專題三：定語從句

1、專題三：定語從句的歸納一. 幾個基本概念1 .定語從句的定義：用作定語的從句叫定語從句。2. 先行詞：被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。3. 定語從句的位置：緊跟先行詞（名詞或代詞）之后。4. 引導(dǎo)詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞（包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞）。（1 ）關(guān)系代詞:that/who/whom/which/as（2 ）關(guān)系副詞：when/where/why5. 引導(dǎo)詞的位置：位于定語從句之前（先行詞之后）o as除外】6. 引導(dǎo)詞的功能（作用）：（1）連接先行詞和定語從句。（2 ）在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分（關(guān)系代詞充當(dāng)主語或賓語，關(guān)系副詞充當(dāng)狀語）。 7 .定語從句的類型：（1）限定性定語從句（主硼

2、定語從句之間無逗號）。（2 ）非限定性定語從句（主句和定語從句之間用逗號隔開）。注意：1. 除"gt丕翊旻韭限定性定時包外，其余引導(dǎo)詞都可以，用法同限定性 定語從句一樣。2. 在非限定性定語從句中，任何引導(dǎo)詞都不能省略（包括引導(dǎo)詞在此定語從句中充當(dāng) 賓語在內(nèi)）。練一練：將下列兩個簡單句合并成一個定語從句，用第二個句子做定語。1. the boy was badly hurt. he fell from a tree.2. she told me her address. i wrote it down on a piece of paper.糾正下面句子的錯誤1. i gave th

3、e book to him that he needed it.2. he is the man who he taught me english.二. 定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的基本用法。關(guān)系代詞1. who/that指人是主格在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的主語，不能省略。do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2. whom/who/that指人是賓格，在定語從句中代替先行詞，又作定語從句的賓語（動賓或介 賓）。 當(dāng)作動賓（動詞后接賓語）時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。do you know the gentleman （wh

4、om/who/that） we met just now? 當(dāng)作介賓（介詞后接賓語）時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞+ whom（指人時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用whom）othe man （whom/who/that） i spoke with is my teacher.the man with whom i spoke is my teacher.注： 固定的動詞短語（動詞+介詞）如look for, take care of等不能把動詞與介詞拆開，既介詞不能提至引導(dǎo)詞前。she is the right girl （who/whom/that） we a

5、re looking for. 練一練：1. yesterday i helped an old manlost his way.2. the manyou met just now is my friend.3. mr. liu is the personyou talked about.4. 那位教我們英文的老師來自canada.5. 接電話的那個男的告訴我你不在。6. 和我一起工作的那個女孩子已經(jīng)有男朋友了。3. whose:指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。 （動賓或介賓）即先行詞的什么東西怎樣了，i didn't' t find the desk whose leg wa

6、s broken. he is the student whose pencil i broke yesterday. the boss whose company i work in is very kind.whose+n.一起在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語 whose 不能省略?；蛉纾ㄖ髡Z）（動賓）（介賓）4. which/that指物，指代先行詞且在定語從句中作主語或賓語（動賓或介賓）。 當(dāng)作動賓時，關(guān)系代詞可省略。 當(dāng)作介賓時：介詞不提前時，關(guān)系代詞可省略；介詞提前時，關(guān)系代詞不可省，即介詞+which（指物時介詞后的關(guān)系代詞只能用which）o the house which/that

7、 was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.the pen （which/that） you found yesterday is mine.the games （that/which） the young men competed in were difficult.the games in which the young men competed were difficult.注:介詞+關(guān)系代詞即介詞+whom/which（先行詞指人用whom,指物用which）o練一練：1. he has written a bookname i have comp

8、letely forgotten.a. whose b. which c. of which d. that2. the professoryou met yesterday will teach us next term.a. when b. whichc. who d. whom3. mr. jones,john was working, was very kind to his employees.a. for who b. for whom c. whom d. for that4. 我昨天買了一本書，該書的作者是一位盲人。（blind盲的）5. 你昨天借給我的那本書很有趣。5. wh

9、ich和as可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句:可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容,which 和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整個句子的內(nèi)容，有時可以互換。因此，當(dāng)as/which指 代前面的整個句子，或前句中的部分內(nèi)容作定語從句的主語時，謂語用單數(shù).our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.she was terrified, as/which i could see from her eyes.he married her, as/which was natural.as we know.(眾所周矢口)as is

10、 known to all.練一練：1. carol said the work would be done by october,i doubt very much.a. it b. that c. which d. when2. is known to eveiybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.a. it b. as c. thatd. what關(guān)系副詞6. when關(guān)系副詞：指時間。在定語從句中作時間狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介 詞+which替換(此時先行詞一定是表時間的名詞)。i still r

11、emember the time when i joined the league.=1 still remember the time on which i joined the league.7. where關(guān)系副詞：指地點(diǎn)。在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，不能省略。此時的when還可用介 詞+which替換(此時先行詞一定是表地點(diǎn)的名詞)。i still remember the school where i joined the league.=1 still remember the school in which i joined the league.注：對關(guān)系副詞when, where

12、的認(rèn)識。 .先行詞是時間的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo)定語從句。ell never forget the time (which/that) i spent in beijing. .先行詞是地點(diǎn)的名詞，并非都用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo)定語從句。this is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday. .當(dāng)句型為it/this/that is(was) the first(second-last) time引起的句子時用that連接其后的 句子。此時的time是次數(shù)，不是時間。it/this is the first time that

13、we travel.it/this is the last time that i shall give you a lesson.8. why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語,先行詞通常為reason,不能省略。且why引iiii導(dǎo)的定語從句只能是限定性定語從句。why= for whichi don't know the reason why he was late yesterday.the reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus. 注：當(dāng)先行詞為reason時，關(guān)系副詞并非都用why。this is

14、the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.【判斷用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞】從句缺少的是主語、賓語還是狀語是確定用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞的關(guān)鍵。試比較: i will never forget the day （which/that） i spent in hong kong.（spent是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略）i will never forget the day when/on which hong kong returned to its motherland.（從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系

15、代詞）the reason （that/which） he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn't believable.（gave是及物動詞，后缺賓語，因此用關(guān)系代詞或省略）the reason why he didn't come to school yesterday isn't believable.（從句主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)完整，缺狀語，因此用關(guān)系副詞或介詞加關(guān)系代詞）練一練：1.the reason.a. whichhe died was lack of medical care.b. for thatc. asd.

16、 why2.the reasonhe gave for being late was unacceptable.a. whyb. thatc. whod. for which3.will never forget the day_ i met you for the first time.4.i will neverforget the days _i spent with you.5. the daywe don't bother to go to office but just work at home may soon come.6.1 arrived in beijing on

17、 the dayit was snowing heavily.7. the library,was built in the 1930's, needs repairing.8.1 guess you can find him in the libraryhe works.9. the ripe fruit should be stored in a placecontains much carbon dioxide so that it can'tdecay rapidly.10. the ripe fruit should be stored in a placethere

18、 is much carbon dioxide so that it can'tdecay rapidly.翻譯下面的句子1. 告訴我今天早晨你遲到的原因。2 .他們到的時候天正在下雨。3. 你住的那家酒店叫什么名字?三. 值得注意的幾個問題：第一.當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用that的情況。1 .當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞的最高級修飾時。this is the best film that has been shown this year.this is the first book (that) i borrow from the library.>he

19、 is the first student that/who came to school today.2 .當(dāng)先行詞為兩個或兩個以上分別指人和物的名詞時。he talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.3. 當(dāng)先行詞本身是all的,用thato (all that=what)all that (what) i want to say to you is "thank you”.=a11 (what) i want to say to you is “thank you".go over a

20、ll that (what) we learned.=go over all (what) we learned, (that在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語可以省略)4. 先彳亍詞為 something, anything, nothing, everything, thing 日寸, 用 that.ril tell you anything (that) i know.5. 當(dāng)先彳亍詞前有 all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the nex

21、t 等修飾語時。this is one of the books (that) i'm very interesting in.this is one of the books in which t m very interesting.this is the only book (that) i read.he is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.all the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.6. (人，物)，當(dāng)先行詞在以who

22、或which開頭的特殊疑問句中時，用that引導(dǎo)以避免 混淆.who is the man that is talking with the lady?which of you that know the answer can come to the front?7. 當(dāng)先行詞是在定語從句中作表語時，用that.he likes the girl that she used to be.第二.當(dāng)先行詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞(that/which)只用which的情況。1. 作介賓且介詞置于引導(dǎo)詞之前時.the room in which he lives is very large.2. 引導(dǎo)非限定

23、性定語從句時（主，賓都用which,都不能省略）.football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.the house, which i visited yesterday, is very large.3. which指整個句子的內(nèi)容或部分內(nèi)容，引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句.he always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情況.1 .先行詞是these, those指人時,關(guān)系代詞只用who.those who are playing over ther

24、e are my students.2. 先行詞是人稱代詞(he, she)時，關(guān)系代詞只用who.he who doesn't reach the great wall is not a true man.3. 不定代詞 someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody 作先彳亍i司 時，關(guān)系代詞用who.anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.4. 先行詞是the only one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂 語用單數(shù)形

25、式(因?yàn)榇藭r的先行詞是the only one,而不是of后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)).he is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.this is the only one of the books that is borrowed.先行詞是one of +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，在定語從句中作主語時，定語從句中的謂語用復(fù)數(shù) 形式(因?yàn)榇藭r的先行詞是of后的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù),而不是one).this is one of the students who are late.5. 當(dāng)主句缺先行詞時，用the one代替，但須注意：the one只

26、能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù).如 為不可數(shù)名詞時，指什么用什么.is this school the one i visited yesterday?is pop music the music he likes best?6. 當(dāng)先行詞是the way,在定語從句中充當(dāng)方式狀語時(the way表”以方式/方 法”)，引導(dǎo)詞通常用that或省略，也可用in which.i don't like the way (that) you speak.=1 don't like the way in which you speak. =1 don't like the way (whi

27、ch/that) you speak in.練一練：1. they shouted with the loudset viocethey could (shout with).a. when b. that c. which d. what2. there9s not muchcan be done now.a. thatb. whichc. whod. what3. the professor and her achievementyou told me about are admired by us all.a. whob. whichc. thatd. whom4.1 don't

28、 hope anythingi doesn't know will happen.a. that b. which c. asd. what5. thosedon't obey the law will be punished.a. thatb.whoc. whomd.which6.1 will tell you alli know from him.a. whichb. whatc. thatd. whom【“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”十種情況】在定語從句中，介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)是一種較為復(fù)雜的問題。現(xiàn)就幾種常見的介 詞+關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)淺析如下：1. 介詞+which在定語從句中分別作時

29、間、地點(diǎn)和原因狀語，代替相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副 詞 when, where 和 why。如：i still remember the day on which (when) i first came to school.我仍然記得初來學(xué)校的那一天。the factory in which (=where) i work is a large one.我工作的工廠是一個大工廠。 this is the reason for which (=why) he was late.這就是他為什么遲到的原因。2. 介詞+which (指物)/ whom (指人)在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，表示存在關(guān) 系，定語從句主謂一

30、般要倒置。they arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他來到一處農(nóng)舍，前邊 坐著一個小男孩。i saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看見一個人，他的頭上站著一只 鳥。3. 介詞+ which (指物)/ whom (指人)在定語從句中作目的、方式或地點(diǎn)狀語。 這種結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞一般受動詞或介詞后的名詞所制約。如：could you tell me for whom you' ve bought this coat?你能告訴我這件衣服是給誰 買的嗎？the

31、 man, from whom i learned the news, is an engineer.這人是一位工程師，我是從 他那里得到這消息的。4. 介詞+which/whom,用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)的定語從句中，作狀語，說明動作的出發(fā) 者。如：the wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.傷害羊的那只狼被打死了。the man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是個好獵手。5. 不定代詞+of+which/whom,在定語從句中作主語，說明整體中的部分，常用 的不定代詞有:both,

32、 all, any, some, each, none, most 等。如：there are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.這兒有許多書，可一本也 不屬于我。yesterday mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.日乍天瑪麗買了一 些衣服，他們都很貴。6. 數(shù)詞+of+which/whom,在定語從句中作主語，說明整體與部分的關(guān)系。數(shù)詞可以是基數(shù)詞、序數(shù)詞、分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)。如:in our class there are fifty-four stude

33、nts, twenty-five of whom are girls.我們班有 54 名學(xué)生，25人是女生。two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.兩只手表被偷了，其中一只是我 的。7. 名詞+of+which代替whose+名詞，在定語從句中作定語。如：i saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.我看 見一些樹，他們的葉子因害病而發(fā)黑。i live in a house, the windows of which are all

34、 broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破 to8. 形容詞最高級+of+which/whom結(jié)構(gòu)，在定語從句中，作定語，表部分關(guān)系。 如：china has thousands of islands, the largest of which is taiwan.中國有成千上萬個島 嶼，其中最大的是臺灣島。in our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is li hua.我們班有 20 名女 生，最聰明的是李華。9. 介詞+ which （指物）/ whose （指人）修飾后邊的名詞。如：it rained all ni

35、ght and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.mt 了一天一夜，就在這期間輪船撞碎了。the driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司機(jī)就是那個人， 她從他的房間偷走地圖。練一練:介詞+關(guān)系代詞which/whom1. she showed me the bookshe paid 5 dollars.2. the gentlemanyou told me yesterday proved to be a thief3. the girlyou spoke yesterday is waving at you.4. this is the peni wrote the letter.5. this is the placethey used to live when they were little.6. the librarywe often bor