Business English Translation 2.ppt

1、Business English Translation,Chapter one General introduction,1. Definition of business English academically, Business English are also called English for Business purpose(Dudley- evans by which / as a result of which this contracotr is made in a spirit of friendly cooperation by and between party A

2、 and party B whereby party A shall invite party B for service as a foreighn staff 甲方和乙方本著友好合作的友好精神簽訂本合同，根據(jù)合同甲方聘請(qǐng)乙方為外籍工作人員。 wherein in which; in that we are sending you a brochure wherein you will find the particular of the item.,3. standard of translation faithfulness, idionmaticness, consistency 20

3、世紀(jì)70年代，西方的翻譯研究開(kāi)始突破之前的文本中心論和對(duì)等翻譯的局限。試圖將視野拓展到譯語(yǔ)文化的翻譯上來(lái)，更多地關(guān)注譯文、譯文讀者、譯文的社會(huì)效應(yīng)和交際功能，并在此基礎(chǔ)上形成了德國(guó)功能派翻譯理論。該理論的創(chuàng)始人賴斯將文本分為三種基本類型，即信息型（informative text)、表情性（expressive text）、操作型（operative text)。她認(rèn)為譯者應(yīng)該首先考慮的是功能對(duì)等而不是形式上的對(duì)等，能否達(dá)到語(yǔ)篇的特殊目的是衡量譯文是否成功的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。之后，她的學(xué)生Hans Vermeer 創(chuàng)建了功能翻譯理論的核心翻譯的目的論。她提出翻譯是一種具有特殊目的性的行為，而翻譯活動(dòng)面對(duì)的

4、是兩種或兩種以上不同語(yǔ)言，而語(yǔ)言是文化的載體，因此翻譯不可能在語(yǔ)言上做到一一對(duì)應(yīng)，而是“在目的與情景中為某種目的及目標(biāo)受眾而產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)篇”。1所遵循的首要法則是“目的法則”：“翻譯行動(dòng)為所要達(dá)到的目的決定整個(gè)翻譯行為的過(guò)程，及目的決定手段?！?,功能目的論的繼承者諾德將忠誠(chéng)原則引入到功能翻譯理論中，由此構(gòu)建了相對(duì)完整的“功能加中忠誠(chéng)“的翻譯。忠誠(chéng)指的是通過(guò)譯者與客戶之間對(duì)翻譯任務(wù)的商議，對(duì)原文的譯文功能進(jìn)行限制，使譯者忠實(shí)與源語(yǔ)言和目標(biāo)語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面。根據(jù)這一原則，譯者在翻譯過(guò)程中需要全方面考慮翻譯所涉及到的各種因素。首先譯者應(yīng)充分考慮到客戶所想達(dá)到的預(yù)期目的，然后再分析原文和譯文讀者的文化和認(rèn)知

5、差異性，最后決定在譯文中采取何種適當(dāng)?shù)姆g策略和方法， 以求達(dá)到譯文在譯語(yǔ)文化語(yǔ)境中的交際功能。,the licensee shall permit the licensor adequate access to such records to such records and books of account for inspection. 接受方應(yīng)允許許可方有充分機(jī)會(huì)查閱這類會(huì)計(jì)記錄以及會(huì)計(jì)賬簿，以接受調(diào)查。 we will strengthen our position by reducing costs and improving prodictivity, while increas

6、ing our ability to invest more heavily in strategic research and development and other activities. 我們將通過(guò)降低成本和提升生產(chǎn)力來(lái)強(qiáng)化我們的地位，同時(shí)強(qiáng)化我們的地位，同時(shí)增強(qiáng)我們的能力，以便更多地投資于策略研究和開(kāi)發(fā)及其其他活動(dòng)。,example All of these things cost money, so a high quality shoe will likely to be more expensive than a flip- flop made in your neighou

7、rs garbage from a hunk of rubber with two rubber bands for straps. 所有這些都需要花錢(qián)，所以，一雙高品質(zhì)的鞋就有可能比你在你鄰居家后院里用一大塊橡膠再加上兩條用作鞋帶的橡皮筋做出來(lái)的平底人字拖鞋要昂貴得多。,shipment should be made before October; otherwise we are not to catch the season. 你們必須十月底前交貨，否則我們就趕不上季節(jié)了。 十月底前必須交貨，否則我方就趕不上季節(jié)了。,chapter two 1.polysemy,維特根斯坦：“詞匯的意義

8、即是其在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用”。 How to choose the exact meaning collocation context different professional background,cover Are you covered for fire and the theft? Does this policy cover my husband to drive?,匯票：是一個(gè)人向另一個(gè)人簽發(fā)的，要求見(jiàn)票時(shí)或在將來(lái)的固定時(shí)間，對(duì)某人或指定的人或持票人支付一定金額的無(wú)條件的書(shū)面支付命令。 托收：債權(quán)人出具債券憑證（匯票）委托銀行向債務(wù)人收取貨款的一種方式。 信用證是開(kāi)證行根據(jù)開(kāi)證人的請(qǐng)

9、求和指示，向受益人開(kāi)立的在一定金額和一定期限內(nèi)憑規(guī)定的單據(jù)承諾付款的憑證。,Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agriculture products and many others. 狄格森公司是一個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易公司專營(yíng)化肥、化工產(chǎn)品、可可粉、殺蟲(chóng)藥、煤炭、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及許多其他產(chǎn)品。 Where extended terms of payment are agreed interest shall be cha

10、rged from the date of the bill of lading upon the diminishing balance outstanding from time to time. 若約定采用延期付款方式，利息應(yīng)以提單上的日期開(kāi)始計(jì)算，據(jù)每次遞減的未付余額計(jì)付。,根據(jù)專業(yè)來(lái)確定詞義,2. Bank interest rates are going to rise this month.,1. The premium rates vary with differed interests insured.,3. His business interests are very e

11、xtensive.,保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)率因保險(xiǎn)標(biāo)的的不同而有所差異。,銀行利率在本月要上調(diào)。,他在多家企業(yè)中擁有股份。,以一個(gè)常見(jiàn)的詞為例：account,1. Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,2. The company is one of our major accounts, so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.,公司與供貨商交易時(shí)因其賒購(gòu)而產(chǎn)生應(yīng)付賬款。,那家公司是我們的主要客戶之一，因此我們得盡可能滿足他們的需

12、求。,（四）根據(jù)詞的搭配關(guān)系和上下文來(lái)確定詞義,可指“賬戶、客戶、生意往來(lái)關(guān)系”，復(fù)數(shù)則可指“賬目、會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)、賬款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含義：,3. The CFO was accused of falsifying the company accounts.,4. She works in accounts.,5. The newly established company opened an account in HSBC.,財(cái)務(wù)總監(jiān)被控偽造公司賬目。,她在會(huì)計(jì)部門(mén)工作。,這個(gè)新成立的公司在匯豐銀行開(kāi)立了賬戶。,polysemy of acronym EFT (electr

13、onic fund transfer)電子轉(zhuǎn)賬 EFT（earlier finish time)最早完成時(shí)間 EFT(estimated fight time)預(yù)計(jì)飛行時(shí)間 NF (noise factor)噪音指數(shù)。NF（normal formulas)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)式， CN(consignment note)鐵路運(yùn)單 CN（credit note)貸方通知書(shū)，,2. 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 1). 名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞 a).具有動(dòng)作意義的抽象名詞往往而已轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 Amomg developing countries, China has been the largest recipient of foreign

14、investment, averaging about $40 billion per year during the late 1990s. membership in the World Trade Organization has further resulted in even higher level. 在發(fā)展中國(guó)家中，中國(guó)吸收的外國(guó)資額最大。在20世紀(jì)末的幾年里，中國(guó)平均每年吸收的外資都高達(dá)400億美元左右。中國(guó)入世后更是引來(lái)了更多的投資。 b). 由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。-ment, -tion, a(e)nce, -er, -or 等。 We dont accept

15、 partial shipment. 我方不接受分批裝運(yùn)貨物。,c). make/have +n. make a request/ make a promise/ have a try/ have a rest/ have a talk. In your order, you made no mention of terms of payment. 2). 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞 表示自覺(jué)、絕望、想法、感情等心理狀態(tài)be+ adj. confident, angery, afriad, sure ,ignorant, coancerned, sorry,ashamed,delighted, dhou

16、btful, ware, graceful, anxious 3). 介詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞 含有動(dòng)作意味across, through, toward, along, past， 表原因，目的，方式的介詞。 4). 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 表某類人，the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old. 5). 描述事物的特征，加“性”、“體”等。 we recognize that intellectual property protection is important for the development of new medecines.,3. 詞類

17、的引申 1）詞義的具體化引申 All the wit and learning in the economic circle will be present at the seminar. 經(jīng)濟(jì)界的所有專家將出息這次研討會(huì)。 Carter refused any comment on developments in China,saying onlywe have watched the situation with great interest. 卡特拒絕對(duì)中國(guó)發(fā)生的事情進(jìn)行任何評(píng)論，只是說(shuō)：“我們以極大的興趣密切地關(guān)注形勢(shì)?！?Marketing must not be understoo

18、d in the old sense of making a sale,telling and selling,but in the new sense of discovering and satisfying customer needs. 營(yíng)銷不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的“王婆賣瓜，自賣自夸”式地賣東西，其新理念為發(fā)現(xiàn)并滿足顧客的需要。 3. There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems, more than transient everydayness. 他們的生活遠(yuǎn)不止那些政治的、社會(huì)的和經(jīng)

19、濟(jì)的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)不止一時(shí)的柴米油鹽問(wèn)題。 （ everydayness“平淡無(wú)奇”，此處具體引申為“柴米油鹽” 。）,2. 詞義的抽象化引申 The president does his best to keep his finger on the pulse of his companys activities. 總裁竭盡全力去掌握公司的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況。 The weakness of the dollars reflects growing problems facing the US economy, one that seeks to purse both guns and butter. 美元

20、疲軟反映出美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì) 一個(gè)力圖使軍事與經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并重的經(jīng)濟(jì)體所面臨的日益嚴(yán)重的一些問(wèn)題。 earnings per share have mushroomed at a 34% annual compound rate. 若以復(fù)利計(jì)算，則每股的利益每年激增了34% The interest rates have seesawed between 10 and 15 per cent. 利率一直在 10到15之間不斷波動(dòng)。 （see-saw 由“蹺蹺板一上一下的交替擺動(dòng)”抽象化為“波動(dòng)”。）,homework 1. The fair price connected with the superior

21、ity of varieties of our products willl be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market. 我方生產(chǎn)的各種產(chǎn)品價(jià)格公道，再加上品質(zhì)優(yōu)良，因而能夠確保我方在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)。 2. We can discuss further details when you have a thorough knowledge of the marketing possibility of our products. 等你們?nèi)媪私馕覀儺a(chǎn)品營(yíng)銷的各種可能性之后，我們?cè)龠M(jìn)一步詳談。

22、3. Shares staged a specutacular recovery yesterday and regained a lot of the ground lost in Thursdays bloodbath. 股票價(jià)格昨天有了驚人的回升，這是自星期四慘跌之后的一次大幅反彈。 4. The steel industrys success in increasing its profits was attributed to the sectors reduction in expenditures through workforce cuts. 鋼鐵業(yè)在增加利潤(rùn)方面取得了成功，這

23、要?dú)w功于該行業(yè)通過(guò)精簡(jiǎn)勞動(dòng)力而減少支出。 5. I can assure you weve spared no effort and spent quite a sum of money in pushing the sales of your products. 我方可以向你方保證，在推銷你方產(chǎn)品時(shí)，我們從沒(méi)有放松努力，并且動(dòng)用了大量資金。,review,1. At dinner Watson was outwardly sympathetic, but he returned to Cambridge convinced that the Wilkins- Franklin relatio

24、nship would never deliver the goods. 席間沃森深表同情，他回到劍橋后確信威爾金斯和富蘭克林之間的關(guān)系將不會(huì)善終。 2. During the half- hour talk, the two sides exchanged views on the choice of terms of payment, bu但t they made no mention of the mode of transportation. 在半小時(shí)的商談中，雙方就付款方式交換了意見(jiàn)，但沒(méi)有提及運(yùn)輸方式。 3. We consider it necessary to give pro

25、mpt attention to any inquiries from our customers. 我們認(rèn)為對(duì)客戶的任何征詢都有必要及時(shí)辦理。 4. It is reported that there has been a steady increase in Chinas economy this year. 據(jù)報(bào)道，今年中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。 5. The goods are in short supply. 該商品現(xiàn)供應(yīng)短缺。 6. The facts have shown the objectivity and correctness of the report . 事實(shí)證明這一報(bào)告是

26、客觀而正確的。,Chapter three,Amplification&pruning,文字增補(bǔ)是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的重要技巧之一。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣是只要不引起誤解便應(yīng)盡量避免哆嗦。但如果漢譯時(shí)未進(jìn)行一定的文字增補(bǔ)，拘泥于原文形式，機(jī)械地對(duì)譯，反而會(huì)影響語(yǔ)義的理解和譯文的文體風(fēng)格。, 增詞法 1) 增補(bǔ)同義詞 2) 增補(bǔ)范疇詞 3) 增補(bǔ)解釋性的詞 4）增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱, 減詞法,（一）增補(bǔ)同義詞,增詞法,英語(yǔ)有一詞多義的特點(diǎn)，同一個(gè)詞可以同時(shí)與若干個(gè)詞進(jìn)行搭配，相互修飾、制約，語(yǔ)言仍自然流暢。 漢語(yǔ)在詞的搭配方面相對(duì)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，同一個(gè)詞通常不能同時(shí)與多個(gè)詞搭配。 根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)詞的搭配習(xí)慣和英語(yǔ)詞匯的一詞多義的特

27、點(diǎn)，我們應(yīng)采用增補(bǔ)同義詞的技巧，這樣才能使譯文既準(zhǔn)確達(dá)意，又照顧到漢語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣。,1. The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can decrease loss, cost and budget.,2. Both the buyer and the seller are busy at negotiations of business, contract and draft.,產(chǎn)品革新是國(guó)企改革措施之一，因?yàn)樗梢詼p少損失、降低成本并縮減預(yù)算。,買賣雙方正忙于交易磋商，合

28、約談判和匯票議付。,3. High morale contributes to high levels of productivity, high returns to stakeholders, and employee loyalty.,高昂的士氣可以提高企業(yè)生產(chǎn)率、增加股東收益，并提升員工忠誠(chéng)度。,（二）增補(bǔ)范疇詞,增詞法,在英譯漢過(guò)程中考慮到漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)習(xí)慣，經(jīng)常增加的范疇詞有：方法、措施、情況、情緒、狀態(tài)、現(xiàn)象、方面、問(wèn)題、關(guān)系、工作等。例如： The changes of requirements for the commodities in the market are affec

29、ted by the internal and external factors.,商品市場(chǎng)需求的變化情況受內(nèi)因和外因兩方面因素的影響。,1. The tension in the Middle East has attracted much attention.,中東的緊張局勢(shì)已引起了廣泛關(guān)注/備受關(guān)注。,3. Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency, the consequent de-motivation of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the

30、 performance of the company.,除非這些問(wèn)題作為當(dāng)務(wù)之急得到及時(shí)解決，否則員工中隨之出現(xiàn)的消極怠工情緒無(wú)疑將對(duì)公司的整個(gè)運(yùn)營(yíng)業(yè)績(jī)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。,2. The temperature needed for this processing is not high.,這種加工方法需要的溫度不是很高。,混亂局面 飽和狀態(tài) 準(zhǔn)備工作 管理情況 補(bǔ)救措施 解決方案 修改方案 有利地位 落后狀態(tài) 自滿情緒,.,confusion saturation preparation management remedies solution modification advantage ba

31、ckwardness arrogance,（三）增補(bǔ)解釋性的詞,英語(yǔ)力求簡(jiǎn)潔，但在翻譯成漢語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要從句法角度或邏輯關(guān)系角度，增補(bǔ)解釋性的詞，如動(dòng)詞、名詞，以使意思完整，譯文通順自然，符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣，,2. Investor confidence is crucial to the success of our economic system.,投資者的信心對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的成功運(yùn)行至關(guān)重要。,1. Our product is indeed cheap and fine.,我們的產(chǎn)品物美價(jià)廉。,3. The terms of the contract must be clear, definite

32、, certain and complete.,合同條款必須表述清楚、意思明確、語(yǔ)氣肯定、內(nèi)容完整。,5. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.,晚上，在參加宴會(huì)、出席音樂(lè)會(huì)、觀看乒乓球表演之后，他還得起草最后公報(bào)。,4. There are friends and friends.,朋友有種種不同，有益友，有損友。,5輛豐田牌汽車，20臺(tái)日立牌電視機(jī)和30臺(tái)施

33、樂(lè)牌復(fù)印機(jī)早已備妥待運(yùn)，但因你方信用證延遲到達(dá)，貨物不能按期裝運(yùn)。,原文中Toyota，Hitachi，Xerox都為世界知名品牌，在翻譯時(shí)要按漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣用法把他們的產(chǎn)品名稱補(bǔ)充完整，才能使譯文具體明了。,（四）增補(bǔ)產(chǎn)品名稱,增詞法,對(duì)于英文中缺失的產(chǎn)品名稱，翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)要根據(jù)具體情況增補(bǔ)出來(lái)。如： The five Toyota, twenty Hitachi and thirty Xerox have long been ready for shipment, but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of you

34、r L/C.,comfort 和 luxury 都是抽象名詞，但在構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)后，詞義就具體化了。,社會(huì)為競(jìng)爭(zhēng)法則付出的代價(jià)，猶如它為便宜的舒適家用商品和高檔消費(fèi)品的代價(jià)一樣巨大。,The price which society pays for the law of competition, like the price it pays for cheap comforts and luxuries, is also great.,減詞法,減詞法是指將原文中需要、而譯文中又不需要的詞語(yǔ)省去。減省的詞語(yǔ)應(yīng)是那些在譯文中保留下來(lái)反而使行文累贅啰嗦、且不合漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣的詞語(yǔ)。 減詞一般用于以下兩種

35、情況：一是從語(yǔ)法角度進(jìn)行減??；二是從修飾角度進(jìn)行減省。,1. 代詞的省略 1）We serve you with a broad range of coverage against all kinds of risks for sea transportation. 我們可以承保海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)乃须U(xiǎn)種 2）Enclosed is our quotation sheet covering the items you enquired. we hope you can reply us your acceptability of it as soon as possible. 隨函附上有關(guān)你方詢價(jià)項(xiàng)目

36、的報(bào)價(jià)單，望盡快回復(fù)你方接受與否。 3）We cant see our way clear to advance our delivery. 我們無(wú)法加快交貨。 2. It 的省略 1). We should make it clear that payment against document is made only in the light of our long and mutually beneficial relationship. 我們必須澄清，接受憑單付款的方式只是鑒于我們之間長(zhǎng)期互利的友好關(guān)系而已. 2). It is rather important that your q

37、uotation should reach us no later than the end of this month in order that we could grasp the business opportunity firmly in hands and obtain the biggest profit. 重要的是你方報(bào)價(jià)必須在本月末之前到達(dá)我方，以便我們抓緊商機(jī)，獲取最大利潤(rùn)。,2. 關(guān)系從句中關(guān)系詞的省略 1). Companies that want to be successful in foreign markets have to be aware of the l

38、ocal cultural charateristics that affect the way business is done. 公司想在國(guó)外市場(chǎng)獲得成功，必須對(duì)各地影響商務(wù)運(yùn)作的文化特色有清醒的認(rèn)識(shí)。 3. 句法省略 theres no better proof of a companys strong fundamentals than the evidence of the dividends it pays out year after year. 衡量一個(gè)公司的實(shí)力，最好的證據(jù)莫過(guò)于它每天分給股東的紅利。,review,Police misconduct is defined a

39、s an unnecessary use of force, an abuse of authority, or an act of deceit. 警察不當(dāng)行為被定義為過(guò)多地使用暴力、濫用職權(quán)或欺詐行為。 Business is a two- way street and to keep it open in both directions. there must be a sense that both partners are doing their utmost to ensure a steady growth in each others markets. 做生意得有來(lái)有往，來(lái)和往

40、這兩條道保持暢通。應(yīng)當(dāng)有這樣一個(gè)觀念：伙伴雙方同時(shí)都在進(jìn)最大努力，確保對(duì)方在自己市場(chǎng)上有穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng)。,homework,1. In good times and bad, people have to eat, use water and electricity, take medicine and travel to work and school. 不論情況好壞，人們總得吃飯、用電、吃藥和乘車上班上學(xué)。 2. Pepsi is riding an advertisement campaign to a bigger share. 百事可樂(lè)公司正在發(fā)起一場(chǎng)廣告戰(zhàn)以?shī)Z取更大份額。 3. Alth

41、ough Basis cleans thoroughly, dissolving dirt and makeup deep in the pores of your skin, its very, very gentle. Basis 可以徹底清潔肌膚，清除殘留在肌膚深層的污垢和化妝品，但它非常的溫和。 4. The record performance of stock markets has enabled companies to finance major acquisitions on the strength of their inflated share prices. 股票市場(chǎng)

42、的空前繁榮使得各家公司可以依賴其上漲的股票價(jià)格去投資各種大規(guī)模的收購(gòu)。 5. If pizza makers are knowledge workers, who isnt it? 如果做披薩的工人也算是知識(shí)工人，那還有誰(shuí)不是呢？ 6. Please give us a definite reply at your earliest convenience. 請(qǐng)盡早給予我們確切的答復(fù)。,為了避免文章的單調(diào)乏味，英文中往往盡量要避免用詞重復(fù)。除了使用代詞外，同一件事物常用拼寫(xiě)不同而意義相近的詞來(lái)表示。 漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)則不會(huì)給人以單調(diào)乏味的感覺(jué)，相反，如果使用得當(dāng)，還可以起到反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，使語(yǔ)義明確

43、，譯文生動(dòng)。,重復(fù)法（Repetition）,1. We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.,2. The big company has its disadvantages.,我們應(yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)如何分析問(wèn)題和解決問(wèn)題。,大企業(yè)有大企業(yè)的難處。,3. Managing multinationals means handling both national and organizational culture differences at the same time.,管理跨國(guó)公司意味著要同時(shí)處理民族文化差異與組織文化差異。,1. He be

44、came an oil baronall by himself.,2. Last year, the output of coal in this region amounted to about 20 percent of the whole country, of steel 25 percent, and of cotton 35 percent.,他成了一個(gè)石油大亨一個(gè)白手起家的石油大亨。,去年，這一地區(qū)的煤產(chǎn)量約占全國(guó)總產(chǎn)量的20%，鋼產(chǎn)量占25% , 棉花產(chǎn)量占35。,3. In fact, the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation problems than it has solved.,事實(shí)上，大張旗鼓地用金錢(qián)來(lái)促使人們加入某組織或留下來(lái)，這種做法所引起的激勵(lì)機(jī)制上的問(wèn)題，遠(yuǎn)比其所解決的問(wèn)題要多。,4. The main difficulty is the shortage