商務英語翻譯概論：商務流程及翻譯技巧篇

1、商務英語翻譯,College Business English A Course for Translation,第一章 商務英語翻譯基礎(chǔ)知識,next,第一節(jié) 翻譯的概念,分類,過程及方法,next,一. The Definition of Translation .關(guān)于翻譯的幾種定義 Translation is a process through which information expressed in the source( or: original) language is conveyed in the target language (a process through wh

2、ich information is conveyed from the source language to the target language). It is a communication crossing different languages, different cultures and different societies. 翻譯是一門藝術(shù).(Translation is a fine art.)-林語堂翻譯論 翻譯是一門科學-董秋斯 Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the close

3、st natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.-尤金奈達,.廣義的翻譯是指語言與語言，語言變體與語言變體，語言與非語言等的代碼轉(zhuǎn)換和基本信息的傳達 .狹義的翻譯是一種語言活動，是把一種語言表達的內(nèi)容忠實地用另一種語言表達出來,二.翻譯的分類 The classification of translation .按所涉及的兩種代碼的性質(zhì)分為： 語內(nèi)翻譯（intralingual translation)：同一種語言間不同語言變體的翻譯 語

4、際翻譯（interlingual translation）：不同語言間的翻譯，是狹義翻譯的研究對象 語符翻譯（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符號解釋文字符號 .按翻譯主體的性質(zhì)分為人工翻譯和機器翻譯兩類,next,exercise,.按照翻譯的工具和成品形式可分為口譯和筆譯 .按翻譯的客體即所譯資料的性質(zhì)可分為 文學翻譯（literary translation)：包括詩歌，小說，戲劇等文學作品的翻譯，著重情感內(nèi)容和修辭特征的表達 實用翻譯(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商務，公文等資料的翻譯，著重實際內(nèi)容的表達,三.翻譯的過程 翻譯

5、的過程是理解和表達的有機結(jié)合翻譯的關(guān)鍵在于對原文的理解，要真正理解原文，譯者必須有扎實的語言功底和相關(guān)專業(yè)背景知識，并熟知英漢兩種文化知識，否則譯者就不能真正理解，從而產(chǎn)生誤差 例：Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美國可口可樂廣告） 不能打敗真正的商品 擋不住的誘惑！,next,后者簡單明了的把原文的真正含義表達了出來，能達到打動消費者的目的 表達階段就是譯者把自己從原文所理解的內(nèi)容用目的語重新表達出來表達的好壞主要取決與對原文的理解深度和對譯文語言的餓修養(yǎng)程度理解原文不是易事，表達亦然 例：As we obtained a clean B/L, you will se

6、e that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我們獲得了清潔提單，所以你們將明白貨物在裝運時情況良好，且被安放的井井有條由此看來我們建議你們可以向該輪船公司提出索賠 我方已獲得清潔提單一張，貴方諒必清楚貨物裝船時狀況良好，因此建議貴方可依此向該輪船公司提出索賠,四.翻譯的方法 .直譯和意譯是翻譯的兩大基本方法 Literal translation and free translation .所謂直譯是指翻譯時要求譯文與原文在詞語，

7、語法結(jié)構(gòu)及表達方式上保持一致的方法 例：Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 許多投資者不再把他們擁有的股票看作是擁有某一公司一部分權(quán)益的工具，而只是將它視為經(jīng)濟因素，風險，潛力的衍生物,See more,next,.意譯是指擺脫原文形式的束縛而傳達原文的內(nèi)容 During Federal Reserve Chairman Gr

8、eenspans nearly 20 years as the world most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991. 格林斯潘作為全球最有實力的中央銀行的掌舵人，在其近年的任期中，美國僅在年間遭受過一次短暫的經(jīng)濟蕭條 本句意譯主要體現(xiàn)在句子結(jié)構(gòu)層面上，將only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991進一步融合，更加符合漢語的表達習慣,討論翻譯的概念，分類，過程及方法并提出自己的看法和觀點 將下列漢語譯成英

9、語： .語內(nèi)翻譯 .語際翻譯 .語符翻譯 .文學翻譯 .實用翻譯 .功能對等 .機器翻譯 .目的語 .源語,從商務英語翻譯教程這門課的名稱來看， 他有兩個關(guān)鍵詞，一個商務英語，一個翻譯。這門課就圍繞這兩方面來進行。 說到翻譯呢，對于一個優(yōu)秀的翻譯人員的話，理論是基礎(chǔ)，實踐是真理。 也就是說，實踐對于學好翻譯來說是至關(guān)重要的。如果只掌握了理論，而不去實踐，是不能成為好的翻譯人員的。相反，沒有理論系統(tǒng)的學習，而有大量的翻譯實踐，有可能是以為合格的翻譯者。 而商務英語翻譯除了關(guān)系著翻譯，還涉及到很多商貿(mào)知識。,翻譯理論,在我國，文字翻譯最早開始于春秋時期的越人歌，迄今大約有2500年的歷史，對翻譯標

10、準的爭論也有1000多年，但有關(guān)翻譯標準在翻譯界迄今還沒有達成“共識”，即還沒有一個大家都認同的翻譯標準。 翻譯是一門推敲的，無唯一答案的課程。 國內(nèi)外翻譯標準百家爭鳴、白花齊放。,信、達、雅”。 1898年，嚴復在天演論的譯例言中說：“譯事之難：信、達、雅。求其信，已大難矣！顧信矣，不達，雖譯，猶不譯也，則達尚焉?！焙髞硪话憔桶选靶?、達、雅”當作翻譯的標準。 用今天的話來說，“信”就是忠實準確，“達”就是通順流暢，“雅”就是文字古雅。,“功能對等”。 “功能對等”（Functional Equivalence）翻譯準則是由美國著名翻譯家尤金.奈達（Eugene A . Nida）博士提出的。

11、在眾多的國外翻譯家中，奈達的翻譯理論可以說對我國的影響最大。他認為，翻譯的預期目的主要是原文與譯文在信息內(nèi)容、說話方式、文體、風格、語言、文化、社會因素諸方面達到對等。,綜觀國內(nèi)外翻譯家們的觀點，可以得出結(jié)論：中外翻譯標準其實質(zhì)上有一致性，即：信息對等。 說到底，不管什么樣的翻譯標準，都離不開一個“真”字，換言之，譯文應該是原文信息的真實反映，譯者最大限度地將原文作者所賦予原文語言文字的“任務”轉(zhuǎn)譯到譯文里。,譯者應具備的能力,翻譯過程是一個語言轉(zhuǎn)化的過程，涉及跨語言，跨文化的內(nèi)容。 外語水平能力 母語水平能力 知識水平能力商務英語專業(yè)行話 術(shù)語 應用水平能力 只有通過練習實踐，才能真正提高譯

12、者的翻譯水平,第二節(jié) 商務語言特點及翻譯技巧,next,商務英語（Business English）是一種包含各種商務活動內(nèi)容、適合商業(yè)需要的專門用途的英語，這些商務活動涉及技術(shù)引進、國際旅游、海外投資、對外貿(mào)易、招商引資、對外勞務承包與合同、國際金融、涉外保險、國際運輸?shù)?。商務英語源于普通英語，具有普通英語的語言學特征，但又是商務知識和英語的綜合，因而又具有獨特性。,商務英語的特點和翻譯原則,一、商務英語的語言特點,二、商務英語翻譯的原則,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,1 專業(yè)術(shù)語豐富 作為專門用途英語，商務英語與商務活動密切相關(guān)，承載著對外貿(mào)易

13、和國際商務等方面的信息交流，其突出特點就體現(xiàn)在專業(yè)術(shù)語的大量運用。例如： The distributor agrees to accept, on presentation, and to pay with exchange, sight draft against bill of lading attached。 譯文：經(jīng)銷商同意在提示時予以承兌，憑所附提單以即期匯票的方式支付。 上面短短的一句話中，包含了大量的專業(yè)術(shù)語，如：distributor經(jīng)銷商、accept承兌、on presentation提示、sight draft 即期匯票、bill of lading提單等。不難看出，沒有

14、對商務知識的深入了解和專業(yè)術(shù)語的熟練掌握，要進行商務英語的翻譯必然舉步維艱。又如“negotiation”一詞，通常作“談判”解，而在“negotiation of the relative draft”（議付有關(guān)匯票）中則表示“議付”解，與普通英語中的含義相去甚遠。在做商務英語的翻譯時，譯者必須懂得商務專業(yè)相關(guān)知識，避免將專業(yè)術(shù)語通俗化，否則輕則鬧出笑話，重則造成嚴重的經(jīng)濟損失。,一、商務英語的語言特點（1）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,2用詞正式、嚴謹而又靈活豐富 商務活動大多具有正式、莊重的特點，與之相適應，商務英語用詞一般也較為正式、嚴謹

15、，以書面語為主，尤其是商務信函、法律文書、協(xié)議或合同等公文文體，多使用一些正式，甚至是冷僻的詞匯。如：使用prior to/previous to而非before；expiry 而非end；certify 而非prove；solicit 而非seek；appoint 而非make an appointment of；continue而非keep on；in the name of 而非like；along the lines of 而非like；for the purpose of 而非for； in the event of 而非 if；with reference to 而非about等。

16、同時，商務英語詞匯又具有靈活多樣的特點。不同的介詞、詞序以及單復數(shù)變化等都會導致詞義發(fā)生重大變化，并給翻譯帶來一定的困難。例如：property in goods 貨權(quán)、property of goods貨物的屬性、appearance surface 外表、surface appearance 表面狀況。,一、商務英語的語言特點（2）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,3 句子結(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)范而復雜 商務英語的語句往往具有結(jié)構(gòu)嚴謹、邏輯嚴密的特點，力求最大限度地實現(xiàn)表達效果的準確性、時效性和邏輯性。在一些招標文件、投標文件和商務合同中，復雜的復合句、分割現(xiàn)象

17、、介詞短語、插入語、同位語、倒裝句、被動語態(tài)等較為常見，這些句子結(jié)構(gòu)語義層次分明、信息量大、不易產(chǎn)生歧義，因此不僅有利于提高國際商務活動的時效性，而且有利于加速商務信息的傳遞。例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated

18、 below. 譯文：本合同由買賣雙方訂立，因此買賣雙方同意按照下面規(guī)定的條款買賣以下商品。,一、商務英語的語言特點（3）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2)Should either party to this contract suffer damages because of any wrongful act or neglect of other party, claim shall be adjusted by agreement or arbitration. 譯文：如果由于他方的違約行為或疏忽而使本合同任何一方遭受損失，其索賠通過協(xié)

19、議或仲裁予以理算。 現(xiàn)代社會的商人越來越忙，他們使用的商務英語，尤其是在商務信函當中使用的英語，更趨于口語化、簡單化，簡單句、并列句的使用越來越多，有時甚至使用省略句，如Subject to your confirmation.以你方確認為準；Thank you for your letter dated 7th October offering us Chinese embroideries. 貴方十月七日報盤中國繡制品函悉，十分感謝。,一、商務英語的語言特點（4）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,4 程式化的套語運用廣泛 為了提高信息往來的效率和

20、促進商務活動的時效性，商務英語在長期的實踐中形成了各種固定的程式化套語。這既是商務英語句法有別于其他語體的一個顯著的特點，又是進行商務英語翻譯的一個突破口和著眼點。例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 譯

21、文：買賣雙方同意按一下條款購買、出售下列商品并簽訂本合同。,一、商務英語的語言特點（5）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2)The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 譯文：如果上述貨物對船舶和（或）船上其他貨物造成任何損害，托運人應付全責。 在上面兩個例子中，whereby，undermentioned commodity，subject to the terms and conditions

22、 stipulated below，be liable for 等都是程式化的套語，也是商務英語遣詞造句的典型模式，要做好商務英語翻譯，熟練掌握這些程式化的套語是不可或缺的。 禮儀套語： We shall appreciate your. 若能. 我們將甚為感謝 Be subject to ones confirmation. 以某人確認為有效 We arrange to open an L/C. 我們安排開立信用證 It gives us great pleasure to acknowledge receipt of 請接受我方對.的真摯謝意,一、商務英語的語言特點（6）,Sec 6,Se

23、c 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,商務英語翻譯同普通英語翻譯或者文學翻譯有很大的區(qū)別，譯者除了要有扎實的雙語基本功和熟練的翻譯技巧，還必須具備豐富的商務專業(yè)知識，了解商務各個領(lǐng)域的語言特點和表達法。,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（1）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,1 熟悉商務英語翻譯的性質(zhì)、特點 英語語言基礎(chǔ)、科技常識、商務業(yè)務知識是構(gòu)成商務英語翻譯的三大要素。商務英語翻譯在內(nèi)容上涉及商務活動的各個環(huán)節(jié)；在表達方式上，感情色彩比較弱，使用的成語、諺語、俗語較少，程式化較為明顯。因此，商務常識和業(yè)務流程應該是商務英語翻譯的主要依

24、據(jù)。例如： The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit. Price: RMB 30 per yard, C.I.F., C. 5%, Lagos. Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment.,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（2）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec

25、 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,譯文：厄瓜多爾銀行將通知其在美國的代理銀行出具信用證。價格為：成本、保險加運費到拉格斯，每碼30元人民幣，包括5%的傭金。付款方式為：使用保兌的、不可撤銷的即期信用證支付。信用證應于裝運期前30天開出。 不了解相應的商務常識根本無法準確地翻譯上文。上文中的一些常見商務詞語，如establish a letter of credit， C.I.F, C. 5%， Lagos， Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days be

26、fore the time of shipment，其中文表達方式是相對固定的。,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（3）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,例如 Balance 和 Insurance policy 的正確的譯文是 銀行余額 保險單 more or less clause 在國際貿(mào)易中譯為 溢短裝條款。 shipping advice 是 裝運通知 是出口商發(fā)給進口商的而 shipping instructions 則是 裝運指令 是進口商發(fā)給出口商的 又如 介詞 ex 與 per 有各自不同的含義 英譯由某輪船運來的貨物時用 ex 由某輪船 運

27、走 用 per 而由某輪船承運 用 by,2遵循商務英語翻譯的標準 商務英語翻譯遵循忠實（faithfulness）、地道（idiomaticness）、統(tǒng)一（consistency）的原則。忠實是指譯文所傳遞的信息同原文所傳遞的信息要保持一致，或者說要保持信息等值。地道是指譯文的語言和行文方式都要符合商務文獻的語言規(guī)范和行文規(guī)范，即所給出的譯文讀起來應該像內(nèi)行人用譯語寫就的文章，給讀者以專業(yè)化的感受。其中的專業(yè)術(shù)語要對應國際通用的漢語譯語，即遵循商務英語翻譯中一個十分重要的原則術(shù)語對等（terminology equivalence）翻譯原則。統(tǒng)一是指在商務英語翻譯過程中所采用的一些概念、術(shù)

28、語等在任何時候都應該保持統(tǒng)一，不能隨意更改。例如：,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（4）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(1) Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States and Japan. Some relatively self-reliant developing countries, such as India, have been partly insulated. 譯文：西歐受到的經(jīng)濟影響要比美國、日本大。經(jīng)濟衰退至今只在一定程度上影響到了諸如印度等一些相對自力更生的發(fā)展

29、中國家。 此處，hit harder than. 的含義為：受到的影響比要大；have been partly insulated 的含義為：至今只受到部分影響；insulated 為物理學中常用的動詞，意思是使其絕緣，而partly insulated部分絕緣則只能根據(jù)上文中的“經(jīng)濟衰退”轉(zhuǎn)譯為“只受到部分影響”，從而達到了忠實的原則。同時，由于漢語中多使用主動語態(tài)，因此英語句中的被動語態(tài)應該按照準確、地道的原則變?yōu)橹鲃诱Z態(tài)。,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（5）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,(2) Exchange is the core conce

30、pt of marketing. For an exchange to take place, several conditions must be satisfied. Of course, at least two parties must participate, and each must have something of value to the other. Each party also must want to deal with the other party and each must be free to accept or reject the others offe

31、r. Finally, each party must be able to communicate and deliver. 譯文：交換是營銷的核心概念。為使交換發(fā)生，必須滿足幾個條件：第一，必須存在交換的雙方；第二，每方都擁有對方所需要的物品或價值；第三，每方都想要與對方交換；第四，雙方都能自主地接受或拒絕對方的報價；第五，雙方都有能力進行溝通和交貨。,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（6）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,此處的譯文，在風格上與原文一樣平實，幾乎都是采用直譯的方式再現(xiàn)了原文的信息，雖然增加了“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等，但絲毫沒有增加任

32、何額外信息，這種增詞、減詞的方法正是忠實于原文信息的具體表現(xiàn)。同時，譯文采用地道的漢語商務語言，使譯文做到了準確。譯文中的一些術(shù)語，比如exchange 無一例外地被翻譯成“交換”，做到了前后統(tǒng)一，使讀者非常清楚。 從上面的例子可以看出，要準確地進行商務翻譯，譯者不僅要有扎實的雙語基本功、熟練的翻譯技巧、豐富的商務專業(yè)知識，還要熟知不同商務文本的文體格式和術(shù)語，行文用字力求符合行業(yè)規(guī)范。遇到不懂得專業(yè)術(shù)語時，切不可望文生義，要多查閱相關(guān)商務領(lǐng)域的詞典如漢英對外貿(mào)易詞典、實用外貿(mào)英漢詞典等，或請教相關(guān)商務專業(yè)人士。唯有如此，譯文才能保持與原文的風格、文本功能、句法結(jié)構(gòu)和用詞特點的一致，做到原文與

33、譯文的“信息等值”。,二、商務英語翻譯的原則（7）,Sec 6,Sec 4,Sec 2,Sec 1,Sec8,Sec 7,返回,第四節(jié) 商務英語翻譯技巧介紹,next,Methods and techniques,翻譯的形式 直譯 (literal translation) 不等于對譯 意譯 (free translation) 活譯 (dynamic equivalence translation),They dont know their right hand from their left. I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and g

34、ave my wife my old age. All roads lead to Rome. I want to hit the sack and get some Zs. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.,Maybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself. Cast pearls before swine. She was born wit

35、h a silver spoon in her mouth. I threw myself in a chair. He has to make a terrible decision.,詞類轉(zhuǎn)換 (P.8, 106, 236),英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語動詞 （與英語中名詞轉(zhuǎn)為動詞詞義不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere, all I wanted was a change. 我只不過是想到別的地方去，我只想換換空氣。 英語名詞轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語形容詞，副詞He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries

36、 on the problem. 他注意到兩國在這問題上的意見是非常一致的。,The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity. There is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality. The board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter. The firm has a la

37、rge business connection.,There is a large attendance at the Fair. Withdraw of offer Revocation of offer Termination of offer Without his consent or confirmation She is a real beauty. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,We find difficulty in solving this problem. It is our great p

38、leasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously. The blockade was a success.,人稱代詞的省略 英語冠詞的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火紅的太陽沉入地平線。 增減法增詞法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一個美國軍官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了。減詞法Could you help me in any way?你能幫幫我嗎？,翻譯中的省略, 增減,Dont put your h

39、ands in your pocket. I am afraid she will come. We had much rain last summer. We live and learn. They say he is a genius. Give him an inch and hell take an ell. Liquids are like solids in that they have definite volume. The average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her

40、working life.,In most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer. It is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is inconsistent with the terms provided on the contr

41、act. The atom is the smallest particle of an element. Go into the garden and give an eye to the children. He has an eye for beauty. Please give me the letter you received yesterday.,She is quite a beauty. He is the man I want to see. Take the medicine. The dean had a lot of work to do before the mee

42、ting. Science demands of men great efforts and complete devotion. In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. I could knit when I was seven.,Steel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust. A

43、ir is a mixture of gases. Things in the universe are changing all the time. The design is considered practical. Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter. This is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.,Our railway system is being improved. The lion is the king of the ani

44、mals. Reports of new successes keep pouring in. Studies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability. At the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic. These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. He is queer.,Arrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome. Wh

45、ere was his smile and hearty hand grasp. Once you are in, you wouldnt be allowed to get out. He entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold. There are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.,It seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon. He b

46、elieves it necessary to learn some rules before doing it. The day when he was born remains unknown. Early to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy. The year of 1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.,You dont look very well today. He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast u

47、p his eyes, but said nothing. Rumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.,被動句的翻譯,英語中的被動句既可以譯成主動句， 又可以譯成被動句，還可以根據(jù)漢語表達形式譯成無主句，判斷句等。 It was founded in 1993它創(chuàng)建于1993年 （主動句） They are ratified by members parliaments.它們經(jīng)成員國議會批準。（主動句） If the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immed

48、iately.如果方案被批準了，這項工程將立即動工。（被動句）,Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.給了他們兩天的時間來做準備。（無主句） Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷術(shù)是從中國傳入歐洲的。（判斷句） Our price has already been closely calculated.我方價格是經(jīng)過精密核算的。（判斷句）,有些英語的被動語態(tài)譯成中文時，可以按中文習慣加上 受，被，給， 讓給，遭到，把，使，由，為所，用，靠，予

49、以等。 Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油自古以來就為人們所熟悉。 She was blamed for everything her sister did. The lights have been turned on by him.,The crops were washed away by the flood. The finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery. He was elected chairman of the Students Uni

50、on. Boats are moved by oars or by the wind.,合并法：將兩個或兩個以上詞義相同或相近的詞組翻譯成一個詞。 單詞合并Toms father is dead and gone.湯姆的父親死了。 He suffered aches and pains all over. She was frightened into shaking and trembling. null and void 無效 terms and conditions 條款 few and far between 稀少 free and clear 無,句子合并she waited, bu

51、t in vain.她白等了。 He was born poor and poor he remained all his life. The train had left before he got to the station. Study hard before it is too late.,定語從句的翻譯,五大步驟區(qū)分主從緊縮主干辨析詞義調(diào)整搭配潤飾詞語。 定語從句?？勺g為：定語結(jié)構(gòu)，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，謂語結(jié)構(gòu)，獨立句，簡單句，狀語結(jié)構(gòu)等。,譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu),較短的定語從句比較容易理解與其它成分之間的關(guān)系，翻譯時，可將從句譯為定語結(jié)構(gòu)，“的”字結(jié)構(gòu)，直接放在被修飾詞的前面。只要句子較短，無論是限

52、定性定語從句，還是非限定性定語從句，都可以采用這種方法。,A crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally. Congress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid. The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor. If one object is charg

53、ed with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.,譯為并列結(jié)構(gòu),有些定語從句與主句的關(guān)聯(lián)不大緊密，或意思比較獨立，在邏輯上有追述，描寫，轉(zhuǎn)折等作用。這是一般把定語從句譯為前置或后置的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。 翻譯非限定定語從句，這種方法更加常見。,Archimedes principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases. At dinner I found my

54、self placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others. Isabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the family. You compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five

55、 meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.,譯為謂語結(jié)構(gòu),將原主句的主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)壓縮成漢語的詞組作譯文的主語，把定語從句轉(zhuǎn)譯為謂語，合并成一個句子。 We are a nation that must beg to stay alive. She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.,譯為獨立句,由于非限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較松散，所以很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)譯為獨立的句子，關(guān)系代詞只作為一般的代詞，從句也變?yōu)榫渥拥闹黧w。 Once

56、was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective. He had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.,譯為簡單句,限定性定語從句與主句的關(guān)系比較密切，因此可以把主句和從句合并在一起，變成簡單句。這類句子常含有there be等結(jié)構(gòu)。 Is it history you are reading? The oil tanker c

57、arries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed. There were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.,譯成狀語從句,有些從句形式上是定語從句，但在語法功能及深層含以上卻起著狀語從句的作用，表示時間，地點，原因，結(jié)果，目的，讓步，條件，假設等。 To make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.

58、,We recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power. He would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.,Formality has always characterized their relationship. Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to

59、 burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. He is not very familiar with the biological terms. They returned game and glee. The new contract would be good for ten years. Her voice rings through the whole house.,否定句的翻譯,雙重否定句：肯定譯法(正譯法）和否定譯法。 No children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.無大人陪伴，小孩不得入內(nèi)。 Dont come unless I telephone. There is no rule that has no exceptions.,There is no steel not containing carbon. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart. We shouldnt be care