計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)(第二版)Chapter1

1、1. The trends of computer hardware and software 2. Basic characteristics of modern computers 3. Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4. 了解科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語(yǔ)翻譯要點(diǎn)了解科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，掌握科技英語(yǔ)翻譯要點(diǎn) New Words & Expressions:computerlike a. 計(jì)算機(jī)似的計(jì)算機(jī)似的electromechanical a. 機(jī)電的機(jī)電的, 電機(jī)的電機(jī)的 vacu

2、um tubes 真空管真空管Census Bureau 人口普查局人口普查局 thousands of 成千上萬(wàn)的成千上萬(wàn)的 known as 通常所說(shuō)的，以通常所說(shuō)的，以著稱(chēng)著稱(chēng) 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations: ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)，電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)，ENIAC計(jì)算機(jī)計(jì)算機(jī) EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer) 延遲存儲(chǔ)電子自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)延遲存儲(chǔ)電子自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)

3、BINAC (Binary Automatic Computer) 二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) 通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī) It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented. Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s, a number of machines were developed that were like computers. But most of these machin

4、es did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today. These characteristics are that the machine is electronic, that it has a stored program, and that it is general purpose. 很難確切地說(shuō)現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的。從很難確切地說(shuō)現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)是什么時(shí)候發(fā)明的。從20世紀(jì)世紀(jì)30年代到年代到40年代，年代，制造了許多類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)器。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒(méi)有今天我們所說(shuō)的制造了許

5、多類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的機(jī)器。但是這些機(jī)器大部分沒(méi)有今天我們所說(shuō)的計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲(chǔ)存的程序計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。這些特性是：機(jī)器是電子的，具有儲(chǔ)存的程序, 而且是而且是通用的。通用的。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1 The Invention of the Computer One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941. Called the Z3, it was general-purpose, stor

6、ed-program machine with many electronic parts, but it had a mechanical memory. Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken, with financial assistance from IBM, at Harvard University in 1943. It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I, or simply the H

7、arvard Mark I. Neither of these machines was a true computer, however, because they were not entirely electronic. 第一個(gè)類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置之一是第一個(gè)類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置之一是1941年由德國(guó)的年由德國(guó)的Konrad Zuse研制的，叫研制的，叫做做Z3,它是通用型儲(chǔ)存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲(chǔ)器是它是通用型儲(chǔ)存程序機(jī)器，具有許多電子部件，但是它的存儲(chǔ)器是機(jī)械的。另一臺(tái)機(jī)電式計(jì)算機(jī)器是由霍華德機(jī)械的。另一臺(tái)機(jī)電式計(jì)算機(jī)器是由霍華德.艾坎在艾坎在IBM的資助下于的資助下于19

8、43年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。它被稱(chēng)為自動(dòng)序列控制計(jì)算器年在哈佛大學(xué)研制的。它被稱(chēng)為自動(dòng)序列控制計(jì)算器Mark I,或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)哈佛或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)哈佛Mark I。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計(jì)算機(jī)。然而，這些機(jī)器都不是真正的計(jì)算機(jī),因?yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娮踊驗(yàn)樗鼈儾皇峭耆娮踊?。的?1.1.1 The ENIACPerhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC. It was developed by J. Pr

9、esper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania. The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946. The machine was huge; it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes.也許早期最具影響力的類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)，也許早期最具影響力的類(lèi)似計(jì)算機(jī)的裝置應(yīng)該是電子數(shù)字積分計(jì)算機(jī)，或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ENIAC。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的。它是由賓夕凡尼亞大學(xué)的J. Pr

10、esper Eckert 和和John Mauchly 研制的。該工程于研制的。該工程于1943年開(kāi)始，并于年開(kāi)始，并于1946年完成。這臺(tái)機(jī)器極年完成。這臺(tái)機(jī)器極其龐大，重達(dá)其龐大，重達(dá)30噸，而且包含噸，而且包含18,000多個(gè)真空管。多個(gè)真空管。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.1 The ENIACThe ENIAC was a major advancement for its time. It was the first general-purpose, electronic computing machine and was capabl

11、e of performing thousands of operations per second. It was controlled, however, by switches and plugs that had to be manually set. Thus, although it was a general-purpose electronic device, it did not have a stored program. Therefore, it did not have all the characteristics of a computer .ENIAC是當(dāng)時(shí)重要

12、的成就。它是第一臺(tái)通用型電子計(jì)算機(jī)器，并能夠是當(dāng)時(shí)重要的成就。它是第一臺(tái)通用型電子計(jì)算機(jī)器，并能夠執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而執(zhí)行每秒數(shù)千次運(yùn)算。然而,它是由開(kāi)關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)它是由開(kāi)關(guān)和繼電器控制的，必須手工設(shè)定。定。 因此，雖然它是一個(gè)通用型電子裝置，但是它沒(méi)有儲(chǔ)存程序。因此，雖然它是一個(gè)通用型電子裝置，但是它沒(méi)有儲(chǔ)存程序。 因因此此,它不具備計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。它不具備計(jì)算機(jī)的所有特征。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.1 The ENIACWhile working on the ENIAC, Eckert and Mauchly we

13、re joined by a brilliant mathematician, John von Neuman. Together, they developed the idea of a stored program computer. This machine, called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer, or EDVAC, was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer. It was not c

14、ompleted, however, until 1951.在在ENIAC的研制中，一個(gè)天才的數(shù)學(xué)家的研制中，一個(gè)天才的數(shù)學(xué)家Von Neuman(馮馮.諾伊曼諾伊曼)加入到加入到 Eckert和和Mauchly團(tuán)隊(duì)團(tuán)隊(duì),他們一起提出了儲(chǔ)存程序計(jì)算機(jī)的主意。這部機(jī)他們一起提出了儲(chǔ)存程序計(jì)算機(jī)的主意。這部機(jī)器被稱(chēng)做電子離散變量自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)器被稱(chēng)做電子離散變量自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī), 或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EDVAC,是第一部包括了計(jì)算是第一部包括了計(jì)算機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而機(jī)所有特征的機(jī)器。然而,直到直到1951年，它一直沒(méi)有完成。年，它一直沒(méi)有完成。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer

15、 1.1.1 The ENIACBefore the EDVAC was finished, several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert, Mauchly, and von Neuman. One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer, or EDSAC, which was developed in Cambridge, England. It first operated in May o

16、f 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program, general-purpose computer to become operational. The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer, or BINAC, which became operational in August of 1949. 在在EDVAC完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸收了完成之前，其他一些機(jī)器建成了，它們吸

17、收了Eckert、Mauchly和和Neuman設(shè)計(jì)的要素。其中一部是在英國(guó)劍橋研制的電子延遲設(shè)計(jì)的要素。其中一部是在英國(guó)劍橋研制的電子延遲存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī),或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)EDSAC，它在，它在1949年年5月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世月首次運(yùn)行，它可能是世界的第一臺(tái)電子儲(chǔ)存程序、通用型計(jì)算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國(guó)運(yùn)行的第一界的第一臺(tái)電子儲(chǔ)存程序、通用型計(jì)算機(jī)投入運(yùn)行。在美國(guó)運(yùn)行的第一部計(jì)算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)部計(jì)算機(jī)是二進(jìn)制自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī),或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)BINAC,它在它在1949年年8月投入運(yùn)行。月投入運(yùn)行。 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1 The In

18、vention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them, Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer. The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer

19、or UNIVAC. Because of difficulties of getting financial support, they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950. Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951. Known as the UNIVAC I, this machine was the first commercially available computer.像他

20、們之前的其他計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣像他們之前的其他計(jì)算機(jī)先驅(qū)一樣,Eckert和和Mauchly在在1947年組成了一家公司年組成了一家公司開(kāi)發(fā)商業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)。公司名叫開(kāi)發(fā)商業(yè)計(jì)算機(jī)。公司名叫Eckert-Mauchly計(jì)算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)并計(jì)算機(jī)公司。他們的目標(biāo)是設(shè)計(jì)并建造通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)或建造通用自動(dòng)計(jì)算機(jī)或UNIVAC。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財(cái)政支持，他們不得不在。因?yàn)殡y以獲得財(cái)政支持，他們不得不在1950年把公司賣(mài)給了年把公司賣(mài)給了Remington Rand公司。公司。Eckert 和和Mauchly繼續(xù)在繼續(xù)在Remington Rand公司從事公司從事UNIVAC的研制工作，并在的研制工作，并在

21、1951年取得成功。眾所周知的年取得成功。眾所周知的UNIVAC I機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī)。機(jī)器是世界上第一部商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī)。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census. The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential ele

22、ction, less than an hour after the polls closed. The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use. 第一臺(tái)第一臺(tái)UNIVAC I被交付人口普查局用于被交付人口普查局用于1950年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)年的人口普查。在投票點(diǎn)關(guān)閉后閉后1小時(shí)之內(nèi)，第二臺(tái)小時(shí)之內(nèi)，第二臺(tái)UNIVAC I 被用于預(yù)測(cè)被用于預(yù)測(cè)D.艾森豪威爾會(huì)贏得艾森豪威爾會(huì)贏得1952年年總統(tǒng)大選。總統(tǒng)大選。UNIVAC I開(kāi)始了現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。開(kāi)始了現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)的應(yīng)用。 New Words & Expressions:result

23、in 導(dǎo)致導(dǎo)致, 造成造成結(jié)果結(jié)果 air conditioning 空氣調(diào)節(jié)空氣調(diào)節(jié)take delivery of 正式接過(guò)正式接過(guò)Navy lieutenant 海軍上尉海軍上尉high-level language 高級(jí)語(yǔ)言高級(jí)語(yǔ)言 mainframe n. 主機(jī)主機(jī), 大型機(jī)大型機(jī) more and more 越來(lái)越多的越來(lái)越多的 range from to 從從到到multiprogramming n.多道程序設(shè)計(jì)多道程序設(shè)計(jì) time-share n.分時(shí)，時(shí)間共享分時(shí)，時(shí)間共享virtual memory 虛擬內(nèi)存虛擬內(nèi)存 from scratch 從頭開(kāi)始從頭開(kāi)始compat

24、ible a. 兼容的；兼容的； outnumber vt. 數(shù)目超過(guò)，比數(shù)目超過(guò)，比多多mark with 以以為標(biāo)志（商標(biāo)）為標(biāo)志（商標(biāo)） start off v. 出發(fā)出發(fā), 開(kāi)始開(kāi)始proliferate v. 增生增生,擴(kuò)散擴(kuò)散 1.2 Computer Generations Abbreviations :VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 超大規(guī)模集成電路超大規(guī)模集成電路 LSI (Large Scale Integrated Circuit) 大規(guī)模集成電路大規(guī)模集成電路DEC (Digital Equipment Corpor

25、ation) 美國(guó)數(shù)字設(shè)備公司美國(guó)數(shù)字設(shè)備公司COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) 面向商業(yè)的通用語(yǔ)言面向商業(yè)的通用語(yǔ)言1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component. Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a

26、 lot of heat, so first-generation computers were large and required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool. In addition, because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast, these computers were relatively slow. 第一代計(jì)算機(jī)的特色是使用真空管為其主要電子器件。真空管體積大且發(fā)第一代計(jì)算機(jī)的特色是使用真空管為其主要電子器件。真空管體積大且發(fā)熱嚴(yán)重?zé)釃?yán)重,因此第一代計(jì)算機(jī)體積龐大，并且需要

27、大量的空調(diào)設(shè)備保持冷卻。因此第一代計(jì)算機(jī)體積龐大，并且需要大量的空調(diào)設(shè)備保持冷卻。此外此外, 因?yàn)檎婵展苓\(yùn)行不是很快，這些計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度相對(duì)較慢。因?yàn)檎婵展苓\(yùn)行不是很快，這些計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)行速度相對(duì)較慢。The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation. As noted earlier, it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951. It was also the first computer to be used in a business application. In 19

28、54, General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing. UNIVAC I是第一代中最早的商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī)。如前所述，它在是第一代中最早的商業(yè)化計(jì)算機(jī)。如前所述，它在1951年被用于年被用于人口普查局。它還是第一部用于商業(yè)應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī)。在人口普查局。它還是第一部用于商業(yè)應(yīng)用的計(jì)算機(jī)。在1954年年,通用電氣接通用電氣接收了收了UNIVAC I,并用它進(jìn)行一些商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理。并用它進(jìn)行一些商業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)處理。 1.2 Computer Generations 1

29、.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer, however. This honor goes to the IBM 650. It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNIVAC I. With the IBM 650, IBM captured the majority of the

30、computer market, a position it still holds today.然而，然而，UNIVAC I并不是最流行的第一代計(jì)算機(jī)。這一榮譽(yù)屬于并不是最流行的第一代計(jì)算機(jī)。這一榮譽(yù)屬于IBM 650。它在它在Remington Rand能夠造出能夠造出UNIVAC I的后續(xù)產(chǎn)品之前的的后續(xù)產(chǎn)品之前的1955年首次交付年首次交付使用。憑借使用。憑借IBM 650,IBM占有了大半計(jì)算機(jī)市場(chǎng)，它在今天仍然保持這一占有了大半計(jì)算機(jī)市場(chǎng)，它在今天仍然保持這一位置。位置。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computer

31、s: 19511958At the same time that hardware was evolving, software was developing. The first computers were programmed in machine language, but during the first computer generation, the idea of programming language translation and high-level languages occurred. Much of the credit for these ideas goes

32、to Grace Hopper, who, as a Navy lieutenant in 1945, learned to program the Harvard Mark I. In 1952, she developed the first programming language translator, followed by others in later years. She also developed a language called Flow-matic in 1957, which formed the basis for COBOL, the most commonly

33、 used business programming language today.同時(shí)，硬件在進(jìn)化同時(shí)，硬件在進(jìn)化,軟件也在發(fā)展。第一部計(jì)算機(jī)用機(jī)器語(yǔ)言編程，但是在軟件也在發(fā)展。第一部計(jì)算機(jī)用機(jī)器語(yǔ)言編程，但是在第一代計(jì)算機(jī)期間，程序語(yǔ)言翻譯的概念和高級(jí)語(yǔ)言出現(xiàn)了。這些主意大第一代計(jì)算機(jī)期間，程序語(yǔ)言翻譯的概念和高級(jí)語(yǔ)言出現(xiàn)了。這些主意大部分歸功于部分歸功于Grace Hopper,她在她在1954年是一名海軍上尉，學(xué)習(xí)為哈佛年是一名海軍上尉，學(xué)習(xí)為哈佛Mark I計(jì)算機(jī)編程。在計(jì)算機(jī)編程。在1952年，她開(kāi)發(fā)了第一種編程語(yǔ)言翻譯器年，她開(kāi)發(fā)了第一種編程語(yǔ)言翻譯器,在稍后的數(shù)年內(nèi)在稍后的數(shù)年

34、內(nèi)為其他人所效仿。她還在為其他人所效仿。她還在1957年開(kāi)發(fā)了一種稱(chēng)為年開(kāi)發(fā)了一種稱(chēng)為Flow-matic的語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)言,為為COBOL今天最廣泛應(yīng)用的商業(yè)編程語(yǔ)言今天最廣泛應(yīng)用的商業(yè)編程語(yǔ)言奠定了基礎(chǔ)。奠定了基礎(chǔ)。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers: 19511958Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 195

35、7. This language became the first widely used high-level language. Also, the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers.在第一代計(jì)算機(jī)期間在第一代計(jì)算機(jī)期間, 軟件方面的其他的進(jìn)展包括軟件方面的其他的進(jìn)展包括1957年年FORTRAN語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)言的設(shè)計(jì)。這種語(yǔ)言成為第一種廣泛使用的高級(jí)語(yǔ)言。同時(shí)設(shè)計(jì)。這種語(yǔ)言成為第一種廣泛使用的高級(jí)語(yǔ)言。同時(shí), 第一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操作第一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的操作系統(tǒng)隨著第一代計(jì)算機(jī)而出現(xiàn)。

36、系統(tǒng)隨著第一代計(jì)算機(jī)而出現(xiàn)。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19591963In the second generation of computers, transistors replaced vacuum tubes. Although invented in 1948, the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959. Transistors are smaller and less expensive tha

37、n vacuum tubes, and they operate faster and produce less heat. Hence, with second-generation computers, the size and cost of computers decreased, their speed increased, and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在第二代計(jì)算機(jī)中，晶體管取代了真空管。雖然發(fā)明于在第二代計(jì)算機(jī)中，晶體管取代了真空管。雖然發(fā)明于1948年年,但第一臺(tái)全晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)但第一臺(tái)全晶體管計(jì)算機(jī)直到直到1959

38、年才成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。晶體管比真空管體積小、價(jià)格低，而且運(yùn)行快而發(fā)熱少。因此，年才成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。晶體管比真空管體積小、價(jià)格低，而且運(yùn)行快而發(fā)熱少。因此，隨著第二代計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)的體積和成本降低、速度提高，且它們對(duì)空調(diào)的需要隨著第二代計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，計(jì)算機(jī)的體積和成本降低、速度提高，且它們對(duì)空調(diào)的需要減少減少。 Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation. One of these companies that still makes comput

39、ers is Control Data Corporation (CDC). They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.許多先前不經(jīng)銷(xiāo)計(jì)算機(jī)的公司隨著第二代計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)，其中今天仍然許多先前不經(jīng)銷(xiāo)計(jì)算機(jī)的公司隨著第二代計(jì)算機(jī)的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)，其中今天仍然制造計(jì)算機(jī)的公司之一是控制數(shù)據(jù)公司制造計(jì)算機(jī)的公司之一是控制數(shù)據(jù)公司(CDC),他們以制造用于科學(xué)工作的高速計(jì)算機(jī)而他們以制造用于科學(xué)工作的高速計(jì)算機(jī)而著名。著名。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Seco

40、nd-Generation Computers: 19591963Remintong Rand, now called Sperr-Rand Corporation, made several second-generation UNIVAC computers. IBM, however, continued to dominate the industry. One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401, which was a medium-sized computer used by many

41、businesses.Remintong Rand,現(xiàn)在叫做現(xiàn)在叫做Sperr-Rand公司公司,制造了一些第二代制造了一些第二代UNIVAC計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)。然而，算機(jī)。然而，IBM繼續(xù)稱(chēng)霸計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)。最流行的第二代計(jì)算機(jī)之一是繼續(xù)稱(chēng)霸計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)。最流行的第二代計(jì)算機(jī)之一是IBM 1401, 這是一部許多企業(yè)使用的中型計(jì)算機(jī)。這是一部許多企業(yè)使用的中型計(jì)算機(jī)。All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars. The first minicomputer became availabl

42、e in 1960 and cost about $120,000. This was the PDP-1, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). 當(dāng)時(shí)所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都是價(jià)值百萬(wàn)元以上的大型計(jì)算機(jī)。第一臺(tái)小型計(jì)算機(jī)當(dāng)時(shí)所有的計(jì)算機(jī)都是價(jià)值百萬(wàn)元以上的大型計(jì)算機(jī)。第一臺(tái)小型計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)生于產(chǎn)生于1960年，價(jià)值年，價(jià)值12萬(wàn)美元，它就是由數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)備公司萬(wàn)美元，它就是由數(shù)據(jù)設(shè)備公司(DEC)制造的制造的PDP-1。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers: 19

43、591963Software also continued to develop during this time. Many new programming languages were designed, including COBOL in 1960. More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.在此期間軟件也在繼續(xù)發(fā)展。許多新的編程語(yǔ)言被發(fā)明在此期間軟件也在繼續(xù)發(fā)展。許多新的編程語(yǔ)言被發(fā)明,包括包括1960年發(fā)明的年發(fā)

44、明的COBOL。越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)和組織開(kāi)始使用計(jì)算機(jī)以滿足他們的數(shù)據(jù)處理需。越來(lái)越多的企業(yè)和組織開(kāi)始使用計(jì)算機(jī)以滿足他們的數(shù)據(jù)處理需要。要。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers. An integrated circuit is a piece of s

45、ilicon (a chip) containing numerous transistors. One IC replaces many transistors in a computer; result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation. These trends include reduced size, reduced cost, increased speed, and reduced need for air conditioning.作為第三代計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)志的技術(shù)發(fā)展是在計(jì)算機(jī)中使用集成電路或

46、簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)作為第三代計(jì)算機(jī)標(biāo)志的技術(shù)發(fā)展是在計(jì)算機(jī)中使用集成電路或簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)IC。一個(gè)集成電路就是包含許多晶體管的一個(gè)硅片一個(gè)集成電路就是包含許多晶體管的一個(gè)硅片(芯片芯片)。一個(gè)集成電路代替。一個(gè)集成電路代替了計(jì)算機(jī)中的許多晶體管，導(dǎo)致了始于第二代的一些趨勢(shì)的繼續(xù)。這些趨了計(jì)算機(jī)中的許多晶體管，導(dǎo)致了始于第二代的一些趨勢(shì)的繼續(xù)。這些趨勢(shì)包括計(jì)算機(jī)體積減小、成本降低、速度提高和對(duì)空調(diào)的需要減少。勢(shì)包括計(jì)算機(jī)體積減小、成本降低、速度提高和對(duì)空調(diào)的需要減少。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970Although

47、integrated circuits were invented in 1958, the first computers to make extensive use of them were not available until 1964. In that year, IBM introduced a line of mainframe computers called the System/360. The computers in this line became the most widely used third-generation machines. There were m

48、any models in the System/360 line, ranging from small, relatively slow, and inexpensive ones, to large, very fast, and costly models. All models, however, were compatible so that programs written for one model could be used on another. This feature of compatibility across many computers in a line wa

49、s adopted by other manufacturers of third-generation computers.雖然集成電路發(fā)明于雖然集成電路發(fā)明于1958年年,但是直到但是直到1964年才出現(xiàn)了第一臺(tái)廣泛使用年才出現(xiàn)了第一臺(tái)廣泛使用IC的計(jì)算機(jī)。的計(jì)算機(jī)。那一年，那一年，IBM推出了稱(chēng)為推出了稱(chēng)為System/360的大型計(jì)算機(jī)系列。這一系列的計(jì)算機(jī)成為的大型計(jì)算機(jī)系列。這一系列的計(jì)算機(jī)成為使用最廣泛的第三代計(jì)算機(jī)。在使用最廣泛的第三代計(jì)算機(jī)。在System/360系列中有許多機(jī)型系列中有許多機(jī)型, 從小型的、相對(duì)較從小型的、相對(duì)較慢的且價(jià)格低廉的機(jī)型，到大型的、非?？斓那覂r(jià)格

50、昂貴的機(jī)型。然而慢的且價(jià)格低廉的機(jī)型，到大型的、非?？斓那覂r(jià)格昂貴的機(jī)型。然而,所有的機(jī)所有的機(jī)型都是兼容的，以便在一個(gè)機(jī)型上編寫(xiě)的程序可以用于另一個(gè)機(jī)型。這個(gè)在許多型都是兼容的，以便在一個(gè)機(jī)型上編寫(xiě)的程序可以用于另一個(gè)機(jī)型。這個(gè)在許多計(jì)算機(jī)系列間兼容的特征被其他第三代計(jì)算機(jī)制造商所采用。計(jì)算機(jī)系列間兼容的特征被其他第三代計(jì)算機(jī)制造商所采用。 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The third computer generation was also the time when minicomputers became widespread.

51、 The most popular model was the PDP-8, manufactured by DEC. Other companies, including Data General Corporation and Hewlett-Packard Company, introduced minicomputers during the third generation.計(jì)算機(jī)的第三代也是小型計(jì)算機(jī)普及的時(shí)代。最流行的小型機(jī)是由計(jì)算機(jī)的第三代也是小型計(jì)算機(jī)普及的時(shí)代。最流行的小型機(jī)是由DEC制制造的造的PDP-8。其他公司。其他公司,包括數(shù)據(jù)通用公司和惠普包括數(shù)據(jù)通用公司和惠普(

52、Hewlett-Packard)公司公司,在在第三代期間開(kāi)發(fā)了小型計(jì)算機(jī)。第三代期間開(kāi)發(fā)了小型計(jì)算機(jī)。 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers: 19641970The principal software development during the third computer generation was the increased sophistication of operating systems. Although simple operating systems were developed for f

53、irst-and second-generation computers, many of the features of modern operating systems first appeared during the third generation. These include multiprogramming, virtual memory, and time-sharing. The first operating systems were mainly batch systems, but during the third generation, interactive sys

54、tems, especially on minicomputers, became common. The BASIC programming language was designed in 1964 and became popular during the third computer generation because of its interactive nature.在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間，軟件的主要發(fā)展是操作系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜化程度提高。雖然為第一在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間，軟件的主要發(fā)展是操作系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜化程度提高。雖然為第一代和第二代計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)了簡(jiǎn)單的操作系統(tǒng)代和第二代計(jì)算機(jī)開(kāi)發(fā)了簡(jiǎn)單的操作系統(tǒng)

55、,許多現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的特征首先在第三代許多現(xiàn)代操作系統(tǒng)的特征首先在第三代期間出現(xiàn)。這些特征包括多道程序設(shè)計(jì)、虛擬存儲(chǔ)和分時(shí)技術(shù)。第一代操作系統(tǒng)主期間出現(xiàn)。這些特征包括多道程序設(shè)計(jì)、虛擬存儲(chǔ)和分時(shí)技術(shù)。第一代操作系統(tǒng)主要是批處理系統(tǒng)要是批處理系統(tǒng),但是在第三代期間，交互式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始普及，尤其是在小型計(jì)算機(jī)但是在第三代期間，交互式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)始普及，尤其是在小型計(jì)算機(jī)上。上。BASIC語(yǔ)言發(fā)明于語(yǔ)言發(fā)明于1964年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間大為流年，并由于其交互式特征而在第三代計(jì)算機(jī)期間大為流行。行。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generatio

56、n Computers: 1971?The fourth generation of computers is more difficult to define than the other three generations. This generation is characterized by more and more transistors being contained on a silicon chip. First there was Large Scale Integration (LSI), with hundreds and thousands of transistor

57、s per chip, then came Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), with tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of transistors. The trend continues today.第四代計(jì)算機(jī)比其他三代更難以定義。這一代計(jì)算機(jī)的特征是一個(gè)芯片上第四代計(jì)算機(jī)比其他三代更難以定義。這一代計(jì)算機(jī)的特征是一個(gè)芯片上包含越來(lái)越多的晶體管。首先，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)百和數(shù)千個(gè)晶體包含越來(lái)越多的晶體管。首先，出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)百和數(shù)千個(gè)晶體管的大規(guī)模集成電路管的大規(guī)模集成電路(LSI

58、)，接著出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)萬(wàn)和數(shù)十萬(wàn)個(gè)晶，接著出現(xiàn)了一個(gè)芯片上具有數(shù)萬(wàn)和數(shù)十萬(wàn)個(gè)晶體管的超大規(guī)模集成電路體管的超大規(guī)模集成電路(VLSI)。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在今天仍在持續(xù)。這個(gè)趨勢(shì)在今天仍在持續(xù)。1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.4 Fourth-Generation Computers: 1971?Although not everyone agrees that there is a fourth computer generation, those that do feel that it began in 1971, when IBM introduced its

59、successors to the System/360 line of computers. These mainframe computers were called the System/370, and current-model IBM computers, although not called System/370s, evolved directly from these computers.雖然并不是每個(gè)人都同意存在一個(gè)第四代雖然并不是每個(gè)人都同意存在一個(gè)第四代,那些認(rèn)為存在的覺(jué)得它開(kāi)始于那些認(rèn)為存在的覺(jué)得它開(kāi)始于1971年，其時(shí)年，其時(shí)IBM開(kāi)發(fā)了開(kāi)發(fā)了System/360

60、系列計(jì)算機(jī)的下一系列產(chǎn)品。這些大型系列計(jì)算機(jī)的下一系列產(chǎn)品。這些大型計(jì)算機(jī)稱(chēng)為計(jì)算機(jī)稱(chēng)為System/370,當(dāng)前的當(dāng)前的IBM計(jì)算機(jī)雖然不叫做計(jì)算機(jī)雖然不叫做System/370，但都是，但都是從這些計(jì)算機(jī)直接發(fā)展而來(lái)的。從這些計(jì)算機(jī)直接發(fā)展而來(lái)的。Minicomputers also proliferated during the fourth computer generation. The most popular lines were the DEC PDP-11 models and the DEC VAX, both of which are available in various model