非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(助教).doc

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞定義：在英語(yǔ)中，不是用于句子謂語(yǔ)而是用于擔(dān)任其他語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，也稱作動(dòng)詞的非限定形式。不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制；但具有動(dòng)詞的某些特征，不僅可以接賓語(yǔ)， 而且還有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化。 此外它在句子中可以用作其他句子成分如可以做主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)。通常包括三種即：不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）。一、 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別： 1) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)。 He teaches us English. 他教我們英語(yǔ)。（teaches 動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)） Mr. Victor came to our classroom to have a talk with us last week. 維克托先生上周來(lái)到了我們教室和我們談話。 （to have a talk. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)） 2) 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制，而非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式?jīng)]有這種限制。 Larke likes the pop music. 拉克喜歡流行音樂(lè)。 （動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式） Larke has nothing to do today. 拉克今天沒(méi)什么事要做。（do 用原形） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特征： 1 如果非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞，后面須跟賓語(yǔ)。 Studying English is my favorite. 學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)是我的愛(ài)好。（studying 后跟賓語(yǔ)） To help him is my duty. 幫助他是我的責(zé)任。（help 后跟賓語(yǔ)） 2 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以帶有自己的狀語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)。 Working under such a condition is terrible. 在這樣的環(huán)境下工作太可怕了。(under such a condition 是 working 的狀語(yǔ)) Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time. 他在這么短的時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握英語(yǔ)太難了。（for him 作不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)） 3 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍有語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)的變化。 I am sorry to have kept you waiting long. 對(duì)不起讓你久等了。（to have kept.是不定式的完成形式） Seen from the mountain, the city looks much more beautiful. 從山上看，這座城市美麗多了。（Seen from.是分詞的被動(dòng)形式） 4 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中可以當(dāng)成名詞或者形容詞來(lái)使用。 Our coming made him happy. 我們的到來(lái)使他很高興。（coming 起名詞作用） There are two big swimming pools here. 這兒有兩個(gè)大型游泳池。(swimming 起形容詞作用)二、 三者的核心含義和區(qū)別如下：動(dòng)詞不定式 to + V 一般用來(lái)表示目的或結(jié)果，或者某個(gè)具體的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞V-ing一般用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)概念和進(jìn)行意義。 過(guò)去分詞 V-ed 一般用來(lái)表示動(dòng)作的被動(dòng)概念和完成意義。三、（一） 關(guān)于動(dòng)詞不定式 1.構(gòu)成與形式不定式由不定式符號(hào)“to”動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成（有時(shí)不帶to）。前面可以加某些疑問(wèn)代詞，如what、who、which，或疑問(wèn)副詞，如when、where、how、why等，構(gòu)成特殊的不定式短語(yǔ)，如what to do next, how to get there等。不定式的形式有：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing1. 不定式的一般式(to do)表示不定式的.動(dòng)作將要發(fā)生或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生. 2 不定式的進(jìn)行體(to be doing)表示不定式的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生. 不定式的完成體(to have done)表示不定式的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生. 2.用法不定式不能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，沒(méi)有人稱和數(shù)的變化，具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，而且還保留著動(dòng)詞的特征，因而可以有狀語(yǔ)修飾，如果是及物動(dòng)詞，還可以帶賓語(yǔ)，從而構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. 作主語(yǔ)To make a plan for our future is important.How to get enough capital is still a question.It is difficult to make a decision without knowing all the facts.2. 作表語(yǔ)The important thing is to save lives.3. 作賓語(yǔ)I like to go for a walk in the warm sunshine.常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：agree, want, like, ask, wish, hate, hope, decide, fail, intend, manage, promise, forget, plan, need, mean, pretend, choose, remember, care, continue, require 等。4. 作定語(yǔ)He was always the first to come and the last to leave.5. 作狀語(yǔ)She decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.6. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)It is reported to be true.7. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)They didnt allow her to park the car in this street.有一些動(dòng)詞后用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的不定式通常不帶to。這種動(dòng)詞有兩類：一類是感官動(dòng)詞，如 feel, see, hear, watch, notice等；另一類是使役動(dòng)詞，如make, let, have等。如：Did you notice him leave the house?They made the boy go to bed early.3.時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 完成式I am sorry to have kept you waiting.To have known her is an honor.2. 進(jìn)行式They seem to be getting along quite well.He pretended to be listening attentively.3. 完成進(jìn)行式John is said to have been studying for a whole morning.4. 被動(dòng)式He was very pleased to have been given such an opportunity.3.主要考點(diǎn)：考點(diǎn)一：直接接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。這一類動(dòng)詞往往表示請(qǐng)求、要求、選擇、決定、打算、企圖等eg: I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes. 我對(duì)花那么多錢買衣服猶豫不決?？键c(diǎn)二：在以下情況下常使用不帶（或省略）to的動(dòng)詞不定式：感官動(dòng)詞后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceiveeg: I saw a man enter the shop.個(gè)別表示使役意義的動(dòng)詞，如：have, let, make， eg:The teacher has us write a composition every week. 一些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，had better, would ratherthan，would soonerthan，rather than, may well do，may as well do (還是好了)，can not but，can not help but等句型，Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.We might as well put up here for tonight. 在do (did, does, done) nothing (anything, everything )but (except) do 句型中。I can do nothing but follow your advice.如果but或except之前沒(méi)有do，help, 其后的to 不能省略。There is no choice but to wait and see.由 all, what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句或者主語(yǔ)被only, first, one, least 或形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)，而且從句中含有do時(shí)，其表語(yǔ)如果是動(dòng)詞不定式，則往往省去to。What I have to do is take a rest.The only thing I could do was do it myself. 由并列連詞and，except, but, than, or 連接兩個(gè)以上的具有相同意義或功能的不定式時(shí)，第二個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.注意：但是如果兩個(gè)不定式表示對(duì)照或?qū)Ρ葧r(shí)，則不能省略to.To be or not to be, that is a question. 是生存還是死亡，這是一個(gè)問(wèn)題?？键c(diǎn)三：有些動(dòng)詞后一般跟帶“疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式”作賓語(yǔ)，如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。I wonder who to invite. 我不知請(qǐng)誰(shuí)。Ask my brother where to put the car. 問(wèn)一下我哥車停在哪兒。動(dòng)名詞I. 構(gòu)成與形式動(dòng)名詞形式與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，即由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞的形式有：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been doneII. 用法動(dòng)名詞，顧名思義，既有動(dòng)詞也有名詞的某些特征?？蓭в凶约旱馁e語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)。1. 作主語(yǔ)Smoking is not good for your health.2. 作賓語(yǔ)For many years, he has never stopped reading English.常用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有：stop, mind, enjoy, finish, avoid, deny, miss, escape, consider, admit, risk, complete, cant help, give up, leave off, put off, keep on等3. 作表語(yǔ)What he likes is playing chess after supper.4. 作定語(yǔ)He may be in the reading room, for all I know.The turning speed of the new machine is much higher than that of the old one.比較：動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)有所不同：動(dòng)名詞和它所修飾的名詞沒(méi)有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它多表示被修飾的名詞的功能、用途；而現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，它與所修飾的名詞在邏輯上有主謂關(guān)系，前者是后者發(fā)出的動(dòng)作。如：動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping-car臥車sleeping child酣睡的孩子working method工作方法working people勞動(dòng)人民singing practice歌詠練習(xí)singing girl歌女III. 時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 完成式He regretted having shot the bird.I apologize for not having kept my promise.2. 被動(dòng)式She didnt mind being left alone at home.3. 完成被動(dòng)式After having been interviewed, he was offered the job.考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)一：直接接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。We have to postpone sending our answer to the request. 我們不得不暫緩寄出對(duì)申請(qǐng)書的答復(fù)。注意：上述動(dòng)詞中 allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend 在有人作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，則后接不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：Allow somebody to do something.I recommended going by subway. 我建議坐地鐵去。The doctor recommended me to take a few days rest. 醫(yī)生勸我休息幾天?？键c(diǎn)二：下列短語(yǔ)中to 為介詞，后面只能接動(dòng)名詞或名詞。 No woman could succeed to the throne. 婦女不能繼承王位。I am looking forward to seeing you again. 我盼著再見(jiàn)到你?？键c(diǎn)三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth 等詞后面接動(dòng)名詞形式表示被動(dòng)的意思，即用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。如果接不定式，必須用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。My shoes want mending / to be mended.This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.That novel is well worth reading.考點(diǎn)四：在下列it 作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)的句型中， 用動(dòng)名詞作邏輯主語(yǔ)或邏輯賓語(yǔ)。It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名詞） + doing sth. It is good ( nice, interesting, useless等形容詞) + doing sth.;There is no point ( use, sense, good等名詞) + doing sth.Its no use crying over spilt milk. 后悔沒(méi)有用。Its simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.There is no point in my going out to do that. 現(xiàn)在讓我出去做那件事沒(méi)有用。I find it no good advising him to go with us. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)建議他和我們一起去美什么好處。考點(diǎn)五：在“have difficulty ( trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time )(in) doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中，后接動(dòng)名詞； 但注意 take the trouble to do sth. , have no time to do sth. 后接不定式.The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.考點(diǎn)六：下列動(dòng)詞既可接不定式，也可接動(dòng)名詞，但表示的意義不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未發(fā)生；而動(dòng)名詞則表示事情已經(jīng)發(fā)生于這些動(dòng)詞之前。這些動(dòng)詞有：remember to do sth. 記得將要去做某事remember doing sth. 記得已經(jīng)做過(guò)某事Please remember to take the medicine. （還沒(méi)吃）I remember taking the medicine. （已經(jīng)吃過(guò)）forget to do sth. 忘記了該做的事情forget doing sth. 忘記了已經(jīng)做過(guò)了的事情I forgot to mail the letter. ( 沒(méi)有發(fā)信)I forgot mailing the letter. ( 忘記曾經(jīng)發(fā)過(guò)信)stop to do sth. 停止手中的事去做另一件事stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情We stopped to have a rest.I really must stop smoking.go on to do sth. 繼續(xù)做另一件事情go on doing sth. 繼續(xù)作正在做的事try to do sth. 努力，試圖去做某事try doing sth. 嘗試，試著做某事mean to do sth. 打算做某事mean doing sth. 意味著做某事I dont mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.regret to do sth. 對(duì)某事感到遺憾regret doing sth. 后悔做過(guò)某事I regret to tell you that you failed the test.I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.分詞I. 構(gòu)成與形式分詞有兩種形式，即現(xiàn)在分詞（present participle）和過(guò)去分詞（past participle）。除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外，現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ing構(gòu)成；過(guò)去分詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾-ed構(gòu)成。現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)和完成(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成)。分詞可以有自己的狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或邏輯主語(yǔ)等。 如：burning forest燃燒著的森林（主動(dòng)，即森林自己在燃燒）burned skin燒傷了的皮膚（被動(dòng)，即皮膚被火燒傷）developing countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家（這些國(guó)家正在發(fā)展）developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家（這些國(guó)家已經(jīng)得到了發(fā)展）現(xiàn)在分詞的形式有：主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done過(guò)去分詞因?yàn)楸旧砭捅硎颈粍?dòng)與完成的意義，所以只有一種形式done。II. 用法分詞主要起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 1. 作定語(yǔ)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，單個(gè)的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語(yǔ)一般置于所修飾的中心詞后面?，F(xiàn)在分詞修飾的是發(fā)出該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞有主謂關(guān)系)，過(guò)去分詞修飾承受該動(dòng)作的名詞(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)。 This is really an exhausting day to all of us! Tell the boy playing there not to make so much noise.We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight. 2. 作表語(yǔ) 分詞作表語(yǔ)分詞作表語(yǔ)通?？醋餍稳菰~來(lái)用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)，而且主語(yǔ)多為物；過(guò)去分詞表示主語(yǔ)的感受或狀態(tài)，主語(yǔ)多為人。The story of his life sounds interesting.He appeared interested in our performance.3. 作狀語(yǔ)：分詞作狀語(yǔ)分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，可以表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、結(jié)果、讓步、伴隨等。 分詞在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，使用何種分詞，要取決于分詞與句子主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系：主謂關(guān)系用現(xiàn)在分詞，動(dòng)賓或被動(dòng)關(guān)系用過(guò)去分詞。 （1）現(xiàn)在分詞The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking. （2）過(guò)去分詞Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station. Given better attention, the plants could grow better. 2、while ( when, once, until, if , though等連詞)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，有時(shí)可以在分詞前加while，when, once, although, until, if等連詞。 When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us. While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with my sister about her work Once recovered, he threw himself into his work and made every effort to do it well. Although working very hard, he failed to pass the final exam. If translated word by word, the passage will be difficult to understand.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Given better attention, the trees could grow better.4. 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)The machine will be kept running for two days.Our views have to be made known to them all.5. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)I heard someone knocking at the door.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.比較：see, feel, hear, watch, notice等動(dòng)詞后既可以接不帶to的不定式也可以接現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但二者在意義上是不同的?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行，即非全過(guò)程；不定式表示動(dòng)作的完成，即全過(guò)程。如：She saw the man getting on the truck.(正在往車上爬)She saw the man get on the truck and drive off.(已經(jīng)爬上了車)III. 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語(yǔ)態(tài)1. 完成式Having done his homework, the boy began to watch TV.Not having met him, I cant tell you what he is like.2. 被動(dòng)式The house being built is a big project.Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.3. 完成被動(dòng)式Having been given such a good chance, how could she give it up?注意:區(qū)別一、不定式和動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 (1)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)通常表示抽象動(dòng)作；而不定式作主語(yǔ)表示具體動(dòng)作。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here這里禁止抽煙。(抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽這么多煙對(duì)你身體很不好。(具體) (2)動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用以表示一件已知的事或經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 不定式短語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)表示一件未完成的事或目的。 Climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。(經(jīng)驗(yàn)) (3）不定式做主語(yǔ)，一般用it當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)，把作主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。 It took me only five minutes to finish the job. 二、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別 (1)不定式作表語(yǔ) 1)不定式作表語(yǔ)一般表示具體動(dòng)作，特別是表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。 What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建議是立刻開(kāi)始干。 2）如果主語(yǔ)是不定式（表示條件），表語(yǔ)也是不定式（表示結(jié)果）。 To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。 To work means to earn a living工作就是為了生活。 3)如果主語(yǔ)是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等為中心的名詞，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式作表語(yǔ)是對(duì)主語(yǔ)起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)買一輛豪華轎車。 The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant (2)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)：動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)，表示抽象的一般性的行為。 Our work is serving the people我們的工作是為人民服務(wù)。 His hobby is collecting stamps他的愛(ài)好是集郵。 (注)動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)與進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)中的現(xiàn)在分詞形式相同，但其所屬結(jié)構(gòu)迥異，進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的。動(dòng)名詞做表語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或情況。 His victory in the final was no more convincing than I had expected (3)分詞作表語(yǔ) 分詞做表語(yǔ)有兩種情況，一種是現(xiàn)在分詞做表語(yǔ)，一種是過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)，一般來(lái)說(shuō)，表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞如excite， interest等都是及物動(dòng)詞，漢語(yǔ)意思不是“激動(dòng)”，“高興”，而是“使激動(dòng)”、“使高興”，因而現(xiàn)在分詞應(yīng)該是“令人激動(dòng)的”、“令人高興的”，過(guò)去分詞則是“感到激動(dòng)的”和“感到高興的”。所以，凡表示“（物本身）令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“（人）感到”都用-ed形式。換句話說(shuō)，若人對(duì)感興趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有興趣時(shí)，就是說(shuō)sb./sth. is interesting.這類詞常見(jiàn)的有： interesting使人感到高興-interested感到高興的 exciting令人激動(dòng)的-excited感到激動(dòng)的 delighting令人高興的-delighted感到高興的 disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的 encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的 pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的 puzzling令人費(fèi)解的-puzzled感到費(fèi)解的 satisfying令人滿意的-satisfied感到滿意的 surprising令人驚異的-surprised感到驚異的 worrying令人擔(dān)心的-worried感到擔(dān)心的 Traveling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲勞。 The argument is very convincing他的論點(diǎn)很令人信服。 They were very excited at the news聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們非常激動(dòng)。在英語(yǔ)中什么叫分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞）？它們是動(dòng)詞的一種形式： 原形：通式do, 用途廣泛。 過(guò)去式：通式did, 用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。 過(guò)去分詞：通式done, 用于完成時(shí)態(tài)，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，及非謂語(yǔ)用法中。 現(xiàn)在分詞：通式doing, 用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，及非謂語(yǔ)用法中。 如： go - went - gone - going 完成時(shí)態(tài)： 主語(yǔ) + have/ has/ had + 過(guò)去分詞 如： I have finished my homework. 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 主語(yǔ) + be + 過(guò)去分詞 如： The house was built two years ago.表示過(guò)去完成時(shí)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的詞叫做過(guò)去分詞表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的詞叫做現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞主要差別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞表示“主動(dòng)和進(jìn)行”，過(guò)去分詞表示“被動(dòng)和完成”(不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞不表示被動(dòng)，只表示完成)。獨(dú)立主格:我們?cè)谥v到分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。但有時(shí)分詞短語(yǔ)帶有自己的主語(yǔ)。（它們之間存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系），這個(gè)邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般是由名詞擔(dān)任，在分詞短語(yǔ)之前，我們稱這為獨(dú)立主格。 獨(dú)立主格在句子中作狀語(yǔ)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、條件和方式、伴隨。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由一個(gè)相當(dāng)于主語(yǔ)的名詞或代詞加上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、形容詞（副）詞、或介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立成分。該結(jié)構(gòu)不是句子，也不是從句，所以它內(nèi)部的動(dòng)詞不能考慮其時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化，它與其主句之間既不能通過(guò)并列連詞連接也不能有從句引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)，常用逗號(hào)與其主句隔開(kāi)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在很多情況下可以轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的狀語(yǔ)從句或其他狀語(yǔ)形式，但很多時(shí)候不能轉(zhuǎn)化為分詞形式，因?yàn)樗鼉?nèi)部動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)不一致。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成形式 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成方式為：名詞普通格或代詞主格現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞不定式名詞形容詞副詞介詞短語(yǔ)等。使用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是因?yàn)槌霈F(xiàn)了與句子主語(yǔ)不一致的情況。 1 名詞或代詞現(xiàn)在分詞 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。如： The man lay there, his hands trembling. 那個(gè)男子躺在那兒，雙手在顫抖。 有時(shí)，現(xiàn)在分詞being或having been在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中可以省略。如： The weather (being) fine, we decided to go swimming. 天氣晴朗，我們決定去游泳。 2 名詞或代詞過(guò)去分詞 過(guò)去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作。如： The girl sat there silent, her head bent low. 這姑娘一聲不響，低著頭坐在那里。 All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours. 各方面考慮起來(lái)，她的論文比你的論文更要有價(jià)值一些。 3 名詞或代詞不定式（短語(yǔ)） 不定式表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如： He suggested going for a picnic,Mary to provide the food. 他建議去野餐，由瑪麗負(fù)責(zé)提供食物。 Time is pressing, two hours to go only. 時(shí)間緊迫，只剩兩個(gè)小時(shí)了。 4 名詞或代詞名詞（短語(yǔ)） 如： Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 許多人參加了這項(xiàng)工作，其中一些人是婦女和兒童。 5 名詞或代詞形容詞（短語(yǔ)） 形容詞（短語(yǔ)）說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì)或狀態(tài)。如： The floor wet, we had to stay outside for a while. 地面很濕，我們只好在外面呆一會(huì)兒。 6 名詞或代詞副詞 副詞也多是說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài)。如： The meeting over, we all went home. 會(huì)議結(jié)束了，我們都回家了。 7 名詞或代詞介詞短語(yǔ) 如： The teacher came in, a book in his hand. 老師進(jìn)來(lái)了，手里拿著一本書。 有時(shí)，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中名詞前面的定語(yǔ)可以省略。如： The boy lay silently on the grass, (his) eyes closed. A girl was walking in the street, (a) flower in (her) hand. 二 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的作用 1 作狀語(yǔ) 1） 表示時(shí)間 如： Her homework done (=After her homework was done),Lucy decided to go shopping. 2） 表示原因 如： There being no buses (Because there were no buses),we had to walk home. 3） 表示條件 如： Weather permitting (If weather permits), we will go to play football. 4） 表示方式或伴隨 如： He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat. 2 作同位語(yǔ) 如： There are two doors, one leading to the bedroom, the other (leading) to the kitchen. 三 獨(dú)立主格前面有時(shí)可以加上介詞with或without，構(gòu)成介詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中主要用作狀語(yǔ)，也可用作定語(yǔ)。如： He stood on the deck with his hand waving to us.（狀語(yǔ)） 他站在甲板上向我們頻頻揮手。 He went out without a hat on his head.（狀語(yǔ)） 他頭上沒(méi)戴帽子就出去了。 Do you know the girl with a bag on her back?（定語(yǔ)） 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)后背上背包的女孩嗎？ 獨(dú)立主格 （一）： 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)