能沒有做某事?！崩纾?I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday. 我找不到我的鑰匙了。我可能昨天把他們落在學校了。John may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very sad.約翰可能沒有通過考試。他看起來很憂傷。注意：may/might have done表推測不能用于疑問句中。 3. can/could have done 表推測一般用在否定句和疑問句中，表示不相信或懷疑的態(tài)度。 Can/Could he have pa

10、ssed the exam?他可能通過了考試嗎？ I think that he couldnt/cant have gone abroad. I saw him just now.我認為他不可能出國了。我剛才還看見他了。 注：表示推測過去某動作發(fā)生的可能性時，就表示的可能性程度而言，must 最大，could 其次，may 更次之，might 最小。例如：“I wonder how Tom knew about your past.” “我想知道湯姆是怎么知道你的過去的?！薄癏e must / could / may / might have heard of it from Mary.”

11、“他肯定/很可能/可能/興許（沒準兒）已從瑪麗那兒聽說此事了。”高考“情態(tài)動詞have done”考點解析 安徽省蕭縣中學 梁靜淵“情態(tài)動詞have done”結(jié)構(gòu)是高考重要考點，也是較難掌握的語法項目之一，為了幫助同學們更好地掌握使用這一考點，下面結(jié)合近年高考試題談談其主要用法?？键c之一：在虛擬條件句中，如果表示與過去事實相反的情況，從句中用過去完成時，而主句中則用“情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成時”，即：would/ could/ should/ might have done。例如：If they had finished the work on time, they would have been

12、praised by the manager.If you had worked hard, you could have passed the examination.高考題分析：1. If it _ for the snow, we _ the mountain yesterday. ( MET91) A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb2. - I stayed at a hotel while

13、in New York. - Oh, did you? You _ with Barbara. (NMET98) A. could have stay B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stay3. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she _ something she would regret later.( 96上海) A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said答案簡析： 1. 根據(jù)信息詞yesterday可

14、以判斷該句是表示與過去事實相反的虛擬條件句，從句中應該用“情態(tài)動詞現(xiàn)在完成時”，故答案選C。2. 本句是一個含蓄虛擬條件句，意思是：If you hadnt stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表達了與過去事實相反的情況，答案選A。3. 本句考查的也是含蓄虛擬語氣，意思是：如果她參加了討論，她可能會說出一些后來令她后悔的話。表達了與過去事實相反的情況，故答案選D。考點之二：must have done表示對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的情況的肯定推測判斷，語氣較強，意思是“一定、肯定”。其否定形式分別用

15、cant/ couldnt和can/ could。例如：It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因為今晨地面是潮濕的。She didnt attend the lesson yesterday. She must have been ill.她昨天沒有上課，她一定是生病了。鞏固練習：He _ have completed his work, otherwise, he wouldnt be enjoying himself by the seaside. (北京題)A. shou

16、ld B. must C. wouldnt D. cantThis cake is very sweet. You _ a lot of sugar in it. (05遼寧26題). Should put B. could have put C. might put D. must have put- Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?- Something _ to him. ( 05江西22題 A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happenedD.

17、must have happenedI was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They _ at least 150 kilometers an hour. ( 05重慶33題)A. should have been doing B. must have been doingC. could have done D. would have doneI _ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.( 05天津14題)

18、A. shouldnt B. couldnt C. mustnt D. neednt- Do you know where David is? I couldnt find him anywhere. (05 湖北32題)A. shouldnt B. mustnt C. cant D. wouldnt1. I didnt hear the phone. I _ asleep. (MET 89) A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been2. - I rang your home yesterday. A man a

19、nswered but I didnt recognize the voice. - On, it _ my brother, Peter. A. must be B. must have been C. can have been D. might be答案簡析： 1. 關(guān)鍵詞是didnt，說明動作發(fā)生在過去，所以是對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的情況的推測判斷。故答案選B。 2. 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的電話。是對過去情況的推測判斷，應該用must have done結(jié)構(gòu)。故答案選B。三、may/ might have done也用于對已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的情況的肯定推測判斷，但語氣稍弱，意思是“可能，或許”

20、。例如：She didnt get there in time. She may have missed the bus.她沒能及時到達那兒。她可能沒趕上汽車。He didnt come to school today. He might have been ill.他今天沒來上課，他可能病了。鞏固練習： 1. Sorry, Im late. I _ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.( 2000春)A. might B. should C. can D. will2. The window was bro

21、ken. Tom _ have done that, for he was a little naughty. A. could B. might C. should D. ought to3. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she _ something she would regret later. (1996 上海)A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said 答案簡析： 這三句表達的都是對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生過的情況的推測判斷，意思是“可能、或許”

22、，應該用may/might have done結(jié)構(gòu)。答案分別選ABD。三、如果對過去情況推測判斷的句子是疑問句和否定句，只能用cancould和cant,couldnt。例如：He cant have gone abroad; I saw him an hour ago.他不可能去國外，我一個小時前還見到他呢。- Can he have passed the exam? - No, he cant have. He didnt work hard.他通過考試了嗎？不，他不可能通過考試。他學習不努力。鞏固練習：1. - There were already five people in the

23、car but they managed to take me as well. - It _ a comfortable journey. （MET95） A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been2. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he _ your lecture. (2002 上海)A. couldnt have attended B. neednt have attendedC. mustnt have attended

24、 D. shouldnt have attended3. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who _ have taken it? (2003 上海春招)A. should B. must C. could D. would 4. I didnt see her in the meeting-room this morning. She _ at the meeting. (1995 上海) A. mustnt have spoken B. shouldnt have spoken C. neednt have spoken D.

25、couldnt have spoken答案簡析：1、根據(jù)They were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.一句中的時態(tài)，應該是對過去情況的推測判斷，因為車上已經(jīng)有5位人了，在帶上我一個，可以斷定這一定是一次不舒適的旅行。所以，本句表達的是對過去否定的推測判斷，應該用cant/ could have done來表達。故答案選D。2、根據(jù)句意“我妹妹昨天在大劇院見過他”，所以，一定是對過去已經(jīng)發(fā)生的否定的判斷，答案選A。3、本句表達的是對過去發(fā)生過的情況的疑問，所以應該用could have

26、done，答案選C。4、本句表達的是過去已發(fā)生情況否定的推測判斷，應該用couldnt have done，故答案選D。四、含有must/ may/ might表示對過去情況推測判斷的句子，如果變成反意疑問句，反意疑問句中動詞應與情態(tài)動詞must等后的動詞形式保持一致，用一般過去時或現(xiàn)在完成時。例如：He must have been living here for years, hasnt he?他一定是在這兒住了好幾年了，是嗎？You cant have slept well last night, did you?你昨天晚上沒睡好，是不是？鞏固練習：1: Great changes mu

27、st have taken place in the village in the past few years, _ they?A. mustnt B. havent they C. cant D. didnt2. He must have lived a happy a few years ago, _ he?A. didnt B. hasnt C. mustnt D. cant答案簡析：1. 含有must表示推測判斷的句子，其反意疑問句的動詞形式應與must后動詞時態(tài)保持一致?？梢岳斫獬扇绻槐硎就茰y判斷，該句應該說成：Great changes have taken place in

28、the village in the past few year. 變成反意疑問句后應該說成：Great changes have take place in the past few years, havent they? 所以，該題選B。 2. 本句中must后的動詞形式應為did，所以，反意疑問句的動詞應為didnt。故答案選A。 五、should/ ought to have done表示“本來應該做的，而實際上沒有做的事情”，其否定形式則表示“已經(jīng)做了不該做的事情”，含有責備的意思。例如：The flowers have died. I should have watered the

29、m often.這些花兒都死了。我本來應該常給他們澆水的。（其實沒澆水）You ought not to have told them the truth.你本不應該告訴他們真相的。（其實你告訴他們了）鞏固練習： 1. There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You _ come, but why didnt you? （99 上海）A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have2. Oh, I am not feeling well in the stomach, I _ so much

30、 fried chicken just now. (2002 上海春)A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eaten C. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat 3. I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. (NMET 2001)A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C. couldnt have left D. neednt leave - Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.

31、-You _ her last week. (04 福建)A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have toldMr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. (04 全國)4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. A. should have arrived B. should arrive C. should have had arrived D. shoul

32、d be arriving（04廣西卷）答案簡析： 1、 本句的意思是：昨天的聚會很有意思，你本來應該來的，可你為什么沒來？表示“本應該做，而實際上沒有做的事情”應該用should/ ought to have done。答案D。 2.、本句的意思是：我胃不舒服，我剛才不應該吃那么多油炸雞。其實你吃了所以應該選C。 3、本句表達的意思是：你不應該一句話沒說就離開家。含有責備的意思，做了不應該做的事情，答案選B。六、neednt have done表示“做了本來不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句。例如：Its only five minutes walk. We neednt have taken a taxi.只有5分鐘的步行路程，我們本不必乘出租車的。It is warm today. You neednt