lscat翻譯常用修辭手法

1、修辭與翻譯,常用英漢修辭手段：simile明喻； metaphor 暗喻； metonymy轉(zhuǎn)喻/借代；synecdoche 提喻；personification擬人； hyperbole夸張； antithesis對(duì)偶； pun雙關(guān)； irony反語； euphemism委婉；circumlocution 迂回climax漸進(jìn)； parallelism平行； onomatopoeia 擬聲； aposiopesis 跳脫；rhetorical question 設(shè)問,1 直譯法對(duì)可譯的辭格，盡可能直譯,明喻；暗喻；擬人；夸張 諱飾；轉(zhuǎn)喻；省略；折繞 移就；呼告；遞升；遞降；反語 跳脫； 排比

2、； 設(shè)問； 反問； 譎辭,明喻 Simile 1) 劉玉翠回到村里，就好比是住進(jìn)了監(jiān)牢里。（康濯春種秋收）Having returned to the village，Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into prison. 2) He drove as if possessed by the devil. 他著魔似的駕車狂奔。,這個(gè)辭格在漢語和英語修辭里有著共同的特點(diǎn)，那就是明顯地打比方，在本體和喻體之間都出現(xiàn)顯而易見的喻詞，如：漢語里的 “像”、“好像”、 “比如”、“仿佛”、“好比”、“像一樣”、“如一般”等等；英語里的like，as，as if，as

3、though 等等。在翻譯時(shí)，我們可利用其共同特點(diǎn)，用譯文中相應(yīng)的喻詞來譯原文里本體之間的喻詞。,英語里 as . as .結(jié)構(gòu)的明喻大多可以直譯 ： as cold as ice 冰冷 as hot as fire 火熱 as hard as rock 堅(jiān)如磐石 as light as feather 輕如鴻毛,下面的直譯生動(dòng)形象，也能被中國讀者所理解接受： as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一樣忙碌 as bold as a lion 像獅子一樣勇猛 as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一樣快活 as blind as a bat 瞎得像蝙蝠,但部分明喻采用了語義雙關(guān)，

4、不能從字面上進(jìn)行翻譯，我們只要譯出其實(shí)際意思便可： as cool as a cucumber 非常冷靜（像黃瓜一樣鎮(zhèn)定） as sharp as a needle 十分精明 （像針一樣精明） as tight as a drum 非常不肯花錢 （像鼓一樣緊） as sure as a gun 一點(diǎn)不錯(cuò) （像槍一樣確切）,暗喻；Metaphor 1) 何等動(dòng)人的一頁又一頁篇章！ 這是人類思維的花朵。（徐遲：哥德巴赫猜想）What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. 2) 霎時(shí)間，東西長安街成了喧騰的大

5、海。（袁鷹：十月長安街）At once，the Eastern and Western Changan Roads became roaring oceans. 3) Janes uncle is an old fox，up to all kinds of evils. 簡的叔叔是個(gè)老狐貍，什么壞事都干得出來。 4) After that long talk，Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次長談之后，吉姆成了她心中的太陽。,漢語的暗喻和英語的暗喻都不露比喻的痕跡，把甲直接說成 “ 是”乙或“變成了”乙，常用的喻詞在漢語里有 “是”、“變成”、“變?yōu)椤薄ⅰ俺?/p>

6、為”、“成了”、“當(dāng)作”等，英語里常用 “be”作喻詞，也用 “become”，“turn into”等詞語。暗喻在翻譯中一般也可采取直譯。,擬人；Personification 1) 每條嶺都是那么溫柔，雖然下自山腳，上至嶺頂，長滿了珍貴的林木，可是誰也不孤峰突起，盛氣凌人。（老舍：小花朵集）All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance，though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.,2)“Dont t

7、alk to me about no opportunity any more. Opportunitys knocking down every door in the country，trying to get in. When I was young，a man had to go out and find opportunity and drag it home by the ears.”（Kurt Vonnegut: Tom Edisons Shaggy Dog）“休說什么機(jī)會(huì)難逢。機(jī)會(huì)正在國內(nèi)每家每戶敲門，想要進(jìn)去呢。 我年輕那會(huì)兒，人們得出門去尋找機(jī)會(huì)，揪著耳朵把它拖回來?！?3

8、) How soon hath Time，the subtle thief of youth，stolen on his wing my three and twentieth year! （John Milton）時(shí)間，這個(gè)盜竊青春的狡猾的小偷，盜竊了我二十又三年飛走了。,夸張； Hyperbole 1）我從鄉(xiāng)下跑到京城里，一轉(zhuǎn)眼已經(jīng)六年了。（魯迅：一件小事）Six years have passed by in a twinkle since I came to the capital city from the countryside. 2) She is the prettiest g

9、irl in the world. 她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。,諱飾；Euphemism （委婉語） 1）尤氏道：“我也暗暗地叫人預(yù)備了。就是那件東西，不得好木頭，且慢慢地辦著罷。”（曹雪芹：紅樓夢，第十一回）“Ive secretly sent people to get things prepared. But they havent found good wood for that thing yet，so we have to wait.” 2) His daughter is rather weak in the head. 他的女兒腦子不太好使。 （原文用 “weak in the

10、head”來回避 “stupid”或 “foolish”這兩個(gè)詞，譯文用 “腦子不太好使”來代替 “笨”或 “蠢”字。）,轉(zhuǎn)喻；Metonymy 1) 禿頭站在白背心的略略正對(duì)面，彎了腰，去研究背心上的文字。（魯迅：示眾） Baldy，standing almost directly opposite White Jerkin，stooped to study the characters written on his jerkin. 2) His wife spent all her life on the stage. （ = theatrical profession）他的妻子在舞臺(tái)上度

11、過了一生。（=戲劇工作，表演藝術(shù)） 3) Paper and ink cut the throats of men，and the sound of a breath many shake the world. （= written words；speech）紙墨能割斷人的喉管，嗓音能震動(dòng)整個(gè)世界。（紙墨=寫幾個(gè)字；嗓音=說幾句話）,有時(shí)采用意譯更為合適 1) Great minds think alike. （= Great people think alike.）英雄所見略同。（不宜譯成 “偉大的腦袋所見略同?！保?2) Gray hair should be respected. （gr

12、ay hair = the aged）老年人應(yīng)受到尊敬。（不宜譯成 “灰頭發(fā)應(yīng)受到尊敬?！保?省略；Ellipsis 1) 得到母親去世的消息，我很悲痛。（“得到”= “我得到”）（朱德： 母親的回憶）On hearing of my mothers death，I was caught in a tremendous grief. （“on hearing of”= “as soon as I heard of ”） 2) “When did he say this?” “At the playground. And walking home. Yesterday.” （= “He said

13、 this at the playground when he was walking home yesterday.”（John Cheever:The Season of Divorce） “他什么時(shí)候說這話的?”“在廣場上。昨天回家的路上?！?英語里還有一種省略形式叫 asyndeton，即連詞省略，我們也可用直譯方法 1) He has provided the poor with jobs，with opportunity，with self-respect. （在 with self-respect 之前省去了連詞 and。）他給窮人提供了工作，提供了機(jī)會(huì)，提供了自尊。 2) Th

14、ey smiled，shook hands，parted. （在 parted 之前省去了 and。）他們微微一笑，相互握手，分手告別。,折繞；Periphrasis 1) “孔乙己，你臉上又添上新傷疤了!”（魯迅：孔乙己）（“ 添上新傷疤”意為 “又挨打了”。）“Kong Yiji! Youve got fresh scars on your face!” 2) 胡思亂想，一夜也不曾合眼。（曹雪芹：紅樓夢，第十二回）（“不曾合眼”意為“沒睡著覺”。）Indulging himself in wild fancies，he did not close his eyes throughout t

15、he night.,3) Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience. （= Her nose was blocked.）她的嗅覺系統(tǒng)暫時(shí)有些不便。（=她鼻塞。） 4) His brother is a disturber of the piano keys. （= pianist）他哥哥是一個(gè)跟鋼琴鍵找麻煩的人。（=鋼琴家）（這一折繞句有著幽默的效果。）,折繞就是有話不直說，卻故意繞個(gè)彎子，用迂回曲折的話來代替的一種修辭方式。,移就；Hypallage 1) 然而悲慘的皺紋，卻也從他的眉頭和嘴角出現(xiàn)了。（

16、魯迅全集第二卷）Miserable wrinkles began to appear between his eyebrows and round his mouth. 2) 廣場上又燒起歡樂的篝火。（曲波：林海雪原）Jubilant bonfires were lit again on the square.,3) After a happy day，she had a sleepless night. 她在度過歡樂一天之后，卻又熬過一個(gè)不眠之夜。 4) In the examination，the boy threw a nervous glance at the teacher，who

17、was obviously suspicious of his cheating. 在考場上，那個(gè)男孩用緊張的眼光瞥了老師一眼，老師顯然懷疑到他在作弊。,把本來用以修飾人的形容詞移屬于同人有關(guān)的抽象物或具體物，這種貌似錯(cuò)誤、實(shí)為妙用的修辭格叫做 “移就”（hypallage），它通過詞語巧妙的“移植”，來取得常規(guī)搭配所無法得到的效果。,呼告；Apostrophe 1) 敬愛的周總理啊，人民想念您，祖國需要您，我們的黨不能沒有您!（呼人）Oh，our beloved Premier Zhou，our people miss you very much，our motherland is in n

18、eed of you，and our Party cannot afford to have your departure! 2) England! awake! awake! awake! Jerusalem thy sister calls! （W. Blake）（呼物） 英格蘭! 醒來! 醒來! 醒來吧! 你的姐姐耶路撒冷在呼喚著你!,呼告就是在說話或?qū)懳恼聲r(shí)，對(duì)本來不在身邊的人或物直接進(jìn)行呼喚，并與之對(duì)起話來。呼告分呼人和呼物。,遞升；Climax 1) 事情就是這樣，他來進(jìn)攻，我們把他消滅了，他就舒服了。消滅一點(diǎn)，舒服一點(diǎn)；消滅得多，舒服得多；徹底消滅，徹底舒服。（ 毛澤東：關(guān)于重慶

19、談判）This is the way things are：if they attack and we wipe them out，they will have that satisfaction；wipe out some，some satisfaction；wipe out more，more satisfaction；wipe out the whole lot，complete satisfaction.,2) It is an outrage to bind a Roman citizen；to scourge him is a crime；to put him to death i

20、s almost parricide. （Cicero）綁架一個(gè)羅馬公民是一種違法行為；對(duì)他進(jìn)行肉體折磨是一種犯罪行為；把他處死幾乎等于殺父母一樣的叛逆行為。 3) Threaten him，imprison him，torture him，kill him：you will not induce him to betray his country. 威脅他，監(jiān)禁他，拷打他，處死他：這些都不能使他背叛自己的國家。,把事物按由小到大、由短到長、由低到高、由輕到重、由近到遠(yuǎn)、由易到難、由淺到深等次序說下去，這種修辭手法叫遞升，英語里稱作 climax。運(yùn)用這一修辭手法，能夠使要表達(dá)的思想逐步加深、

21、感情逐步強(qiáng)化，因而能增強(qiáng)語言的說服力和感染力。,遞降：Bathos ；Anti-climax 1) 確實(shí)的，現(xiàn)在我們隊(duì)伍中確有許多同志被這種作風(fēng)帶壞了。 對(duì)于國內(nèi)外、省內(nèi)外、縣內(nèi)外、區(qū)內(nèi)外的具體情況，不愿作系統(tǒng)的周密的調(diào)查和研究，僅僅根據(jù)一知半解，根據(jù) “想當(dāng)然”，就在那里發(fā)號(hào)施令。（ 毛澤東改造我們的學(xué)習(xí)）There are indeed many comrades in our ranks who have been led astray by this style of work. Unwilling to carry on systematic and thorough investi

22、gation and study of the specific conditions inside and outside the country，the province，country or district，they issue orders on no other basis than their scanty knowledge and “It must be so because it seems so to me”.,2) How haughtily he cocks his nose， To tell what every schoolboy knows. （J. Swift

23、） 他昂首挺胸，趾高氣揚(yáng)，傲慢無比， 講開了每個(gè)小學(xué)生都知道的東西。 3) The explosion completely destroyed a church，two houses，and a flowerpot. 這起爆炸事故徹底毀壞了一個(gè)教堂、兩所房屋和一個(gè)花盆。,把事物按由大到小、由長到短、由高到低、由重到輕、由遠(yuǎn)到近、由難到易、由深到淺等次序說下去，這種修辭手法叫遞降，英語稱作 bathos，或稱 anti-climax。漢語里的遞降一般是一種 “漸降”，即樓梯式的逐漸下降，而英語里的 bathos 卻常常是一種 “突降”，即令讀者措手不及的突然下降，能產(chǎn)生幽默的效果。,反語；Ir

24、ony 1) 周蘩漪：你這一次到礦上去，也是學(xué)著你父親的英雄榜樣，把一個(gè)真正明白你，愛你的人丟開不管么? （曹禺：雷雨） FAN：And the reason why you are going away to the mine is that youre following your fathers heroic example and throwing over the one person who really understands and loves you? 2) 根據(jù)報(bào)紙上官方介紹，他是天底下頭等大好人，渾身上下毫無缺點(diǎn)，連肚臍眼都沒有。（宗福先于無聲處）According to

25、 the official write-ups in the papers，hes the best man in the world. He doesnt have a single defect in his whole body. Why，he doesnt even have a belly-button!,3) What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country! they let the paupers go to sleep! （Charles Dickens）以此說明他那行善的國家的仁慈法律是

26、多么有意義的例證! 他們竟允許窮人睡覺! 4) “The boy has broken another glass，”said the mother. “A fine thing!”the father replied. 母親說：“小家伙又打碎了一個(gè)杯子。” 父親回答道：“好得很!”,使用同本意完全相反的詞句來表達(dá)本意，明顯含有嘲弄諷刺的意思，從而使本意更加突出，這種修辭方法叫做反語，英語里稱 irony。對(duì)這一辭格采用直譯能保留原文嘲弄的修辭效果。,跳脫；Aposiopesis 1) 何是非：秀英!又發(fā)呆了。唉，家里現(xiàn)在是多順心的日子哦，就是你 （宗福先：于無聲處） He Shifei：Xi

27、uying. There you are，standing around in a daze again. Weve never had it so good as we have now，but you .（“就是你”：“就是你神情恍惚，精神不振，弄得大家不高興?！保?2) Four hours ago the child was alive and well，but now.! 四個(gè)小時(shí)以前，這孩子還好好的活著，一點(diǎn)都沒事，可現(xiàn)在卻（“but now.”：“but now he is dead.”）,話說到一半，突然停住了，使聽者或讀者自己去領(lǐng)悟言外之意，這種修辭方式稱跳脫，英語里稱 ap

28、osiopesis。漢英兩種語言里的跳脫有著共同的特點(diǎn)，可以采取直譯。,排比；Parallelism；Parataxis 1）生產(chǎn)多么需要科學(xué)! 革命多么需要科學(xué)! 人民多么需要科學(xué)! （秦牧：向科學(xué)技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)軍的戰(zhàn)鼓）（排比） Our production is in burning need of science! Our revolution is in burning need of science! Our people are in burning need of science!,2) We can gain knowledge，by reading，by reflection

29、, by observation or by practice. （parallelism）求知門徑頗多，或閱讀，或思考，或觀察，或?qū)嵺`。 3) I came，I saw，I conquered. （parataxis）我只身前往，我明察秋毫，我旗開得勝。 4) We laughed，we sang，we danced. （parataxis）我們縱情歡笑，我們放聲歌唱，我們翩翩起舞。,為了達(dá)到一定的渲染效果，連著使用結(jié)構(gòu)相同或相似的句子或詞組，漢語里叫排比，英語里稱 parallelism。排比要求三項(xiàng)或三項(xiàng)以上，字?jǐn)?shù)不限，允許出現(xiàn)同形詞語，這些都不同于對(duì)偶。英語里另有一種排比格，稱 par

30、ataxis，特點(diǎn)是分句或短語之間不使用連接詞，而是用逗號(hào)或分號(hào)，但它在結(jié)構(gòu)上可以是三項(xiàng)或三項(xiàng)以上， 也可以是兩項(xiàng)。,設(shè)問；Question and Answer 不知細(xì)葉誰裁出？（問） 二月春風(fēng)似剪刀。（答）（賀知章：詠柳） But do you know by whom these young leaves are cut out? The early spring wind is as sharp as scissor blade.,Shall I compare thee to a summers day? （問） Thou art more lovely and more tempe

31、rate. （答）（Shakespeare） 我能不能拿夏天來同你相比? 你呀比夏天來得可愛和溫煦。,所謂設(shè)問，就是明知故問，自問自答，以達(dá)到加強(qiáng)語氣、引人注意的修辭效果。,反問；Rhetoric Question 1) 幸因腐草出， 敢近太陽飛? （杜甫：螢火） By chance youre born from grasses of decay， Dare you fly near where shines the light of day? 2) 醉臥沙場君莫笑， 古來征戰(zhàn)幾人回? （王翰：涼州詞）,3）Then who will cheer my bonny bride When th

32、ey have slain her lover? （Thomas Campbell） 殺了這漂亮新娘的愛人， 還有誰能使她歡愉? 4) O，if you felt the pain I feel! But O，who ever felt as I? （W.S. Landor） 啊，要是你能體會(huì)這痛苦! 唉，可誰的感覺像我一樣?,為了加強(qiáng)語氣，有意向讀者或聽者從反面提出不答自明、答在其中的問題，叫做反問，英語里稱 rhetoric question。,譎辭；White Lie 1) 這里寶玉忙忙的穿了衣裳出來，忽見黛玉在前面慢慢的走著，似乎有拭淚之狀，便忙趕著上來笑道：“妹妹往哪里去? 怎么又哭

33、了? 又是誰得罪了你了？”黛玉回頭見是寶玉，便勉強(qiáng)笑道：“好好的，我何曾哭來?！睂氂裥Φ溃骸澳闱魄?，眼睛上的淚珠兒沒干，還撒謊呢!”（曹雪芹：紅樓夢，第三十二回） Baoyu hurried out after changing his clothes to see Daiyu walking slowly ahead，apparently wiping her eyes. He overtook her. “Where are you going，cousin?”he asked with a smile. “What，crying again? Whos offended you this time?” Daiy