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1、1,呂中舌 博士 清華大學(xué)外語(yǔ)系教授 英國(guó)諾丁漢大學(xué)客座教授 地址:北京清華大學(xué)文南樓211室 郵編:100084 電話:62784969 傳真:62785568,2,清華大學(xué)博士生入學(xué)考試題型及各部分比例分配,聽(tīng)力20% 詞匯10 閱讀40 綜合填充10% 寫作20%,3,清華大學(xué)博士生入學(xué) 考試考前輔導(dǎo)詞匯部分清華大學(xué)外語(yǔ)系呂中舌,4,I. 攻讀博士學(xué)位考試大綱詞匯量要求:,清華大學(xué)博士生入學(xué)時(shí)其英語(yǔ)水平原則上應(yīng)達(dá)到或略高于碩士生水平。根據(jù)研究生英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱中的規(guī)定:碩士生應(yīng)領(lǐng)會(huì)式掌握詞匯5500個(gè),其中大部分為實(shí)義詞,如:名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞。動(dòng)詞所占比例最大,約占五分之一;名詞應(yīng)不

2、亞于動(dòng)詞,而且詞匯級(jí)別越高名詞的比例就越大。但這并不意味介詞、連詞就可以忽略。 掌握一定數(shù)量的常用詞組。 掌握一定數(shù)量的常用詞綴,并能根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法和語(yǔ)境意思識(shí)別常見(jiàn)的派生詞。,5,II.詞匯部分的考試形式及重點(diǎn):,形式:10個(gè)單句有下劃線,選出同下劃線意義相同的單詞;10個(gè)單句選擇填空以完成句子。 題量: 20個(gè)句子(10%),每道題0.5分,共10分。 重點(diǎn):是對(duì)名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、短語(yǔ)及固定搭配的判斷和理解,其中包括區(qū)分同義詞、近義詞、反義詞等。如: In order to achieve your goals, you must work hard. A. make B. accompli

3、sh C. require D. develop As they cant afford to let the situation get worse, they will take some necessary _. A. decisions B. sides C. directions D. steps The first, second, and third prizes went to Jack, Tom and Harry _. A. equally B. differently C. similarly D. respectively,6,III.單詞記憶方法:,通過(guò)閱讀記單詞 通

4、過(guò)做練習(xí)題記單詞 通過(guò)聯(lián)想方式記單詞: 鄰近聯(lián)想:lightening-thunder-storm; winter-freeze- snow-frost; spring-blossom-awake; 類比聯(lián)想: result-effect-impact; because of, on account of, due to; 對(duì)比聯(lián)想: stupid-clever-smart; advance-backward等.。 分類記憶單詞:根據(jù)單詞的詞性、詞義、讀音等方式將單詞分類。如按意義分類:vehicle, truck, jeep, taxi 等。按單詞詞性分類:reduce, decline,

5、decrease, fall, drop等。 掌握構(gòu)詞法:如,前綴、后綴、詞根。,7,前綴:名詞后綴:動(dòng)詞后綴:形容詞后綴:副詞后綴:常見(jiàn)詞根:,8,IV.四種命題方式:,1近形詞題目:考單詞辨認(rèn)、近形詞辨認(rèn)的能力。如: The problem is caused _ by a lack of money. A. prominently B. profoundly C. primarily D. proportionally The new director of the television station wants to _ its program. A. divide B. decid

6、e C. diversify D. divert,9,2 近義詞題:詞義相近、用法不同。如: Generally _, that city is less crowded than the others in the same state. A. talking B. speaking C. saying D. telling In the big flood, only 20 % of the people in that village _. A. remained B. stayed C. lived D. survived,10,語(yǔ)境詞匯題:根據(jù)單詞所處的具體語(yǔ)言環(huán)境,確定正確選項(xiàng)。

7、In 400 A.D. Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that span upwards and fell back to earth as _ ceased. A. rotation B. suspension C. emission D. motivation As a good photographer, you must develop an awareness of the world around you and the people who _ it. A. innovate B. inhabit C. integrate

8、 D. inherit,11,固定搭配:動(dòng)詞與介詞或副詞的搭配,形容詞與名詞的搭配等。 Not all persons arrested and _ with a crime are guilty, and the main function of criminal courts is to determine who is guilty under the law. A. sentenced B. accused C persecuted D charged If you are a member of a club, you must _ to the rules of that club

9、. A. conform B. appeal C. refer D. access,12,詞匯部分的主要詞類及要點(diǎn) 在詞匯考試中,考生應(yīng)該重視主要性及其要點(diǎn),如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞和副詞。,13,名詞:名詞是詞匯考試的一個(gè)重要組成部分;考生應(yīng)注意名詞在不同的語(yǔ)境中所體現(xiàn)的不同含義和用法,同時(shí)需通過(guò)練習(xí)熟悉這批名詞,以及了解名詞的外延和內(nèi)涵和一定量的同義詞。 1、除了英語(yǔ)本族語(yǔ)及少量外來(lái)語(yǔ)等拼寫簡(jiǎn)單的名詞外,名詞多數(shù)是由希臘及拉丁詞根加上前綴、后綴構(gòu)成。大量的名詞后綴是表示性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)和行為的。參見(jiàn)III. e. 掌握構(gòu)詞法之名詞后綴及成績(jī)?cè)~根。,14,2)名詞的復(fù)數(shù) (1) 以-f結(jié)尾的名詞,構(gòu)成

10、復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加-s,如: cliffs(懸崖)gulfs(海灣)proofs(證據(jù)) safes(保險(xiǎn)箱) 有些-f結(jié)尾的名詞可有兩種復(fù)數(shù)形式。如: dwarfdwarfsdwarves(侏儒) hoofhoofshooves(蹄) (2) 源自拉丁語(yǔ)、希臘語(yǔ)及法語(yǔ)的一部分外來(lái)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式仍然保留不變。 1)來(lái)自拉丁語(yǔ)的: stratum / starta(地層) larva /larvae(昆蟲(chóng)的幼蟲(chóng)) stimulus / stimuli(刺激) bacterium /bacteria(細(xì)菌),15,2)來(lái)自希臘語(yǔ)的: analysis / analyses(分析) hypothesis /

11、hypotheses(假設(shè)) synopsis / synopses(概要,大意) thesis / theses(論文,論題) criterion / criteria (標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) phenomenon / phenomena(現(xiàn)象),16,(3) 一些外來(lái)詞兼有原有復(fù)數(shù)形式和英語(yǔ)規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式。 外來(lái)詞 原有復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)形式 syllabus(拉) syllabi syllabuses(大綱) medium (拉) media mediums(媒體) symposium(拉) symposia symposiums(研討會(huì)),17,(4) 復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式 1)daughter-in-la

12、w / daughters-in-law(兒媳) 2)looker-on / lookers-on(旁觀者) 3)stand-by / stand-bys(可依靠的人或物) (5) 一些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)意義不同。 anxiety(焦慮)/ anxieties(令人憂慮之事) security(安全)/ securities(證券,債券) kindness (善意)/ kindnesses(善行),18,(6) 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式兼有單數(shù)形式的意義和新的意義。 letter字母;信letters 字母;信 / 文學(xué),學(xué)問(wèn) manner方式,方法manners方式,方法 / 禮貌 pain 痛 pai

13、ns 痛 / 努力 color 顏色 colors 顏色 / 軍旗,19,動(dòng)詞: 動(dòng)詞的測(cè)試重點(diǎn): 1) 動(dòng)詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力; 2) 動(dòng)詞的用法; 3) 動(dòng)詞的搭配關(guān)系。在考試大綱的詞匯表中,約有五分之一是動(dòng)詞。因此,掌握好這批詞匯直接關(guān)系到考試成績(jī)。,20,1. As a result, they had to _ answering their letter by three days. A. decide B. refrain C. surpassD. delay 2. The diplomatic relations between the tow countries have

14、_. A. ticked away B. gone out C. broken off D. rung up,21,1) 動(dòng)詞不規(guī)則詞型變化,動(dòng)詞原形 過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去分詞 abide 遵守abode, abided abode, abided arise 升起arosearisen awake 喚醒a(bǔ)wokeawoke, awaken bid 表示bade, bidbidden bid breed 繁殖bredbred cast投、擲castcast creep 爬creptcrept dwell留居dwelt, dwelleddwelt, dwelled forbid 禁止forbade, fo

15、rbadeforbidden,22,2) 動(dòng)詞詞型相近,詞義不同 compliment vt. 贊美He is complimented for his fine work. complement vt.補(bǔ)充They need to complement the factory with more workers. affect vt. 影響award vt. 授予、給予 effect vt. 產(chǎn)生、引起reward vt. 獎(jiǎng)賞、報(bào)答 adapt vt. 使適應(yīng)contract vt. 締結(jié)、訂約 adopt vt. 采用contact vt. 使接觸, compress vt. 擠壓con

16、firm v. 證實(shí) comprise vt. 包括conform v. 符合 inquire vt. 打聽(tīng)、詢問(wèn)compel vt. 強(qiáng)迫、迫使屈從 require vt. 要求、命令 impel vt. 促成、推動(dòng) ensure vt. 保證、擔(dān)保rescue vt. 援救、營(yíng)救 insure vt. 給.保險(xiǎn)secure vt. 保護(hù)、使.安全 extinguish vt. 熄滅respect vt. 尊重 distinguish vt. 區(qū)別,辨別suspect vt. 猜想,23,3) 動(dòng)詞詞義相近,用法不同 arrive vi.該動(dòng)詞后面需采用 at, in, on 等介詞 He

17、arrived in Beijing yesterday. reach vt.該動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞,直接跟賓語(yǔ)。 They reached the village yesterday. insist v. insist 后面需用介詞on He insisted on going to the hospital tomorrow. persist v. persist 后面需用介詞 in He persisted in working on this experiment. consist vt. 這個(gè)動(dòng)詞一般用于主動(dòng)態(tài) This class consists of forty students.

18、compose vt. compose 常用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) This country is composed of ten nations.,24,4) 動(dòng)詞后需用動(dòng)名詞 bandenjoycompleteimagine considerdenypracticeacknowledge anticipateavoiddelayenvy escapemissmindrisk appreciatefavorfacilitatepostpone quitresentresumeinclude permitinvolveadmit favor,25,例如: deny He will consider giv

19、ing us a chance to do the experiment. resume permit,26,5) 動(dòng)詞后需用不定式 affordrefusedecideseek agreecarelearn expect intendpretendpromise manage desireconsent prepareresolve presumeundertake,27,例如: She refused to offer her help. agreed intended consented decided,28,6) 動(dòng)詞后可用動(dòng)名詞或不定式 continuedislikepreferbe

20、gin rememberregretproposelike continueintendforget deserve rememberneglectattempt,29,7) 動(dòng)詞固定搭配 1) 動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配 bring about 產(chǎn)生,引起 bring forward 提出,提議 break out 逃出,爆發(fā) break through突破,突圍 carry off奪取,奪去 come by得到,獲得 get across 使人了解 get at 夠得著,30,2) 動(dòng)詞與名詞的搭配 arrive at a conclusion得出結(jié)論 take into consideration

21、 考慮到 commit a crime犯罪 make a decision決定,果斷 reach an agreement達(dá)成協(xié) break ones promise 違約 take action采取行動(dòng) keep balance 保持平衡,31,3) 動(dòng)詞與名詞和介詞的搭配 make an apology to sb.向某人道歉 make comments on sth.評(píng)論謀事 hold an inquiry into sth.對(duì)某事進(jìn)行調(diào)查 express sympathy for對(duì)某人表示慰問(wèn),32,形容詞: 形容詞測(cè)試點(diǎn)包括: 1)形容詞的認(rèn)知能力和辨別能力; 2)詞形及詞相近的形容

22、詞的區(qū)分; )形容詞和介詞的搭配。 例如: 1. All the off-shore explorers were in good mood when they read _letters from their family. A. affectionateB. intimateC. passionate D. considerate 2. All the girls seem to be _ of her beauty and intelligence. A. enviousB. indifferentC. distinctD. enthusiastic,33,形容詞應(yīng)注意的要點(diǎn): 1.詞形

23、相近的形容詞。如: mechanized, minimized, standardized, modernized 2. 同義詞和反義詞。 如wonderful 的同義詞有: marvelous, excellent, extraordinary, remarkable等。 如generous 的反義詞有mean, stingy, selfish 等。 3. 形容詞和動(dòng)詞的。如: indicate - indicative; receive -receptive; inquire - inquisitive等。 4. 名詞和形容詞的結(jié)合。如: defect -defective, intent

24、ion - intentional等。 5. 以 -ly 結(jié)尾的單詞的詞性。名詞加 -ly 多構(gòu)成形容詞。如:friendly, heavenly, womanly, worldly 等。,34,6. 不規(guī)則形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的變化形式。如: 原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)bad worse worst good better best little less (lesser)least far farther (further) farthest (furthest),35,7形容詞與介詞of 的搭配: guilty , jealous, envious, ignorant, hopeful, a

25、ware, conscious, considerate, thoughtful, desirous, short, irrespective, exclusive, independent, tolerant, worthy, capable, sure, certain, confident, critical, characteristic, suspicious, wary 等等。 8形容詞與介詞to的搭配: accessible, available, accustomed, adjacent, advantageous, beneficial, alert, alien, agre

26、eable, comparative, attentive, awake, relevant, subject, contrary 等等。 9. 形容詞與介詞with 的搭配: consistent, compatible, identical, popular, satisfied 等等。,36,副詞: (1) 副詞的分類 副詞按其詞義和作用,可分為下列幾類: 1) 時(shí)間副詞: 如now, yesterday, soon, next, last, before, already, yet, early, late, ago等 2) 頻度副詞: 如never, sometimes, often

27、, usually, hardly, seldom, always, frequently等. 3) 地點(diǎn)副詞: 如here, there, somewhere, everywhere, up, down, in, out, on, off, over, away等; 4) 方式副詞: 如well, fast, quickly. slowly. together等 5) 程度副詞: 如 very, so, too, enough, rather, fairly, much, little, quite, almost 等 6) 疑問(wèn).連接副詞: 如 when, where, why, how,

28、 however等,37,(2) 副詞的用法: 1) 修飾形容詞::The flower is very beautiful. 2) 修飾動(dòng)詞: He studies hard. 3) 修飾其他副詞:He works very hard. 4) 修飾名詞詞組:Even a child can do it. 5) 修飾全句:Probably he will come back.,38,(3) 副詞的構(gòu)成 1) 大多數(shù)副詞是由形容詞加后綴-ly 構(gòu)成的; 如: politely, sadly 2) 當(dāng)形容詞以-y 結(jié)尾時(shí), 在加 -ly 之前,先變 y 為 i: heavily, busily 3) 以 -le 結(jié)尾時(shí), 去e 加 -y 即可: simply, ably 4) 以 -ll 結(jié)尾時(shí), 只須加 -y: dully, shrilly 5) 以-ic 結(jié)尾時(shí) , 則在-ic 之后加 -ally; economically, basically 6) 有些副詞由介詞或地點(diǎn)名詞加后綴-ward (s)構(gòu)成, 意義是向. 如: b

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