Lecture 19-20 不定式.ppt

1、Lecture 19-20Infinitive,不定式,An Introduction to Infinitive,Infinitive used as subject,To hesitate means failure. To know everything is to know nothing. For him to admit his mistakes is not easy. To be working all day long is a bore. Never to offend anyone is his principle. How to make our life longer

2、 is a big problem. Its a bore to be working all day long. It is very difficult to drive in the mountains.,Infinitive also can be used as predicative,The next step is to make sure that you know exactly what is required. (表示目的) You are to die at ninety-eight. (表示預(yù)言) Man is to live a better life in the

3、 next century. You must speak out, if we are to remain friends.,Ex. 1 : 用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞改寫句子 The regulations are to be observed. (must) He is to be congratulated on his brilliant discovery. (must) You are to be rewarded. (should) He is not to be feared. (should not be),It is nowhere to be found. (cant be) This

4、 kind of grass is to be seen everywhere. (can be) These books are not to be sold. (ought not to be),Ex. 2: What are the function of the infinitives? They are to marry next week. (arrangement) He is to give up drinking. (order or advice) The man is guilty and is to undergo ten months imprisonment. (d

5、ecision),Children are not to smoke. (permission) You must be patient and persistent if you are to succeed. (desire) Nobody is to know. (permission),不定式表示被動(dòng)含義,She is to blame. The house is to let. A great deal is yet to do. The result is not long to see. Something is still to find out. Little remains

6、 to do.,Infinitive used as object,I cant afford to take flying lessons. I prefer to call off the meeting on account of our directors absence.,I find it difficult to work with him. I believed it best to leave the matter entirely to his discretion. I judge it useless to be arguing with him. I supposed

7、 it a great pity for Henry to do such a silly thing.,Infinitive used as complement,I wrote him to come at once. She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. He likes his wife to dress well. He wants water to drink. He is a pleasant fellow to work with. She bought a bookshelf to put her books on.

8、,Infinitive used as adverbial,The whole family went to beach to spend their weekend. To save the child, he laid down his life. Lets hurry so as not to be late for the meeting.,A few days later he came back only to find that the troops had left. She tried to kill herself only to be saved. He studied

9、hard only to fail. He escaped from the battlefield only to be killed by the natives.,He burst out crying to hear her words. She blushed to see him. He felt shame for his daughter to have told lies. She smiled to see the flowers nodding in the wind.,To look at her, you would think her a young woman,

10、but she is in fact 47 years old. How can you catch the train to start so late? You do an honest man wrong to call him a liar. One will get trouble to do such a thing.,To be frank, your idea is not that bright. To say the least of it, he is an honest man. To do him justice, he has done something good

11、. To tell the truth, this is all Greek to me.,To look at her, you would think her a young woman, but she is in fact 47 years old. How can you catch the train to start so late? You do an honest man wrong to call him a liar. One will get trouble to do such a thing.,Oh, to be young again! Oh, you cowar

12、d, to treat a child so! O to be at home!,To think that he should do this! To think that he is so mean! To think that his being so irresponsible!,He to scold me? A gentleman to say like that? Money to have such power! A poor man, and to become famous overnight!,Details,It is +adj. +of /for +sb. to do

13、 sth.,1. 下列表示人物特征的形容詞常常和of搭配，構(gòu)成 It is +adj. +of +sb. to do sth. bold, brave, careful, careless, clever, considerate, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, rash, right, stupid, silly, thoughtful, wise, wrong, generous,e.g. It was very thoughtful of her to come to see me when I was ill. (she was t

14、houghtful) It was nasty of Jim to behave like that. He was stupid to make that silly remark. It was stupid of him to make that silly remark.,2. 表示事物性質(zhì)的形容詞常常和for搭配使用，構(gòu)成 It is +adj. +for +sb. to do sth. Easy, heavy, necessary, possible, important, difficult, etc. It is easy for me to follow his pace i

15、n the jungle. It is hard for him to get rid of his bad habits. (For him to get rid of his bad habits is hard.),3. of sb. to do sth./ for sb. to do sth.在句子中充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞植煌?of sb. to do sth.在句子中只能充當(dāng)主語。 for sb. to do sth.在句子中可以充當(dāng)主語、表語、定語、賓語和狀語等。 E.g. Its wrong of you to say like that. (He is wrong to say li

16、ke that.),It would be important for us to remember this. (主語) The best way would be for us to leave it until tomorrow. (表語) We consider it best for her to write the paper. (賓語),4. 不定式的邏輯主語不同 Of sb. to do sth.的邏輯主語只能是表示有生命的人或物。 It is really cruel of him to treat the monkey like that.,For sb. to do st

17、h.的邏輯主語可以是人，也可以是無生命的事物，還可以用there引導(dǎo)。 It is important for us to study philosophy. It is a good thing for there to be so many people present.,It is foolish of her to buy that picture. It is foolish for her to buy that picture. She is foolish to buy that picture. For her to buy that picture is foolish.,

18、They had only a small amount of fuel with which to pass the winter. She is a nice woman with whom to work. He opened the north window from which to enjoy the distant hills.,Time,Thousands of young people are learning to ski. (present) Where can we get some sickles to cut the rice with? (future),I ha

19、te to be lying in bed like this while other students are having class. She resolved to be going. I long to be seeing her.,C.f. He is said to write a preface to the book. (He will write) He is said to be writing a preface to the book. (he is writing) It is good to sit here with you. It is good to be

20、sitting here with you.,不定式的完成體 用在intended, expected, meant, hoped, wanted, planned, wished, thought, desired, was, were等詞后面，表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望、期待或計(jì)劃。,I hoped to have finished the work earlier. I intended to have come to see you. He was to have fetched you here, but he forgot. They were to have married in M

21、ay but had to postpone the wedding until June.,不定式的完成體 還可以表示先于謂語動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)， to have done表示動(dòng)作，to have been表示狀態(tài)。 She seems to dance very well. She seems to have danced very well.,There appears to be some misunderstanding between them. There appears to have been some misunderstanding between them.,Come

22、 to do 表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的過程,He will come to understand it in the end. She has come to like him. Later he came to be a famous painter. One day she may come to be ashamed of what she had done.,在noun/pronoun + be+ easy/difficult/ fit +to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)中，有時(shí)盡管句中主語是動(dòng)作的承受者，不定式在意義上是被動(dòng)的，形式上卻是主動(dòng)的。,This book is difficult to

23、 read. He is hard to convince. The film is great fun to see. The food was not fit to eat. The causes are not far to seek. The path is easy to find.,主語是all, what等引導(dǎo)的從句，主語受only, first, one, least或形容詞最高級修飾，而且后面的從句或短語中有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，作表語的不定式一般不用to.,The least you can do is help up a little. What she did to the

24、matter was keep silent. The only thing I could do was go it alone. All she does is gossip about others.,Practice,1. Did you find out _ the pie out of the oven? A. to take B. have taken C. when to take D. being taken (C),2. You would become irritated if you watched the mail _ on your desk every day.

25、A. putting up B. to be put up C. to pile up D. pile up (D),3. The students expected there _ more reviewing classes before the final exams. A. is B. to be C. being D. have been (B),4. We shall get Jim _ the passage. A. explaining B. explained C. to explain D. explain (C),5. In fact, she would rather

26、leave for San Francisco _ in Los Angeles. A. to stay B. than stay C. than staying D. than have stayed (B),6. Madame Curie is believed _ the radium. discovering B. having discovered C. to have discovered D. to discover (C),7. Where shall I put my boxes? The drawer is the place _. A. to put them B. putting them in C. to put in them D. to put them in (D),8. She could do nothing but _ her name under the circumstances. A. to change B. changing C. to be changing D. c