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1、 This rigid S-V concord (主謂協(xié)調一致主謂協(xié)調一致) forms the kernel of a sentence, with the predicate verb controlling other main members. English sentences, however long and complicated, can be reduced to five basic patterns:SV, SVP, SVO, SVoO, and SVOC:English sentences can be summarized as these five pattern
2、s or their variants (變式變式), expansion (擴展擴展), combination (組合組合), omission (省略省略), or inversion (倒裝倒裝).(1) Variants: interrogative, negative, and passive; “There be + subject”.(2) Expansion: adding modifiers, including words, phrases, and clauses; using phrases or clauses instead of words as the mem
3、bers of the basic patterns.(3) Combination: combining simple sentences into compound or compound-complex sentences.(4) Omission: omitting certain members of the sentence.(5) Inversion: inverting the word order of the sentence. English subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain
4、grammatical constrain, including the patternization and the principles of grammatical and notional concord.Chinese, however, is relatively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple. Th
5、e subject of a Chinese sentence is varied,often optional:(1) 文章翻譯完了。文章翻譯完了。 (受事主語受事主語) The article has been translated.(2) 全市到處都在建新廠。全市到處都在建新廠。 (地點主語地點主語) New factories are being built all over the city.(3)a. 房子蓋在西區(qū)。房子蓋在西區(qū)。 (受事主語)(受事主語) The house was built in the western campus.(3)b. 西區(qū)蓋了一棟房子。西區(qū)蓋了一棟
6、房子。 (地點主語)(地點主語) The house was built in the western campus.(3)c. 去年又蓋了一棟房子。去年又蓋了一棟房子。 (時間主語)(時間主語) Another house was built last year.(3)d. 房子我們已經蓋了一大半了。房子我們已經蓋了一大半了。 (受事主語(受事主語+施事主語)施事主語) We have finished a good part of the house.(4) 現(xiàn)在正下著毛毛雨?,F(xiàn)在正下著毛毛雨。 (時間主語)(時間主語) Its drizzling at the moment.(5) 累得
7、我站不起來了。累得我站不起來了。 (無主語句)(無主語句) Im so exhausted that l cant stand up.(6) 他有個女兒,在北京工作,已經打電話去他有個女兒,在北京工作,已經打電話去 了,了,聽說明天回來。聽說明天回來。 他有個女兒,他有個女兒,( ) 在北京工作,在北京工作,( ) 已經打電話去已經打電話去了,了,( ) 聽說聽說 ( ) 明天回來。明天回來。 (變換主語并省略)(變換主語并省略) He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said tha
8、t she will be back tomorrow. (7) 十年前也有西歐和尚來到中國,佛號叫十年前也有西歐和尚來到中國,佛號叫做做“照空照空”,我也跟他談過話,哪里有,我也跟他談過話,哪里有一點出家人相貌,談起話來,就像一顆一點出家人相貌,談起話來,就像一顆炸彈,時有爆發(fā)之勢,恨不得歐人天誅炸彈,時有爆發(fā)之勢,恨不得歐人天誅地滅,當時我稱他為滅火菩薩。地滅,當時我稱他為滅火菩薩。 林語堂林語堂 (8) 那個學生瞄了我一下,眼里突然放出光,那個學生瞄了我一下,眼里突然放出光,問:問:“下棋嗎下棋嗎” ? 倒嚇了我一跳,急倒嚇了我一跳,急忙擺手說:忙擺手說:“不會!不會!” 阿城:棋王阿城
9、:棋王 (9) 雨是最尋常的,一下就是三兩天??蓜e雨是最尋常的,一下就是三兩天??蓜e惱,看,象花針,象細絲,密密地斜織惱,看,象花針,象細絲,密密地斜織著,屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。(朱自清著,屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。(朱自清春春) 雨是最尋常的,(它指雨是最尋常的,(它指“雨雨”)一下就)一下就是三兩天。(不過)(你)可別惱,是三兩天。(不過)(你)可別惱,(你試向外邊)看,(它)(正在下(你試向外邊)看,(它)(正在下著),象花針,(也)象細絲,(它)著),象花針,(也)象細絲,(它)(那么)密密地斜織著,(以至于人家(那么)密密地斜織著,(以至于人家的)屋頂上全籠著一層薄煙。的)屋頂上全籠著一
10、層薄煙。 (朱自清(朱自清春春) The predicate of a Chinese sentence is also varied and complicated:(1) 天高云淡。天高云淡。(形容詞作謂語形容詞作謂語) The sky is high and the clouds are pale.(2) 他出國留學去了。他出國留學去了。(連動式謂語連動式謂語) He has gone abroad for further studies.(3) 我介紹他加入協(xié)會。我介紹他加入協(xié)會。(兼語式謂語兼語式謂語) I recommended him for membership of the
11、association. (4) 這項合同經理要簽名。這項合同經理要簽名。(主謂詞組作謂語主謂詞組作謂語) This contract should be signed by the manager.(5) 這姑娘長得漂亮,鵝蛋形臉,兩眼又深這姑娘長得漂亮,鵝蛋形臉,兩眼又深又黑,披著又長又密的頭發(fā)。又黑,披著又長又密的頭發(fā)。 She is a pretty girl with an oval face, deep dark eyes and long heavy clinging tresses. In an addition, there are quite a few “illogica
12、l” expressions in Chinese. Compare:(1)a. 曬太陽曬太陽 to bask in the sun b. 曬衣服曬衣服 to sun ones clothes (2)a. 救國救國 to save the nation b. 救火救火 to fight a fire (3)a. 恢復疲勞恢復疲勞 to get refreshed b. 恢復健康恢復健康 to recover ones health(4)a. 吃大碗吃大碗 to eat with a big bowl b. 吃蘋果吃蘋果 to eat an apple (5)a. 打掃衛(wèi)生打掃衛(wèi)生 to do
13、some cleaning b. 打掃房間打掃房間 to clean a room Noun sentences in Chinese:(1) 一手錢一手貨一手錢一手貨! (謂語隱匿謂語隱匿) (電視劇金融(電視劇金融潮)潮) 一手一手交交錢,一手錢,一手交交貨貨!(2) 他高中生,你研究生,差距太大了。他高中生,你研究生,差距太大了。(3) “我我”給大家分配聯(lián)絡的對象:給大家分配聯(lián)絡的對象:“你汪國盾,你汪國盾,他蕭宇湯,我李小松他蕭宇湯,我李小松”。(4) 縣長大中華,局長紅塔山,科長紅山茶,鄉(xiāng)縣長大中華,局長紅塔山,科長紅山茶,鄉(xiāng)長牡丹花。一天兩三包,自有人給他。長牡丹花。一天兩三包,
14、自有人給他。 (楚良故鄉(xiāng)是非)(楚良故鄉(xiāng)是非) 著名散文大家朱自清認為著名散文大家朱自清認為 “是是字句,字句,有有字句,字句,在在字句安排最難。顯示景物間字句安排最難。顯示景物間的關系,短不了這三種句法;可是老用這一套,的關系,短不了這三種句法;可是老用這一套,誰耐煩!再說這三種句子都顯示靜態(tài),也夠沉悶誰耐煩!再說這三種句子都顯示靜態(tài),也夠沉悶的的”。比較:。比較: 樓上正中一間大會議室樓上正中一間大會議室 樓上正中樓上正中是是一間大會議室一間大會議室 樓上正中樓上正中有有一間大會議室一間大會議室 一間大會議室一間大會議室在在樓上的正中樓上的正中 朱自清認為后三個句式都是靜態(tài)的,老用這一套朱
15、自清認為后三個句式都是靜態(tài)的,老用這一套顯得沉悶,他選用了第一句,想法是顯得沉悶,他選用了第一句,想法是“盼望給讀盼望給讀者整個的印象,或者說更具體的印象者整個的印象,或者說更具體的印象”。(黃伯。(黃伯榮:榮:175) “樓上正中一間大會議室樓上正中一間大會議室” 在漢語中稱在漢語中稱作作名詞謂語句名詞謂語句。例如:。例如:(1) 今天星期三。(名名,表時間)今天星期三。(名名,表時間)(2) 明天國慶節(jié)。(名名,表節(jié)日)明天國慶節(jié)。(名名,表節(jié)日)(3) 昨天晴天。昨天晴天。 (名名,表時間)(名名,表時間)(4) 小王,浙江人。小王,浙江人。 (名名詞短語,表籍貫)(名名詞短語,表籍貫)
16、(5) 小虎剛好小虎剛好18歲。歲。 (名數(shù)量短語,表數(shù)量)(名數(shù)量短語,表數(shù)量)(6) 米飯一碗,飲料兩瓶。米飯一碗,飲料兩瓶。 (名數(shù)量短語,表數(shù)量)(名數(shù)量短語,表數(shù)量)(7) 兩個人一個房間。兩個人一個房間。 (名詞短語名詞短語,表數(shù)量)(名詞短語名詞短語,表數(shù)量)(8) 她高個子,高鼻梁。她高個子,高鼻梁。 (代定中短語,表容貌)(代定中短語,表容貌)(9) 山上凈石頭。山上凈石頭。 (方位短語副、名,表存在)(方位短語副、名,表存在)(10) 這本書新買的。這本書新買的。 (名詞短語(名詞短語“的的”字短語,表類屬)字短語,表類屬)(11) 雞聲茅店月,人跡板橋霜。雞聲茅店月,人跡
17、板橋霜。 (溫庭筠(溫庭筠商山早行商山早行) The cock crows as the moon sets over the thatched inn; Footprints are left on the wood bridge paved with frost. (Translated by 許淵沖許淵沖) (12) 天凈沙天凈沙秋思秋思: (馬致遠)(馬致遠) 枯藤老樹昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風瘦枯藤老樹昏鴉,小橋流水人家,古道西風瘦馬。夕陽西下,斷腸人在天涯。馬。夕陽西下,斷腸人在天涯。 Oer old trees wreathed with rotten vine fly eve
18、ning crows; Neath tiny bridge beside a hut a clear stream flows;On ancient road in western breeze a lean horse goes. Westward declines the sun; Far, far from home is the heart-broken one. (translated by 許淵沖許淵沖) The suppleness of the Chinese language also manifests itself in the “run-on” sentence (流水
19、句流水句) ,which is composed of the “full sentence” and the “minor sentence” (小句小句). A full sentence has a subject-predicate structure, while a minor sentence has only a word(s) or phrase(s). as 呂淑湘呂淑湘 (1979) points out, “用小句而不用句子做基本單位,較能適應漢語用小句而不用句子做基本單位,較能適應漢語的情況,因為漢語口語里特多流水句,一個小的情況,因為漢語口語里特多流水句,一個小句接
20、一個小句,很多地方可斷可連句接一個小句,很多地方可斷可連”。例如:。例如: The rigidity of the English language generally requires a complete sentence structure, S-V concord, and formal formal cohesioncohesion (形式接應形式接應), while the suppleness of Chinese enjoys flexibility of sentence structure and pays more attention to semantic cohere
21、ncesemantic coherence (意念接應意念接應). Jesperson (1954): “; in analytic languages you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connection”. 王力王力 (1984): “就句子的結構而論,西洋語言是就句子的結構而論,西洋語言是法治的,中國語言是人治的。法治的,中國語言是人治的?!彼^所謂“法治法治”,即句子的形式嚴格受到語法的制
22、約,如句子必須即句子的形式嚴格受到語法的制約,如句子必須有主語和謂語動詞,及物動詞必須有賓語,這些有主語和謂語動詞,及物動詞必須有賓語,這些“不管用得著用不著,總要呆板地求句子形式的不管用得著用不著,總要呆板地求句子形式的一律一律”。 所謂所謂“人治人治”,即句子不太受形式的約束,可以,即句子不太受形式的約束,可以因表意的需要而加以變通,詞語的分合伸縮比較因表意的需要而加以變通,詞語的分合伸縮比較靈活,靈活,“用得著就用,用不著就不用用得著就用,用不著就不用”,只要雙,只要雙方意思明白,就可以了。方意思明白,就可以了。 英語有綜合語的特征,受形態(tài)的約束,因而英語有綜合語的特征,受形態(tài)的約束,因
23、而“語語法是硬的,沒有彈性法是硬的,沒有彈性”;漢語是分析語,不受形;漢語是分析語,不受形態(tài)的約束,因而態(tài)的約束,因而“語法是軟的,富于彈性語法是軟的,富于彈性”。 How a Wise man Sees it 1 A man recognized as a genius in business circles was invited as a guest of honor to a TV interview. Everybody was eager to hear a success story from him. He, however, only said with a slight s
24、mile, “Wont it be better for me to ask you for advice on a certain problem?”2 Here is the problem he raised: People all rushed to the place where a gold mine had recently been discovered, but they were blocked by a river flowing across the only way to it. What would you do if you were among them?3 “
25、Make a round about way”, someone suggested. “Swim across”,said another. The genius smiled without a word. Eventually he gave his view: “Why not do something else instead of rushing to the mine? How about buying a boat to do some ferrying?”4 The audience was shocked. He explored calmly: “The man could extort money from the passengers to the greatest extent. They were willing to pay because there was gold on the other bank”. 5 Do what the others would not like to or do something never attempted before by others-that is the key to success. A straitened circumstance, in the eyes of a wise ma
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