一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)區(qū)別專題與練習(xí)

1、一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)區(qū)別專題與練習(xí)一、前言：初一下學(xué)期同學(xué)們學(xué)習(xí)了一般過去時(shí)態(tài)的相關(guān)知識(shí)，即將到來的初二上學(xué)期英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是重要的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容。本文通過對(duì)比一般過去時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，對(duì)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)進(jìn)行初步講解，希望使同學(xué)們讀新學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)有所準(zhǔn)備。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)1. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是由助動(dòng)詞 have (has)+動(dòng)詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞說明該謂語(yǔ)是屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍。它和主語(yǔ)的人稱、數(shù)要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，說明句子的意義。2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的行為對(duì)主語(yǔ)目前產(chǎn)生的影響。即用過去發(fā)生的某個(gè)行為來說明現(xiàn)在的某種情況。We are good

2、friends.(現(xiàn)在的情況）I knew him in 1997.（過去的動(dòng)作）We have known each other since 1997.（現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)把過去的動(dòng)作和現(xiàn)在聯(lián)系起來并著眼于現(xiàn)在）（1）表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去某個(gè)不確定的時(shí)間，但對(duì)現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如：-Have you had lunch yet?-Yes, I have. Ive just had it.你（已經(jīng)）吃午飯了嗎？ 我剛剛吃過。（現(xiàn)在我不餓了）（2）表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。這個(gè)動(dòng)作可能剛停止，可能仍然在進(jìn)行。常帶有for和s

3、ince等表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)。 如：He has taught here since 1981 他自1981年就在這兒教書。（可能還要繼續(xù)教） I havent seen her for four years. 我有四年沒見到她了。（3）表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一般譯為漢語(yǔ)“過”，常帶有twice, ever,never, three times等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如： I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次。3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)屬于現(xiàn)在時(shí)范圍，故不能和過去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：yesterday,last Sunday,

4、in1990,three years ago等。但是，在強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作產(chǎn)生的后果和影響時(shí)，可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。a. 用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中，yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。如：We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業(yè)了。They havent finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業(yè)。b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中，表示“曾經(jīng)”或“從未”等。如：-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經(jīng)去過長(zhǎng)城嗎？-I

5、 have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長(zhǎng)城。c.用表示到說話為止的過去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。例如：I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前見過她，但記不起在哪里見過。He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。d.用包括“現(xiàn)在”在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，如：now, today, this morning (month, year, te

6、rm)等。例如：-Have you met him today? -No, I havent.今天你見過他嗎？我 沒有。How many times have you been there this year?今年你去過那里多少次？（2）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用,表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從某一時(shí)刻開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在。如：I havent seen him for two years. 但是，像come, arrive, buy等終止性動(dòng)詞不能與表示“一段時(shí)間”的狀語(yǔ)連用。要用，必須改為“be（在）”等延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞來表述?，F(xiàn)歸納總結(jié)一下由非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞到延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的

7、轉(zhuǎn)換： arrive be here begin(start)be on die be dead come back be back leave be away fall ill(sick, asleep)be ill(sick, asleep) get up be up go out be out finish be overput on wear 或be on open be openjoin be in或 be a member of close be closed go to school be a student borrowkeep buy have catch(a cold)ha

8、ve(a cold) get to know know begin to study study come to work work等如：He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。We have studied English for three years. 我們（開始）學(xué)英語(yǔ)已三年了。4.幾點(diǎn)注意事項(xiàng)（1）have been(to)與have gone(

9、to)的區(qū)別：have been(to)表示“去過某地（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了）”，可用于各人稱；have gone(to)表示“去某地了（說話時(shí)某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀?，常用于第三人稱，前者可與once ,never, several times等連用，后者則不能。如：They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。 He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。（2）如單純表示一段時(shí)間，或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時(shí)間，雖有since一詞，也不必用完成時(shí)。 如：It is two years since his father died. =His father has be

10、en dead for two years.他父親去世已有兩年了。（3）終止性動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定式，已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài)，因此可以和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用。 如：I havent left here since 1997.自從1997年以來，我一直沒有離開過這兒。(4) 表示行為或狀態(tài)從過去一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在時(shí)，用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要加表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用 for一段時(shí)間, since時(shí)間點(diǎn)。 I have lived here since my childhood.我從小就一直住在這里。 I have lived here for 10 years. 我在這已經(jīng)住了10年了。(5) 在

11、提問現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)通常用 how long How long have you lived here? 注意：在表示某一行為狀態(tài)持續(xù)多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間時(shí)，根據(jù)終止時(shí)間的不同，時(shí)態(tài)使用是不一樣的。如： I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。 I have lived here for a week by now. 到現(xiàn)在為止，我已經(jīng)在這里住了一周。 I will live here for a week next year.明年我會(huì)在這里住一周。二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，其結(jié)果的確和現(xiàn)

12、在有聯(lián)系。動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去，但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在；而一般過去時(shí)表示過去的事實(shí)，不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。 I have just been to London. I went there last month. 我剛?cè)ミ^倫敦，是上個(gè)月去的。1. 過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。2. 過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。 一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體

13、的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) 共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ): this morning, tonight, this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, sta

14、rt, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例： I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了。） I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了。） Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了。） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子，可能為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。） She has returned from Paris. 她已從巴黎回來了。 She returned yesterday. 她是昨天回來了。 He ha

15、s been in the League for three years. (在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團(tuán)，joined為短暫行為。) I have finished my homework now. -Will somebody go and get Dr. White? -Hes already been sent for.句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如 yesterday, last, wee

16、k, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過去時(shí)。 （錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.三、練習(xí)題1. A. 用 already或 yet1) Have they taken down the old pictures _ _? No, they havent_ _.2) Most of us have finished our compositions _ .3) He said he hadnt visited t

17、he exhibition _ _.B.用 since或 for1) We have learned five lessons _ _ _ the beginning of this term.2) Mrs Liao has been in hospital _ _ _last week.3) I have stayed at my aunts _ _two weeks.C. 用have gone或 have been1) Where are the boy students? They _ to the school factory.2) Is your father in? No, he

18、_ _ to Shenzhen. _he ever _ there before ? Yes, he _ there several times3) He asked me if I_ _ to Hangzhou before. I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I _ _ never _ _ to that city before. 2. 選擇填空1.Mother _ _me a new coat yesterday. I _ it on. It fits me well.A. had madehave tried B.

19、madehave triedC. has madetried D. madetried2 “He _to draw horses already”. “When _ he ?” “ Last year “ A. learnedhas B. learneddid C. has learnedhas D. has learneddid3.Tom _up into the tree. Look, he _ high up there !A. has gotis B. has climbedwas C. got wasD. climbedis4._ you _ the text yet ? Yes,

20、we _ it two hours ago.A. Didcopydid B. Havecopiedhave C. Havecopieddid D. Did copyhad5. “Why _ she _ angry ?” “Because he _ at her just now .”A. didgetshouted B. hasgotshouted C. didgethas shouted D. hasgothas shouted6. _you _ the film before ? Where _ you _ it ?A. Have seendidsee B. Did seedidwatch

21、C. HaveseenhaveseenD. Did seehaveseen7.You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five.A. keptwaited B. have keptwaitedC. kepthave waited D. have kepthave waited8.Where _ John _ ? To the library. He _ there for an hour. A.hasbeenhas goneB. hasgonehas been C. didgowent D. didbewent9._ the baby

22、 still _ ? No, it _ crying.A. Hascriedhas stoppedB. Iscryingstopped C. Did crystopped D. Iscryinghas stopped10. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years.A. knewhave lived B. knewlive C. knowhave lived D. knowlive11. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have.A. Havegone to B. Havegone in C. Havebeen to D.

23、 Have been in12. My brother _college for over three years.A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been in D. has been at13.He _ the Army by the end of 1989. He _ in the army since then. A. joinedis B. has joinedhas been C. had joinedisD. had joined has been14. By the time I _ back they _ up ten satelli

24、tes.A. camehave sent B. camehad sent C. comehave sent D. had comesent15. Jack _ over five lessons by seven oclock. Then he _ a rest.A. wenttook B. wenthad taken C. had gonetook D. had gonehad taken16. We _ out by that time that he _ a spy for a long time.A. had foundhad been B. had foundwas C. found

25、had been D. foundwas17. Before the news _ him, he _ to know about it.A. reacheshas gotB. reachedhad got C. reachedgot D. had reachedgot18. I _ him a second letter before I _ from him.A. wroteheard B. wrotehad heard C. had writtenheard D. have writtenhear19. People _ that the soldiers _ fighting.A. s

26、ayhad stopped B. saidhas stopped C. saystopped D. saidhad stopped20. We _ in a good harvest because we _ enough rain.A. didnt gethad hadB. gothad hadC. had gothad had D. gothadnt had21. They _ for five hours when they _ in New York.A. flewarrived B. had flownhad arrived C. flewhad arrived D. had flo

27、wnarrived22. She _ that it _ for two days by that day.A. sayshas rained B. sayshad rained C. saidhad rained D. saidrained23. John _ there since the year before, so he _ them.A. had workedknew B. had workedhad known C. workedknew D. workedhad known24. He _ angry because he _ for a long time.A. had go

28、thad waited B. gotwaited C. had gotwaited D. gothad waited25. -I have seen the film “Titanic” already. -When _ you _ it？ -The day before yesterday. A. have； seen B. will； see C. did； see D. did； seen 26. Mr Black _ in China since five years ago. A. lived B. has lived C. lives D. is going to live 27.

29、 We _ trees last Sunday. So far we _ over 3，000 trees there. A. planted； planted B. planted； have planted C. have planted； planted D. have planted； have planted練習(xí)答案：1.A. 1) yet, yet 2) already3) yetB. 1) since 2) since3) since C. 1) have been 2) has gone, Has, been, has been 3) have been, have been

30、2. BDACA ADBDC CDDBC ABCDB DCADC BB 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)一、 單項(xiàng)選擇。 1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _whats happened to him. A. knew B. have known C. must know D.will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai， has he ？ A. already B.never C.ever D. still 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year. A.is

31、 writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、Our country _ a lot so far. Yes. I hope it will be even _. A. has changed ； well B. changed ； good C. has changed ； better D. changed ； better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years. A. was ； studying B. will ； study C. has ； studied D. are ；

32、 studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl. A. know B. had known C. have known D. knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice. A. will see B. have seen C. saw D.see 9、These farmers have been to the United States. Really ？ When _ there ？ A. will they go B. did they go C. do they go

33、 D. have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet？ Yes . I _ it a moment ago. A. Did； do； finished B. Have； done； finished C. Have； done； have finished D. will； do； finish11、 His father _ the Party since 1978. A. joined B. has joined C. was in D. has been in 12、Do you know him well ？ Sure.We _ friends

34、 since ten years ago. A. were B. have been C. have become D. have made 13、How long have you _ here？ About two months. A. been B. gone C. come D. arrived 14、Hurry up！ The play _ for ten minutes. A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began 15、 It _ ten years since he left the army. A. is B. has C. will D. was 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office