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第四部分 閱讀理解 第一篇 Telling Tales about People One of the most common types of nonfiction, and one that many people enjoy reading, is stories about peoples lives. These stories fall into three general categories: autobiography, memoir, and biography. An autobiography is the story of a persons life written by himself or herself. Often it begins with the persons earliest recollections and ends in the present. Autobiography writers may not be entirely objective in the way they present themselves. However, they offer the reader a good look at the way they are and what makes them that way. People as diverse as Benjarmin Franklin and Helen Keller have written autobiographies. 1Other writers, such as James Joyce， have written thinly fictionalized accounts of their lives. These are not autobiographies， but they are very close to it. Memoirs, strictly speaking, are autobiographical accounts that focus as much on the events of the times as on the life of the author. 2Memoir writers typically use these events as backdrops for their lives. They describe them in detail and discuss their importance. Recently， though， the term memoir seems to be becoming interchangeab1e with autobiography. A memoir nowadays may or may not deal with the outside world. Biographies are factual accounts of someone elses life. In many senses， these may be the hardest of the three types to write. Autobiography writers know the events they write about because they lived them. But biography writers have to gather information from as many different sources as possible. Then they have to decide which facts to include. Their goal is to present a balanced picture of a person， not one that is overly positive or too critical. A fair well-presented biography may take years to research and write. 練習： 1. This passage is mostly about _. A. the characteristics of autobiographies， memoirs， and biographies B. famous autobiographies C. why biography can be difficult to write D. differences between autobiographies and memoirs 2. Helen Keller wrote_. A. a memoir B. an autobiography C. a work of fiction D. a biography 3. Autobiography writers are not always objective because they_. A. feel they have to make up details to make their books sell B. constantly compete with biography writers C. want to present themselves in a good light D. have trouble remembering the good times 4. The writer introduces each category in the passage by_. A. defining it B. giving an example C. explaining why it is hard to write D. telling when people first began writing it 5. Diverse means_. A. able to swim in deep water B. similar or alike C. varied or different D. enjoying poetry 譯文：第一篇 講述關于人們的故事 最普遍的非小說類文學作品類型之一就是一些描述人們生活的故事，并且很多人喜歡閱讀這 類作品。這些故事大致分為 三類：自傳、回憶錄和傳記。 自傳是作者記錄自己故事的文章。通常自傳會、以作者最早期的回憶開始并以對現(xiàn)在情況的總 結(jié)作為結(jié)束。自傳的作者也許不會完全客觀地介紹自己。然而，他們給讀者提供了一個途徑來了 解自己比較好的行事風格和為何成就這樣的 &己。就像本杰明 ?富蘭克林和海倫 ?凱勒一樣，各 種各樣的人們已經(jīng)寫了自傳。其他的作者就像詹姆斯 ?喬伊斯一樣僅僅寫了關于自己生活的虛構(gòu) 小說。這些不是自傳，但是它們和自傳非常相近。 嚴格意義上來講，回憶錄是既注重作者本身的生活經(jīng)歷，也注重其所處的時代所發(fā)生的事件 的自傳 性的描述?；貞涗涀髡咄ǔ０堰@些事件作為他們生活的背景。他們詳細地描述這些事件并 論述這些事件的重要性。雖然近些年，回憶錄這個詞似乎開始變得可以和自傳互換，但是目前回 憶錄也許還沒有因外界評論而有所改變。 傳記事實上是記錄（作者以外 ).其他人的生活。在很多方面，傳記也許是這三種非小說類文 學作品中最難寫的了。自傳作者知悉他們所寫的事件因為他們就生活在其中。但是傳記作者不得 不盡量從很多不同的渠道來收集信息。然后他們不得不決定包含哪種事實。他們的目標是用比較 全面的圖片來介紹一個人物，并不是過于蘿極也不是過于批 判。一個公正并詳盡的傳記也許要花 費許多年來研究并進行書寫。 第二篇 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference Putting a bunch of college students in charge of a $300,000 Dance Marathon, fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky1.When you consider the fact that the money is supposed to be given to children in need of medical care, you might call the idea crazy. Most student leaders dont want to spend a large amount of time on something they care little about, said 22-year-old University of Florida student Darren Heitner. He was the Dance Marathons operations officer for two years. Yvonne Fangmeyer, director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin, conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations2. She said the desire for friendship was the most frequently cited reason for joining. At large universities like Fangmeyers, which has more than 40,000 students, the students first of all want to find a way to belong in their own corner of campus. Katie Rowley, a Wisconsin senior, confirms the surveys findings.I wanted to make the campus feel smaller by joining an organization where I could not only get involved on campus butalso find a group of friends. All of this talk of friendship, however, does not mean that students arent thinking about their resumes. I think that a lot of people do join to fatten up their resume, said Heitner.At the beginning of my college career, I joined a few of these organizations, hoping to get a start in my leadership roles. But without passion student leaders can have a difficult time trying to weather the storms that come. For example, in April, several student organizations at Wisconsin teamed up3 for an event designed to educate students about homelessness and poverty. Student leaders had to face the problem of solving disagreements, moving the event because of rainy weather, and dealing with the universitys complicated bureaucracy. Outside-of the classroom learning really makes a big difference, Fangmeyer said. 1. An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of $300,000 is risky because most student leaders_. A) are lazy B) are stupid C) are not rich enough D) will not take an interest in it 2.Atherican students join campus organizations mostly for_. A) making a difference B) gaining experience C) building friendship D) improving their resumes 3.Who is Katie Rowley? _. A) Shes a senior professor B) Shes a senior student C) Shes a senior official D) Shes a senior citizen 4.What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end? _. A) Passion. B) Money. C) Power. D) Fame. 5.The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by_. A) invent B) rewrite C) polish D) complete 譯文：課外學習帶來很大不同 讓一群大學生去負責募集 30萬美元的馬拉松式的跳舞活動，這種募捐聽起來肯定有點兒冒險。當你知道這筆募捐款是提供給需要醫(yī)療護理的兒童，你可能會覺得這個想法很瘋狂。 佛羅里達大學一個 22歲的學生 Darren Heitner 說大多學生領導者不想在他們不太關 注的事情上花太多時間。他任馬拉松式跳舞經(jīng)營部經(jīng)理兩年了。 Yvornne Fangmeyer 是威斯康星大學學生組織辦公室主任，在二月組織了一次學生參加校園組織的調(diào)查。她說增進友誼是大家提到最多的參加校園組織的原因。 像 Fangmeyer 的大學那樣規(guī)模很大的學校，有 4萬多學生，學生首先想要找到屬于們的校園一角。 威斯康星大四的學生 Katie Rowley 肯定了調(diào)查結(jié)果。 我加入校園組織希望讓校園感覺上變得小一些，這樣不僅可以投入到校園生活中還可以交到很多朋友 。 這些關于友誼的看法并不意味著學 生不考慮他們的經(jīng)歷。 Heitner 說： 我認為很多人加入校園組織來豐富經(jīng)歷，剛上大學的時候，我加入了一些校園組織，希望培養(yǎng)自己的領導能力。 但是如果沒有熱情，學生領導者很難經(jīng)受風雨考驗。例如，在四月份，威斯康星大學幾個學生組織展開了一項活動，向?qū)W生講述無家可歸和貧困。學生領導必須面對一些問題，比如解決爭論，受雨天影響而更改活動日期，同學校復雜的機構(gòu)打交道。 Fangmeyer 說： 課外的這種學習確實帶來很大不同。 第三篇 Shark Attack! Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave， when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. I could have touched its eye with my elbow, says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadnt heard a thing. In his horror and confusion， he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the sharks teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers， the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below. Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows， they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten. The most common explanation is that great whites dont see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this， however. Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well. Also， when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high fat meal. They spit us out because were too bony, says Aidan Martin， director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research. Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. Its possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gather information. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people， they are likely just trying to learn what they are. 練習： 1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark_. A) bit his surfboard B) bit his fingers C) swam away D) attacked him 2. It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites_. A) often let humans escape B) kill humans C) have so many teeth D) grow to six meters or more 3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4? A) create. B) are. C) increase. D) depend upon. 4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means_. A) peoples B) great whites C) sea lions D) seals 5.What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph? A) Great whites eat low-fat, bony meals more slowly. B) Great whites see well enough to include seals, sea lions, and humans in their diet. C) We now know great whites dont mistake humans for other animals. D) There is reason to doubt that great whites see well enough to attack humans. 參考譯文第三篇小心鯊魚！ 克雷格 ?羅杰斯正坐在他的沖浪板上估算著下一波浪離他還有多遠，就在這時沖浪板不動了。他低頭向水下看，驚悚的一幕出現(xiàn)了：一條大白鯊正在撕咬沖浪板的前端。 我的肘部可能都已經(jīng)碰到了它的眼睛 ，克雷格談道。原來，這條鯊魚悄悄地浮上了水面，完全沒讓克雷格聽到。 克雷格驚慌害怕，手足無措，但是偶然之間他被鯊魚咬掉了兩支手指，然后隨著滑板翻了個個兒，他也掉進水里。就在那時，處于水中的克雷格兩支手指鮮血直流，但這條五米 長的鯊魚卻徑直游開，消失在深海之中。 雖然鯊魚常被認為是瘋狂殺人的獵手，但事實上這是不準確的。鯊魚很少獵殺人類。比起被鯊魚殺死，人類更有可能被閃電擊中或是淹死在浴缸中。在上個世紀，有報道的只有 74人命喪鯊魚之口。然而大白鯊可以長封 6米長、 2200公斤重或是更重。 3000顆牙齒排成數(shù)排長在鯊魚那可怕的血盆大口中，它們可以輕易殺死并吃掉無助的落水者。但為什么大多數(shù)人受到大白鯊攻擊之后都能鯊口逃生呢？鯊魚研究者們正在努力尋找使得人類鯊口脫險的原因。 最常用的解釋是說大白鯊的視力不好。人們認為大白鯊會把人類 錯當成是海豹或是海獅，后兩者是鯊魚的主要食物來源。但是人類又找到了理由來質(zhì)疑這一論斷。最近的研究信息表明大白鯊視力不錯。并且當大白鯊在攻擊海豹時，它們會迅速竄上海面，用力撕咬。但當大白鯊在攻擊人類時，它們在大多數(shù)情況下會慢慢浮上海面，撕咬的力度也輕得多。它們很快就會發(fā)現(xiàn)人類的肉不夠肥。 它們把我們吐出來是因為我們太瘦了 ，艾丹 ?馬丁說道，他是鯊魚研究暗礁搜索中心的領頭人。 諸如馬丁這樣的鯊魚研究者們提出了這樣一種假設：大白鯊實際上是一種好奇心很重的動物，它們喜歡探索新鮮事物。有可能它們撕咬物體不僅僅是為 了獵殺和吃掉，也是為了搜集信息。雖然這種經(jīng)歷對于像克雷格 羅杰斯這些人來說很不幸，但是當鯊魚在撕咬沖浪板，或是別的物體，甚至是人類時，很可能它們只是在盡量了解那到底是個什么東西。 第四篇 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving Four weeks ago US children dressed as monsters and asked for sweets. That was Halloween2.In a few weeks American houses will, be red and green and filled with presents ,for Christmas3. As if all this isnt enough, on Thursday this week, America will enjoy another festival 一 Thanksgiving. Children will have two days off school, shops will close and houses will be filled with families enjoying mountains of food. Every year, in Gainesville, Florida, an entire class celebrate Thanksgiving together. The class dresses up and puts on plays for their families. After the plays the families share a feast of traditional Thanksgiving foods like turkey and pumpkin pie. Dean Foster, an 11-year-old boy will take part in this celebration. He said:I love Thanksgiving because it means time off school, lots of nice food and a happy family. His brother Ben, nine, said:The best thing about Thanksgiving ,is that when it is finished ,it is time to start Christmas. But behind the food and the large amount of money spent there is another message. On Thursday evening, Dean and Bens family will make a basket and put it on the table as they eat their evening meal. Each of them will write a list of things that they are thankful for and place the paper in the basket. The family will read the pieces of paper and take time to thank God and each other for providing them with comfortable and happy lives. Thanksgiving is a traditional festival that started in 1621, when the first pilgrims arrived in America to start a new life. After a hard year, they had a big autumn harvest. They held a feast and invited the native American Indians along to thank God for giving them enough food. Many countries celebrate Thanksgiving. They often fall after the fields have been harvested and the crops collected for winter. 練習： 1.On Halloween, children in the United States often dress up as_. A) ghosts B) players C) pilgrims D) visitors 2.When are turkey and pumpkin pie eaten? _. A) On Halloween. B) On Thursday. C) On Thanksgiving. D) On Christmas Day. 3.Thanksgiving is the time for the American people to thank God for_. A) looking after them B) providing them with comfortable and happy lives C) clothing them D) protecting them 4.Many children in the United States like Thanksgiving because_. A) they can stay with their parents at home and eat a lot of nice food B) they can dress up like monsters C) they can put on plays D) they can visit American Indians 5.The first pilgrims settled in America in_. A) 1621 B) 1620 C) 1622 D) 1619 譯文：火雞盛宴和感恩節(jié)的祝福 四周前美國的孩子打扮成魔鬼，四處要糖吃。這就是萬圣節(jié) 。 幾周之后就是圣誕節(jié)，美國的房子都會染成紅色和綠色，里面充滿了禮物。 似乎這一切還不夠，這周的星期二，美國人還會慶祝另外一個節(jié)日 感恩節(jié)。 孩子們有兩天不上課，商店歇業(yè)，房子里面家人喜歡的食物堆成了山。每年在 Gainesville, 佛羅里達，整個一個班會一起慶祝感恩節(jié)。整個班會打扮起來，為家人表演劇目。劇目過后一家人分享一頓傳統(tǒng)的感恩節(jié)美食，比如火雞和南瓜餅。 Dean Foster, 一個 11 歲的男孩愿意加入這次慶祝。他說： 我喜歡感恩節(jié)，因為不用上學，有很多好吃的，還有快樂的家庭聚 會。 他 9 歲的弟弟 Ben 說，感恩節(jié)最好的地方，就是它結(jié)束時就是圣誕節(jié)開始的時候。 但是在食物和花掉的大筆的錢背后有另一層寓意。周二晚上， Dean 和 Ben 的家人會做一個籃子，吃晚飯的時候把它放在桌子上。 每個人會把他們要感謝的東西列在一張單子上，放在籃子里。一家人會讀出每一張單子上寫的內(nèi)容，花時間感謝上帝，感謝彼此給予這樣舒適幸福的生活。 感恩節(jié)是一具傳統(tǒng)節(jié)日，起源于第一批朝圣者來到美洲開始新生活的時候。艱苦的第一年后，在秋天取得了大豐收。他們舉行了盛宴，并邀請了當?shù)氐耐林〉诎踩艘黄?感謝上帝給予他們充足的食物。 很多國家慶祝感恩節(jié)，時間經(jīng)常是在莊稼成熟，收割完畢準備過冬之后。 第五篇 The Travels of Ibn Battuta I left Tangier, my birthplace, the 13th of June 1325 with the intention of making the pilgrimage to Mecca. to leave all my friends both female and male, to abandon my home as birds abandon their nests. So begins an old manuscript in a library in Paristhe travel journal of Ibn Battuta. Almost two centuries before Columbus, this young Moroccan set off for Mecca, returning home three decades later as one of historys great travelers. Driven by curiosity, he journeyed to remote comers of the Islamic world, traveling through 44 modem countries, three times as far as Marco Polo. Little celebrated in the West2, his name is well known among Arabs. In his hometown of Tangier, a square, a hotel, a cafe, a ferry boat, and even a hamburger are named after him. Ibn Battuta stayed in Mecca as a student for several years, but the urge to travel soon took over. In one adventure, he traveled to India seeking profitable employment with the Sultan of Delhi.3 On the way, he described his group being attacked in the open country by 80 men on foot, and two horsemen： we fought . killing one of their horsemen and about twelve of the foot soldiers .I was hit by an arrow and my horse by anothe r, but God in his grace preserved me . We carried the heads of the slain to the castle of Abu Bak, har . and suspended them from the wall. In Delhi, the sultan gave him the position of judge, based on his prior study at Mecca. But the sultan had an unpredictable character, and Ibn Battuta looked for an opportunity to leave. When the sultan offered to finance a trip to China, he agreed. Ibn Battuta set off in three ships, but misfortune struck while he was still on the shore. A sudden storm grounded and broke up two ships, scattering treasure and drowning many people and horses. As he watched, the third ship, with all his belongings and slaves 一 one carrying his childwas carried out to sea and never heard from again. After a lifetime of incredible adventures, Ibn Battuta was finally ordered by the Sultan of Morocco to return home to share his wisdom with the world. Fortunately, he consented and wrote a book that has been translated into numerous languages, allowing people everywhere to read about his unparalleled journeys. 練習： 1.What is the passage mainly about? A) Visitors to Mecca. B) The adventures of Ibn Battuta. C) Ibn Battutas character. D) Asian countries of the 14th century. 2.Which of the following is closest in meaning to set off for in line 5? A) left to go to. B) discussed. C) arrived at. D) decided upon. 3.The Sultan of Delhi gave Ibn Battuta a position of judge because ? . A) the sultan needed a translator. B) Ibn Battuta had been a judge before. C) Ibn Battuta had studied in Mecca. D) Ibn Battuta had traveled to many countries. 4.Which of the following would the writer of this passage most likely agree with? A) Ibn Battutas journeys were very common for people of that time. B) Ibn Battutas stories are probably not true. C) Ibn Battutas journey was less important than Marco Polos. D) Ibn Battuta should be better known in the West today. 5.Why did Ibn Battuta finally return to his home? A) He was tired of traveling. B) He didnt have any more money. C) He feared the Sultan of Delhi. D) The Sultan of Morocco asked him to return. 譯文：伊本白圖泰游記 1325年 6月 13日，我離開了家鄉(xiāng)丹吉爾，打算前往麥加朝圣。我告別了所有的朋友，如鳥兒離巢般，告別故土。 這便是伊本白圖泰游記的序言。這份舊的手稿存放在巴黎一家圖書館里。 這個年輕的摩洛哥人所處的年代比哥倫布的年代要早了幾乎兩個世紀，從他出發(fā)去麥加算起， 30年之后伊本白圖泰才回到故鄉(xiāng)，那時的他已經(jīng)晉升到歷史上偉大旅行家的行列。出于好奇，他游歷了伊斯蘭世界的各個角落，足跡遍布了 44座現(xiàn)代城市，總行程是馬可波羅的 3倍。雖然在西方社會不怎么有名，伊本 白圖泰在阿拉伯國家卻家喻戶曉。在伊本白圖泰的故鄉(xiāng)丹吉爾，有以他命名的廣場、旅店、咖啡館、渡船，甚至漢堡。 伊本白圖泰以學生的身份在麥加待了幾年，但對于游歷的渴望很快又讓他重新出發(fā)。有一次他來到印度，在德里的蘇丹王那里謀到了一份收入頗豐的工作。他寫到，在去德里的路上，他的隊伍在野外被 80名步兵和 2位馬夫攻擊： 我們進行了殊死搏斗 殺死他們的一位馬夫和差不多 12名步兵 我和馬都中了箭，但是多謝真主的恩賜，最后我活了下來 我們背著亡者的頭顱前往阿布巴卡爾的城堡 并把這些頭顱掛在城墻上。 因為有在麥加 的學習經(jīng)歷，德里的蘇丹王給伊本白圖