研究生學(xué)術(shù)英語翻譯4

1、writing a literature review撰寫文獻綜述a literature review is a very important part of the research project.it may be a self-contained review or a part of the introduction to an academic essay.in either case,its purpose is to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic being investigated.namely,your li

2、terature review must tell what has been done on the topic,what different scholars have said about their own research,what major findings have been published,and what controversial area exist.a good literature review can enhance the credibility of your research by indicating that your present study i

3、s based on a thorough and critical knowledge of what has been done in the field.before writing,to be critical,you must ask questions like these about each book or article you read:文獻綜述是研究項目的一個重要組成部分。它可以是一個獨立的綜述或是一個學(xué)術(shù)論文引言的一部分。在每一種情況下，它的目的都是表明對所研究的課題有一個清晰的認(rèn)識。即你的文獻綜述必須告訴大家對這一主題已經(jīng)做了什么，不同的學(xué)者是怎么說自己的研究的，什么

4、結(jié)果是已經(jīng)發(fā)表的 ，和什么地方是有爭議存在的。一個好的文獻綜述可以提高你的研究的可信性通過表明你目前的研究是基于在該領(lǐng)域已被報道的知識的全面的，批判的了解。 在寫作之前，關(guān)鍵的是，關(guān)于你讀的每一本書或文章，你必須問這樣的問題：.is the problem clearly defined?is its significance clearly established?.could the problem have been approached more effectively from another perspective or an another theory?.is the auth

5、ors research orientation(e.g.descriptive,critical,empirical)appropriate?.is there a theoretical framework and is it appropriate to the research(e.g.psychological,developmental,cognitive,feminist)?.has the author evaluated the literature relevant to the problem/issue?does the author include literatur

6、e taking positions she or he does not agree with?.how reliable are the basic components of the study design(e.g.population,variables,outcome)?how accurate and valid are the methods used?is the analysis of the data accurate and relevant to the research question?are the conclusions validly based upon

7、the data and analysis?does the author avoid using one-sided examples,or rhetorically-charged language and tone?is there an objective basis to the reasoning?in what ways does this book or article contribute to your understanding of the problem under study，and in what ways is it useful for practice?wh

8、at are the strengths and limitations?while writing your literature review,it is important for you to take the following tips:.indicate the objective of the literature review;.search for materials relevant to the topic being investigated;.read the materials carefully and critically before determining

9、 which literature contributes most to your topic;.discuss the findings and conclusions of each article in a critical way;.describe the relationship of each work to others under consideration;.organize your review in a logical order(e.g.those in support of the topic,those against it,those offering al

10、ternatives);.explain if possible their similarities and differences;.identify gaps in the literature for further study or point out what is left to explore;.indicate the way forward for further research.問題被明確地定義了嗎？它的重要性被清楚地認(rèn)識到了嗎？ 從另一個角度或另一個理論，可以更有效地接近這個問題嗎？ 作者的研究方向（e.g.分類，批判，實證）合適嗎？ 有一個理論框架，并適當(dāng)研究嗎（如

11、，心理的、發(fā)育、認(rèn)知、女權(quán)主義）？作者評估了文獻相關(guān)的問題/爭論嗎？作者包括文獻是否有一個立場，她或他不同意某些？本研究設(shè)計的基本成分是如何可靠（例如人口、變量、結(jié)果）？方法是如何準(zhǔn)確和有效的使用的？分析數(shù)據(jù)是否是準(zhǔn)確的并與研究問題是相關(guān)的？根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)分析得出的結(jié)論是有效的嗎？ 作者是否避免使用片面的例子，或在修辭學(xué)上可能引起激烈反應(yīng)的語言和語調(diào)？是否有客觀的依據(jù)？這本書或文章是以什么方式幫助你理解所研究的問題，又是以什么方式對實用有益？它的優(yōu)勢和局限性是什么？ 在寫你的文獻綜述時，采取以下建議是重要的：指出文獻綜述的目的； 搜索已研究的與主題相關(guān)的材料； 仔細(xì)批判性地閱讀材料，然后再確定哪些文

12、獻對你的主題最有益；以批判性地討論每一篇文章的調(diào)查結(jié)果和結(jié)論；考慮后描述每項工作與其他工作之間的關(guān)系；按邏輯順序組織你的評論（哪些支持主題，哪些反對它，哪些提供替代品）；如果可能的話，解釋他們的相似性和差異性； 找出文獻中可進一步研究的空白，或指出進一步的探索是什么；指明了進一步研究的方向。 writing a self-contained literature review寫一個獨立的文獻綜述there are two types of literature review.one is an independent,self-contained report,and the other is

13、 a part of an academic essay.a self-contained literature review reports the past research activities on the topic being investigated,especially their studies and findings.to some extent the literature review itself is an essay.hence it should be written in detail,including the methods apart from fin

14、dings and conclusions.the steps of writing a self-contained literature review are the followings：有兩種類型的文獻綜述，一是獨立的，自足的報告，二是作為其他學(xué)術(shù)文章的一部分。一個獨立的文獻綜述報告之前話題被研究的研究活動，特別是他們的工作和發(fā)現(xiàn)。在某種程度上，文學(xué)綜述本身就是一篇文章。因此應(yīng)該詳細(xì)地介紹，除了調(diào)查結(jié)果和結(jié)論還要包括方法。寫一個獨立的文獻綜述的步驟如下：1） write a summary of each article you have gathered for your liter

15、ature review;2） combine the summaries logically,by using connective phrases or sentences;3） write an introductory paragraph,including the definition of the topic and its background information;4） make your comments,if necessary,on the past studies.1） 為你已經(jīng)為你的文獻綜述收集的每一篇文章寫一個總結(jié)； 2） 通過使用連接短語或句子將總結(jié)符合邏輯地結(jié)

16、合起來； 3） 寫一篇介紹性的段落，包括主題的定義和它的背景信息； 4）如果有必要的話，基于過去的研究中提出你的意見。writing a literature review as a part of an essay寫作為論文的一部分的文獻綜述 unlike a self-contained literature review,a literature review as a part of an essay is not a mere combination of summaries of material sources.the choice of previous research an

17、d even ideas and findings in a previous article is completely based on the research questions you set out to answer in your essay.in other words,you should avoid including in your literature review all ideas and findings in the previous articles.most important is that such a literature review should

18、 contain your critical comments on the previous studies,especially their weakness or limitations so that your present study will be more rational and significant rather than being a repeat.the literature review as a part of the essay will be shorter than a self-contained literature review,introducin

19、g the main findings of each work only.不像一個獨立的文獻綜述，是一篇文章的一部分的文獻綜述，不僅僅是一個材料來源的組合的總結(jié)。對之前的文章的研究甚至想法和結(jié)果的選擇完全是基于你想在你的文章回答的研究問題。換句話說，你應(yīng)該避免以前的文章中包括你的文獻綜述的所有想法和發(fā)現(xiàn)。最重要的是，這樣的一個文獻綜述應(yīng)包含您對前人研究的批判性評論，尤其是他們的弱點和局限性，因此你的研究會更有理性和意義而不是重復(fù)。作為一篇文章的一部分的文獻綜述短于一個獨立的文獻綜述，只是介紹了每個工作的主要結(jié)果。citation引用citation,the way to use source

20、s,is a major part of a literature review and is also frequently used in supporting your arguments.there are two methods.one is quoting(copying the exact words of the author)and the other is paraphrasing(rewriting what the writer said in your own words).though both are possible and acceptable,paraphr

21、asing is much more common than quoting in academic writing.direct copying is not strongly recommended unless the writers words are special.this is often the case with strongly stated definition or opinions.citation consists of two parts：i)citation of the content and ii)documentation of its source.in

22、 the following paragraph,for example,names of the authors and dates in parentheses are the in-text documentation and the rest is the content of citation.引用，使用資源的方式，是文獻綜述的重要組成部分，也經(jīng)常被用來支持你的論點。有兩種方法：一是復(fù)制（復(fù)制作者的原話）和其他釋義（用你自己的話重復(fù)的作家所說的）。雖然兩者都是可能的可接受的，在學(xué)術(shù)寫作中釋義遠(yuǎn)比復(fù)制的更常見。直接復(fù)制是不強烈推薦除非作家的話是特殊的。這種情況往往是強烈表示定義或意見。

23、 引用由兩部分組成：一）引用的內(nèi)容和二）資源的文獻來源。在下面的段落中，比如，作者的名字和括號中的日期是在文本文檔中，其余部分是引文的內(nèi)容。 several detrimental effects of gm crops has been showed on the metabolism of animals.the hazard of genetically modified organisms(gmo)was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations(traavik 1995;ho and tappeser 1

24、997;pusztai 1999 and 2001;kuznetcov et al.2004 and others).轉(zhuǎn)基因作物已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出對動物的代謝有不利影響。許多調(diào)查表明轉(zhuǎn)基因生物（gmo）危害了動物和環(huán)境(traavik 1995;ho and tappeser 1997;pusztai 1999 and 2001;kuznetcov et al.2004 and others).there are different citation patterns for both quoting and paraphrasing.now note the differences between

25、them.direct quotations should only be used when you feel the idea is so important that the paraphrase of it will lose its weight.even so,you have to think carefully before you include a long quote in your essay.in the case where you want to quote more than two sentences,you have to write the quote a

26、s indented text(see quoting the original 4),so that it clearly stands out from the body of your essay.復(fù)制和解釋有不同的引用模式?，F(xiàn)在，注意它們之間的差異。 直接引用應(yīng)僅用于當(dāng)你覺得這個說法是如此的重要以至于對它進行解釋的話它將失去其重量。即便如此，你在你的文章中引入一段長的復(fù)制前必須要慎重考慮。在你想引用超過兩句話這種情況下，你不得不按縮進文本（見引用原來的4）的格式來寫復(fù)制，如此，它就從你論文的主體中突出出來了。 the verbs most frequently used in para

27、phrasing are:show,claim,report,suggest,insist,believe,remark,conclude,state,argue,contend,point out,interpret,describe,ect.generally speaking,there are two patterns for the tense of verbs used.在釋義中使用最頻繁的動詞：show,claim,report,suggest,insist,believe,remark,conclude,state,argue,contend,point out,interpr

28、et,describe,ect.總體來說，動詞的時態(tài)有兩種模式。 1) past tense is used when the researchers is mentioned directly in the sentence.kim(1999)showed the necessity of the wto to improve the processes by which decisions are made.2) present tense or present perfect is used when the researcher is mentioned indirectly in b

29、rackets.there is a need for the wto to improve its decision-making processes(kim 1999).1） 當(dāng)研究人員在句子中被直接提及時，使用過去時態(tài)。基姆（1999）顯示了世貿(mào)組織改善其決策的過程的必要性。 2） 當(dāng)研究者在括號內(nèi)被間接提及時，使用現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在完成時。世貿(mào)組織需要改善其決策過程（基姆1999）。 documentation參考文獻coupled with citation is documentation which means the identification of the source of t

30、he ideas and quotations used in the literature review or/and in your research paper.in other words you have to tell the reader that you used the source and where it came from.failing to document your sources,whether intentionally or documenting the source.hence documentation includes the identificat

31、ion not only of the words and sentences you copied but also of the ideas and information you borrowed.引用連在一起就是參考文獻，這意味著用于文獻綜述或/你的論文的研究思路和復(fù)制的來源。換句話說，你要告訴讀者的是，您使用的資源，它是從哪里來的。沒有文獻的來源，不管是有意的還是資源的文獻。因此文獻不僅包括你抄的單詞和句子，也包括你借的想法和信息。 in-text documentation,or rather,a brief parenthetical acknowledgement in the

32、 text,contains two parts:i)the last name of the author(s) and ii)the data of their publication in parentheses as shown in the underlined parts of the following passage.文獻的文本格式，或者說，文本的一個簡短的括號，包含兩個部分：i）的作者（們）的姓名和ii）他們發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù)（括號中）或劃線部分。如以下所示：several detrimental effects of gm crops had been showed on the

33、metabolism of animals.the hazard of genetically modified organisms(gmo)was shown for animals and the environment in many investigations(traavik 1995;ho and tappeser 1997;pusztail 1999 and 2001;kuznetcov et al.2004 and others).轉(zhuǎn)基因作物已經(jīng)表現(xiàn)出對動物的代謝有不利影響。許多調(diào)查表明轉(zhuǎn)基因生物（gmo）危害了動物和環(huán)境(traavik 1995;ho and tappese

34、r 1997;pusztai 1999 and 2001;kuznetcov et al.2004 and others).at the same time brake and evenson(2004)analyzing the testis in mice as a sensitive biomonitor of potential toxic,didnt find negative effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal,postnatal,puber talor adult testicular development.同時 brake

35、and evenson(2004)用小鼠睪丸作為潛在的毒性敏感的生物監(jiān)測的分析，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)基因大豆飼料對胎兒出生后的青年睪丸發(fā)育有負(fù)面影響，。 remember:the information in the parenthetical references should be given its accurate and specific details of the sources in the reference list at the end of your paper.look at the following reference list of the quotes:記?。涸诶ㄌ栔幸?/p>

36、用的信息應(yīng)該在你的論文最后的參考文獻列表中列出其準(zhǔn)確和具體的來源?？纯聪旅娴囊脜⒖急恚?avoiding plagiarism避免剽竊 writing an academic essay,especially a literature review,involves borrowing source materials from others.when you do not deal with it correctly,however,it is easy to fall into the trap of plagiarism,both intentional or unintentiona

37、l.plagiarism is kind of theft,referring to the use of others ideas,findings,arguments,data,and words without appropriate citation or documentation.according to gibaldi(1999),plagiarism is committed when a person fails to give appropriate citation and documentation when1) he/she copies a sentence fro

38、m the sources;2) he/she paraphrases anothers argument;3) he/she present anothers line of thinking.寫學(xué)術(shù)文章，尤其是文學(xué)綜述，涉及借用別人的源材料。當(dāng)你不正確地處理它，但是，就容易陷入抄襲的陷阱，無論是有意或無意的。抄襲是一種盜竊，指在沒有適當(dāng)?shù)囊没騾⒖嘉墨I的情況下話使用他人的思想，結(jié)果，論點，數(shù)據(jù)。吉巴爾迪（1999）：抄襲是當(dāng)一個人沒有給予適當(dāng)?shù)囊煤蛥⒖嘉墨I的時候做了 1） 他/她從消息來源中復(fù)制了一個句子； 2） 他/她復(fù)述他人的觀點； 3）他/她提出其他人的想法。 hence,alwa

39、ys remember:you must use quotation marks on any text taken directly from another source,even from a course textbook,a lecture,a broadcast,a recording,or from another persons unpublished work.you also must document the source even if you indirectly paraphrase another persons writings.因此，永遠(yuǎn)記?。褐苯尤∽粤硪粋€源包括一個教材，講座，廣播