超星爾雅網(wǎng)課答案ARGUMENTSANDFALLACIES如何推理論證

1、argumentsandfallacies 如何推理論證第一章單元測(cè)試1 、問(wèn)題 :the goal of an argument is to abuse the audience.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】2、問(wèn)題 : “33 + 66 = 99 is an argument.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】3、問(wèn)題 : “water is h20, and salt is nacl” is anargument.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】4、問(wèn)題 :every argument has more than one premise.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】

2、5 、問(wèn)題 :all conclusions are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】6 、問(wèn)題 :the purpose of an argument is to present some kind of reason for its conclusion.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】7 、問(wèn)題 :you can give the meaning of a word by specifying what it refers to.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】8 、問(wèn)題 :

3、a justification tries to present a reason to believe its conclusion.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】9 、問(wèn)題 :when an argument is used for persuasion, its purpose is to cause its audience to believe its conclusion.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】10 、問(wèn)題 :a spoken argument is better when it is spoken more loudly.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】1

4、1 、問(wèn)題 conclusion e:an argument can succeed in justifying its ven if its audience rejectsthe argumentspremises.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】12 、問(wèn)題 :the goal of an argument is to beat an opponent.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】13、問(wèn)題 :language is completely arbitrary.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】14 、問(wèn)題 :an explanation answers a question

5、 about why something hened.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】15 、問(wèn)題 :to persuade someone, you need to justify a conclusion.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】16 、問(wèn)題 :all arguments are made up of (or expressed in) language of some kind.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】17 、問(wèn)題 :you can give the meaning of a word by describing how it is used.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b

6、: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】18 、問(wèn)題 :when an argument is used for explanation, its purpose is to give a reason to believe that its conclusion is true.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】19 、問(wèn)題 :an argument that is spoken is no good if it is not spoken loudly enough.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】20、問(wèn)題 :every conclusion contradicts what theaudience

7、believes.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】21 、問(wèn)題 :to justify a conclusion, you need to persuade someone.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】22 、問(wèn)題 :all arguments are used either to justify or to explain their conclusions.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】23、問(wèn)題 :language is arbitrary in some respects.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】第二章單元測(cè)試1 、問(wèn)題 :an assuring term

8、 is reflexive when it refers to the mental state of the speaker.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【對(duì)】2、問(wèn)題 :the word“since ” is always a premise marker.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【錯(cuò)】3 、問(wèn)題 :evaluative utterances are used only to express emotions or prescribe actions.選項(xiàng)：a: 對(duì)b: 錯(cuò)答案 :【 】4、 : a(n)_ term is used to indicate a responseto

9、 a possible objection. ：a:a = assuring termb:g = guarding termc:d = discounting termd:e = evaluative term答案 :【 d = discounting term】5、 :a(n)term is used to indicate that thespeaker has reasons for what he sayswithout actuallygiving those reasons. ：a:a = assuring termb:g = guarding termc:d = discount

10、ing termd:e = evaluative term答案 :【 a = assuring term】6 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. more than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as thebest. from steven jay gould:“the pand

11、as thumb” themessage is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components ofordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for verydifferentfunctions. if god had designed a beautifulmachine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he wouldnot have used a collecti

12、on of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved fromordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme ofthis trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrate

13、evolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. however, ideal design isa lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and funny solutions ar

14、e the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce.選項(xiàng)：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:f. e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negati

15、ve evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 d = a discounting term】7 、 :inthis part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrasethat is in boldface in the following passage. more than one lettermight be acceptable, but you must choose only one optionas the best.from steven jay go

16、uld:“the pandasthumb” the message is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacture their intricate devicesfrom the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very differentfunctions. if god had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not hav

17、e used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set ofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: our textb

18、ooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfectmimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonousspecies by a palatable relative. however, ideal design isa lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and

19、 funny solutions are the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive evaluative ter

20、mg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 g = a guarding term】8 、 :inthis part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrasethat is in boldface in the following passage. more than one lettermight be acceptable, but you must choose only one optionas the best.from s

21、teven jay gould:“the pandasthumb” the message is paradoxical but profound.orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very differentfunctions. if god had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he w

22、ould not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.orchids were not made by an ideal engineer; they are juryrigged from a limited set ofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved from ordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme ofthis trilogy of essays

23、: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfectmimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonousspecies by a palatable relative. however, ideal design isa lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarran

24、gements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive eva

25、luative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 e+ = a positive evaluative term】9 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. more than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only on

26、e option as thebest. from steven jay gould: “the pandas thumb” the message is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacturetheir intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very differentfunctions. if god had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his

27、wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved fromordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme

28、 ofthis trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonousspecies by a palatable relative. however, ideal design isa lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an

29、omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce.選項(xiàng)：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounti

30、ng termf:e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 a = an assuring term】10 、問(wèn)題 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. more than one letter might be acceptable, but you

31、 must choose only one option as thebest. from steven jay gould: “the pandas thumb” message is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacture their intricate devices from the common components oftheordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for very differentfunctions. if god had designed a beautifulmachi

32、ne to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he wouldnot have used a collection of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved fromordinary flowers.thus the paradox and

33、 the common theme ofthis trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfectmimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. however, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics the postul

34、ated action of an omnipotent creator.odd arrangements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolution paths that a sensiblegod would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding

35、terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n= none of the above答案 :【 e+ = a positive evaluative term】11 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. more than one letter

36、 might beacceptable, but you must choose only one option as thebest. from steven jay gould:“the pandas thumb” themessage is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacturetheir intricate devices from the common components ofordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for verydifferentfunctions. if god had

37、designed a beautifulmachine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he wouldnot have used a collection of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved fromordinary flo

38、wers.thus the paradox and the common theme ofthis trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfectmimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. however, ideal design is a lousy argument for evolution,

39、 for it mimics the postulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolution paths that a sensiblegod would never tread but that a natural process, constrained by history, follows perforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion markerc:a = an assuri

40、ng termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 c = a conclusion marker】12 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in the following passage. mor

41、e than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as thebest. from ste ven jay gould: “the pandas thumb” the message is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacturetheir intricate devices from the common components ofordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for verydifferentf

42、unctions. if god had designed a beautifulmachine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he wouldnot have used a collection of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evo

43、lved fromordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme ofthis trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal designnearly perfectmimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonous species by a palatable relative. however, ideal design isa lousy arg

44、ument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c = a conclusion marke

45、rc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 g = a guarding term】13 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldface in thefollowing p

46、assage. more than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as thebest. from steven jay gould: “the pandas thumb” the message is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacturetheir intricate devices from the common components of ordinary flowers, parts usually fitted for ver

47、y differentfunctions. if god had designed a beautiful machine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he would not have used a collection of parts generally fashioned for other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, the

48、y must have evolved from ordinary flowers.thus the paradox and the common theme of this trilogy of essays: our textbooks like toillustrateevolution with examples of optimal design nearly perfect mimicry of a dead leaf by a butterfly or of a poisonousspecies by a palatable relative. however, ideal de

49、sign isa lousy argument for evolution, for it mimics thepostulated action of an omnipotent creator.oddarrangements and funny solutions are the proof ofevolutionpaths that a sensiblegod would never tread butthat a natural process, constrained by history, followsperforce. ：a:p = a premise markerb:c =

50、a conclusion markerc:a = an assuring termd:g = a guarding terme:d = a discounting termf:e+ = a positive evaluative termg:e = a negative evaluative termh:n = none of the above答案 :【 n = none of the above】14 、 :in this part of the quiz, indicate the main function of the term or phrase that is in boldfa

51、ce in thefollowing passage. more than one letter might be acceptable, but you must choose only one option as thebest. from steven jay gould:“the pandas thumb” themessage is paradoxical but profound. orchids manufacturetheir intricate devices from the common components ofordinary flowers, parts usual

52、ly fitted for verydifferentfunctions. if god had designed a beautifulmachine to reflect his wisdom and power, surely he wouldnot have used a collection of parts generally fashionedfor other purposes.orchids were not made by an idealengineer; they are juryrigged from a limited setofavailable components. thus, they must have evolved