OWL Web本體語言概述 推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(中英文對照)

1、owl web本體語言概述 推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)transwiki - w3china.org開放翻譯計劃（otp）譯文owl web本體語言概述 推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)/cn/owloverview.htm (/cn/owloverview.htm)原文owl overview recommendation（/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/ (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/)）說明 本文

2、檔是根據(jù)2004年2月10日發(fā)布的owl overview recommendation (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/)進行翻譯的。 本文檔的英文版 (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/)是唯一的正式版本。 雖然譯者已為翻譯之精確付出努力，不足之處仍難免存在。歡迎指正 (/cn/owloverview-edit.htm)。 譯注的內(nèi)容是非正式的，僅代表譯者個人觀點。 著作權(quán)聲明位于： http:/www.w3

3、.org/consortium/legal/copyright-documents.htmlcopyright 1998w3c (mit, inria, keio ), all rights reserved. w3c liability, trademark, document use and software licensing rules apply. 中文版的版權(quán)聲明：轉(zhuǎn)載本文，請注明譯者、原鏈接及出處為“w3china.org 開放翻譯計劃（otp）”。 譯者 劉升平 (/dispuser.asp?name=orangebench)（shen

4、gping liu）翻譯活動主席 (/wiki/index.php/activityprocess#.e7.bf.bb.e8.af.91.e6.b4.bb.e5.8a.a8.e4.b8.bb.e5.b8.ad) . 蘭煜峰 (/dispuser.asp?name=nlany)（yufeng lan） nlany 校對 劉升平 (/dispuser.asp?name=orangebench)（shengping liu） lspw3china

5、.org 蘭煜峰 (/dispuser.asp?name=nlany)（yufeng lan） nlany 徐涵 (/dispuser.asp?name=admin)（collin hsu） 。 致謝 感謝所有關(guān)注本次翻譯活動和給與幫助的朋友，并感謝由w3china.org (/)主辦的開放翻譯計劃（otp） (/)為本次翻譯計劃提供翻譯與討論平臺。 (/

6、) 目錄 顯示隱藏 1 owl web本體語言概述1.1 w3c推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2004年2月10日1.2 abstract1.3 摘要1.4 status of this document1.5 本文檔的狀態(tài)1.6 目錄1.7 1. introduction1.8 1. 引言1.8.1 1.1 document roadmap1.8.2 1.1 文檔指南1.8.3 1.2 why owl?1.8.4 1.2 為何需要owl?1.8.5 1.3 the three sublanguages of owl1.8.6 1.3 owl的三個子語言1.8.7 1.4 the structure of this

7、 document1.8.8 1.4 本文的結(jié)構(gòu)1.9 2. language synopsis1.10 2 語言概要1.10.1 2.1 owl lite synopsis1.10.2 2.1 owl lite概要1.10.3 2.2 owl dl and full synopsis1.10.4 2.2 owl dl和full概要1.11 3. language description of owl lite1.12 3. owl lite語言概要1.12.1 3.1 owl lite rdf schema features1.12.2 3.1 owl lite 的 rdf schema 特

8、性1.12.3 3.2 owl lite equality and inequality1.12.4 3.2 owl lite 的等式和不等式1.12.5 3.3 owl lite property characteristics1.12.6 3.3 owl lite 的屬性特征1.12.7 3.4 owl lite property restrictions1.12.8 3.4 owl lite的屬性約束1.12.9 3.5 owl lite restricted cardinality1.12.10 3.5 owl lite的受限基數(shù)1.12.11 3.6 owl lite class i

9、ntersection1.12.12 3.6 owl lite的類交集1.12.13 3.7 owl datatypes1.12.14 3.7 owl的數(shù)據(jù)類型1.12.15 3.8 owl lite header information1.12.16 3.8 owl lite的頭信息1.12.17 3.9 owl lite annotation properties1.12.18 3.9 owl lite的注解屬性1.12.19 3.10 owl lite versioning1.12.20 3.10 owl lite的版本1.13 4. incremental language descr

10、iption of owl dl and owl full1.14 4. owl dl和owl full的附加語言描述1.15 5. summary1.16 5. 總結(jié)1.17 references1.18 參考文獻1.19 acknowledgements1.20 致謝1.21 change log since last call release1.22 自最后呼叫（last call）發(fā)布以來的修改日志1.23 change log since candidate recommendation1.24 自候選推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（candidate recommendation）以來的修改日志1.25

11、 change log since proposed recommendation1.26 自建議推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（proposed recommendation）以來的修改日志owl web本體語言概述w3c推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)2004年2月10日當(dāng)前版本: /tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/ (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/) 最新版本: /tr/owl-features/ (/tr/owl-features

12、/) 上一版本: /tr/2003/pr-owl-features-20031215/ (/tr/2003/pr-owl-features-20031215/) 編者: deborah l. mcguinness (knowledge systems laboratory, stanford university) frank van harmelen (vrije universiteit, amsterdam) frank.van.harmelencs.vu.nl please refer to the errata for

13、this document, which may include some normative corrections.請參考本文的勘誤表,那里會有一些規(guī)范性的修正. see also translations (/2001/sw/rdfcore/translation/owl-features).也可以查看相關(guān)翻譯 (/2001/sw/rdfcore/translation/owl-features). copyright (/consortium/legal/ipr-notice#copyrig

14、ht) right; 2004 w3c (mit, ercim, keio (http:/www.keio.ac.jp/), all rights reserved. w3c liability (/consortium/legal/ipr-notice#legal_disclaimer), trademark (/consortium/legal/ipr-notice#w3c_trademarks), document use (/consortium/legal/copyright-docume

15、nts) and software licensing (/consortium/legal/copyright-software) rules apply. abstract 摘要 the owl web ontology language is designed for use by applications that need to process the content of information instead of just presenting information to humans. owl facilitates greater mach

16、ine interpretability of web content than that supported by xml, rdf, and rdf schema (rdf-s) by providing additional vocabulary along with a formal semantics. owl has three increasingly-expressive sublanguages: owl lite, owl dl, and owl full. owl web本體語言被設(shè)計用于那些處理信息的內(nèi)容、而不是僅向人類呈現(xiàn)信息的應(yīng)用。owl通過提供更多具有形式語義的詞

17、匯，使之在web內(nèi)容的機器可理解性方面要強于xml、rdf和rdf schema（rdf-s）等所能達到的程度。owl有三個表達能力遞增的子語言：owl lite， owl dl，和owl full。 this document is written for readers who want a first impression of the capabilities of owl. it provides an introduction to owl by informally describing the features of each of the sublanguages of ow

18、l. some knowledge of rdf schema (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#ref-rdf-schema) is useful for understanding this document, but not essential. after this document, interested readers may turn to the owl guide (/tr/owl-guide/) for more detailed descriptions and ext

19、ensive examples on the features of owl. the normative formal definition of owl can be found in the owl semantics and abstract syntax (/tr/owl-semantics/). 本文檔適合對owl的表達能力需要一個初步了解的讀者。本文給出了關(guān)于owl各子語言特征的非形式化描述。了解一些rdf schema (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#ref-rdf-sch

20、ema)的知識對于理解本文檔會有幫助，但這不是必需的。讀過本文檔后，感興趣的讀者可以繼續(xù)閱讀owl指南 (/tr/owl-guide/)，以了解關(guān)于更多owl特征的詳細(xì)描述和例子。owl語義和抽象語法 (/tr/owl-semantics/)有owl的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的形式化定義。status of this document 本文檔的狀態(tài) this document has been reviewed by w3c members and other interested parties, and it has been endorsed

21、by the director as a w3c recommendation (/2003/06/process-20030618/tr.html#recsw3c). w3cs role in making the recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. this enhances the functionality and interoperability of the web.本文檔已被w3c成員及其

22、他相關(guān)方面審閱，并已被w3c總監(jiān)（w3c director）批準(zhǔn)為(/2003/06/process-20030618/tr.html#recsw3c w3c推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（w3c recommendation）。w3c 制定推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的任務(wù)是使之受到關(guān)注，并促使其被廣泛應(yīng)用。這將增強web的功能性與互操作性。 this is one of six parts (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1) of the w3c recommendation for owl, the web onto

23、logy language. it has been developed by the web ontology working group (/2001/sw/webont/) as part of the w3c semantic web activity (/2001/sw/) (activity statement (/2001/sw/activity), group charter (/2001/sw/webont/charter) for publicat

24、ion on 10 february 2004. 本文檔是w3c關(guān)于web本體語言owl的推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的六個部分 (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#s1.1)之一。它已經(jīng)被web 本體工作小組 (/2001/sw/webont/) (小組章程 (/2001/sw/webont/charter) 作為w3c語義web行動 (/2001/sw/) (行動聲明 (/2001/sw/activity) 的一部

25、分于2004年2月10日發(fā)布。 the design of owl expressed in earlier versions of these documents has been widely reviewed and satisfies the working groups technical requirements (/tr/webont-req/). the working group has addressed all comments received (/archives/public/public-webo

26、nt-comments/), making changes as necessary. changes to this document since the proposed recommendation version (/tr/2003/pr-owl-features-20031215/) are detailed in the change log (/tr/owl-features/#changes-since-pr).本文檔的早期版本中所描述的關(guān)于owl的設(shè)計已被廣泛評閱，并已滿足工作小組的技術(shù)需求 (http:/www

27、./tr/webont-req/)。.工作小組充分考慮所有收到的意見 (/archives/public/public-webont-comments/)，并做了必要的修改。本文檔自從候選推薦標(biāo)準(zhǔn)版本 (/tr/2003/pr-owl-features-20031215/)以來的所有修改都在文后的變更日志 (/tr/owl-features/#changes-since-pr)中。 comments are welcome at public-webont-commentsw3.or

28、g (mailto:) (archive (/archives/public/public-webont-comments/) and general discussion of related technology is welcome at (mailto:) (archive). a list of implementations (/2001/sw/webont/impls) is av

29、ailable.歡迎通過 (mailto:)(歷史存檔 (/archives/public/public-webont-comments/)提出您的意見，也可以通過 (mailto:)(歷史存檔 (/archives/public/www-rdf-logic/) 參與相關(guān)技術(shù)的討論。the w3c maintains a list of

30、any patent disclosures related to this work. 可以訪問到有關(guān)實現(xiàn) (/2001/sw/webont/impls)的一個列表。w3c維護著一個與這些工作相關(guān)的專利聲明的目錄。this section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. other documents may supersede this document. a list of current w3c publications and the lates

31、t revision of this technical report can be found in the w3c technical reports index (/tr/) at /tr/.這節(jié)描述了本文檔在發(fā)布時的狀態(tài)。其他文檔可能替代這文檔。一份當(dāng)前w3c的最新出版物的目錄和這個技術(shù)報告的最新版本可以在 w3c技術(shù)報告索引 (/tr/)/tr/ 上找到。 編輯目錄1. 引言 1. 文檔指南 2. 為什么要owl? 3. owl的三個子語言 4. 本文檔結(jié)構(gòu)

32、 2. owl語言概要 1. owl lite概要 2. owl dl與owl full 概要 3. owl lite 語言描述 1. owl lite的rdf schema特性 2. owl lite的等式和不等式 3. owl lite的屬性特征 4. owl lite的屬性約束 5. owl lite的受限基數(shù) 6. owl lite的類交集 7. owl的數(shù)據(jù)類型 8. owl lite的頭信息 9. owl lite的注解屬性 10. owl lite的版本 4. owl dl和owl full的附加語言描述 5. 總結(jié) 參考文獻 致謝 變更日志 1. introduction 1.

33、 引言 this document describes the owl web ontology language. owl is intended to be used when the information contained in documents needs to be processed by applications, as opposed to situations where the content only needs to be presented to humans. owl can be used to explicitly represent the meanin

34、g of terms in vocabularies and the relationships between those terms. this representation of terms and their interrelationships is called an ontology. owl has more facilities for expressing meaning and semantics than xml, rdf, and rdf-s, and thus owl goes beyond these languages in its ability to rep

35、resent machine interpretable content on the web. owl is a revision of the daml+oil web ontology language (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#damlreference) incorporating lessons learned from the design and application of daml+oil. 本文檔描述了owl web本體語言。owl旨在用于那些需要由應(yīng)用程序而不是由人類來處理文檔中的信息的情形

36、。owl可被用來明確表示詞匯表中術(shù)語的含義以及術(shù)語間的關(guān)系。如此表示的術(shù)語及術(shù)語間的關(guān)系的表示被稱為本體(ontology)。在表達含義和語義方面，owl比xml、rdf和rdf-s有更多的表達手段，因此在web上表達機器可理解內(nèi)容的能力也比這些語言強。owl是daml+oil web本體語言 (/tr/2004/rec-owl-features-20040210/#damlreference)的修改版，并吸取了在daml+oil的設(shè)計和應(yīng)用中得到的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)。 編輯1.1 document roadmap 編輯1.1 文檔指南 the owl language

37、is described by a set of documents, each fulfilling a different purpose, and catering to a different audience. the following provides a brief roadmap for navigating through this set of documents: owl語言是通過一系列文檔來說明的，每個文檔都有不同的目的，并面向不同的讀者。下面給出瀏覽這些文檔的一個簡要指南： this owl overview (/tr/owl-fea

38、tures/) gives a simple introduction to owl by providing a language feature listing with very brief feature descriptions; owl概述 (/tr/owl-features/)(owl overview)，即本文，通過列出owl的語言特征并給出其簡要的描述，對owl進行了簡單的介紹； the owl guide (/tr/owl-guide/) demonstrates the use of the owl lang

39、uage by providing an extended example. it also provides a glossary (/tr/owl-guide/#owlglossary) of the terminology used in these documents; owl指南 (/tr/owl-guide/)(owl guide)通過一個擴展的例子說明如何使用owl語言。同時也給出了這些文檔中用到的術(shù)語的解釋； the owl reference (/tr/owl-ref/) give

40、s a systematic and compact (but still informally stated) description of all the modelling primitives of owl; owl參考 (/tr/owl-ref/) (owl reference)以一種系統(tǒng)的和簡潔的方式(仍是非正式地)描述了owl的所有建模原語(modelling primitives)； the owl semantics and abstract syntax (/tr/owl-semantics/) documen

41、t is the final and formally stated normative definition of the language; owl語義和抽象語法 (/tr/owl-semantics/)文檔是對這個語言的最終的、形式化的規(guī)范性定義； the owl web ontology language test cases (/tr/owl-test/) document contains a large set of test cases for the language; owlweb本體語言測試用例 (http:

42、//tr/owl-test/)文檔包含了這個語言的一個大量的測試用例集合； the owl use cases and requirements (/tr/webont-req/) document contains a set of use cases for a web ontology language and compiles a set of requirements for owl. owl用例和需求 (/tr/webont-req/)文檔包含了一個web本體語言的用例集合和關(guān)于owl的需求集合。t

43、he suggested reading order of the first four documents is as given since they have been listed in increasing degree of technical content. the last two documents complete the documentation set. 對于前四個文檔，建議按上面的排列順序進行閱讀，因為它們是按技術(shù)上的內(nèi)容遞增列出的。最后兩個文檔是整個文檔集的一個完整組成部分。 編輯1.2 why owl? 編輯1.2 為何需要owl? the semantic

44、web is a vision for the future of the web in which information is given explicit meaning, making it easier for machines to automatically process and integrate information available on the web. the semantic web will build on xmls ability to define customized tagging schemes and rdfs flexible approach

45、 to representing data. the first level above rdf required for the semantic web is an ontology language what can formally describe the meaning of terminology used in web documents. if machines are expected to perform useful reasoning tasks on these documents, the language must go beyond the basic sem

46、antics of rdf schema. the owl use cases and requirements document (/tr/webont-req/) provides more details on ontologies (/tr/webont-req/#onto-def), motivates the need for a web ontology language in terms of six use cases (/tr/webont-req/#section-use-ca

47、ses), and formulates design goals (/tr/webont-req/#section-goals), requirements (/tr/webont-req/#section-requirements) and objectives (/tr/webont-req/#section-objectives) for owl. 語義web是對未來web的展望。在語義web中，信息被賦予明確的含義，使得機器自動處理和集成web上的信息更為容易。語義web將構(gòu)建于xml自定

48、義標(biāo)簽?zāi)Ｊ降哪芰σ约皉df靈活的描述數(shù)據(jù)的方式上。語義web需要在rdf之上增加的第一個層次是一種能夠?qū)eb文檔中的術(shù)語含義進行形式化描述的本體語言。如果希望機器能夠?qū)@些web文檔進行有效的推理工作， 這一本體語言必須超越rdf schema的基本語義。owl用例和需求文檔 (/tr/webont-req/)提供了更多關(guān)于本體的細(xì)節(jié) (/tr/webont-req/#onto-def)，用六個用例 (/tr/webont-req/#section-use-cases)推動了對owl的需求，并且明

49、確了owl的設(shè)計目標(biāo) (/tr/webont-req/#section-goals)、需求 (/tr/webont-req/#section-requirements)以及目的 (/tr/webont-req/#section-objectives)。owl has been designed to meet this need for a web ontology language. owl is part of the growing stack of w3c recommendations r

50、elated to the semantic web. owl 被設(shè)計為滿足對web本體語言的需求。owl是w3c一系列與語義web相關(guān)的并不斷擴大的規(guī)范的一部分。 xml (/xml/) provides a surface syntax for structured documents, but imposes no semantic constraints on the meaning of these documents. *xml 提供了一種結(jié)構(gòu)化文檔的表層語法（surface syntax），但沒有對這些文檔的含義施加任何語義約束。 xml sche

51、ma (/xml/schema) is a language for restricting the structure of xml documents and also extends xml with datatypes. xml schema 是一個約束xml文檔結(jié)構(gòu)和為xml擴充了數(shù)據(jù)類型的語言。 rdf (/tr/2002/wd-rdf-concepts-20021108/) is a datamodel for objects (resources) and relations between them, provi

52、des a simple semantics for this datamodel, and these datamodels can be represented in an xml syntax. rdf 是一個關(guān)于對象（或資源）和它們之間關(guān)系的數(shù)據(jù)模型，且為該數(shù)據(jù)模型提供了簡單的語義，這個數(shù)據(jù)模型能夠用xml語法表示。 rdf schema (/tr/2002/wd-rdf-schema-20021112/) is a vocabulary for describing properties and classes of rdf resources, wi

53、th a semantics for generalization-hierarchies of such properties and classes. rdf schema是一個描述rdf資源的屬性（property）和類（classe）的詞匯表，提供了關(guān)于這些屬性和類的層次結(jié)構(gòu)的語義。 owl adds more vocabulary for describing properties and classes: among others, relations between classes (e.g. disjointness), cardinality (e.g. exactly on

54、e), equality, richer typing of properties, characteristics of properties (e.g. symmetry), and enumerated classes. owl 添加了更多的用于描述屬性和類的詞匯，例如類之間的不相交性（disjointness）、基數(shù)（cardinality，如剛好一個）、等價性、屬性的更豐富類型、屬性特征（例如對稱性）、以及枚舉類(enumerated classes)。 編輯1.3 the three sublanguages of owl 編輯1.3 owl的三個子語言 owl provides

55、three increasingly expressive sublanguages designed for use by specific communities of implementers and users. owl提供了三種表達能力遞增的子語言，以分別用于特定的實現(xiàn)者和用戶團體。 owl lite supports those users primarily needing a classification hierarchy and simple constraints. for example, while it supports cardinality constraint

56、s, it only permits cardinality values of 0 or 1. it should be simpler to provide tool support for owl lite than its more expressive relatives, and owl lite provides a quick migration path for thesauri and other taxonomies. owl lite also has a lower formal complexity than owl dl, see the section on o

57、wl lite in the owl reference (/tr/owl-ref/#owllite) for further details. owl lite用于提供給那些只需要一個分類層次和簡單約束的用戶。例如，雖然owl lite支持支持基數(shù)限制，但只允許基數(shù)為0或1。提供支持owl lite的工具應(yīng)該比支持其他表達能力更強的owl子語言更簡單，并且從辭典（thesauri）和分類系統(tǒng)（taxonomy）轉(zhuǎn)換到owl lite更為迅速。相比owl dl，owl lite還具有更低的形式復(fù)雜度，詳細(xì)信息參考o(jì)wl 參考（owl reference）的owl lite部分 (/tr/owl-ref/#owllite)。 owl dl supports those users who want the maximum expressiveness while retaining computational completeness (all conclusions are guaranteed to be computable) and decidability (all computations will finish in finite