2022年2022年機(jī)械工程英語翻譯

1、精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載part2unit 12精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載nanomaterial納米材料nanomaterial and micro-machine納米材料和微型機(jī)器精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載nanomaterialsandnanotechnolologyhavebecomeamagicwordin modern society.納米材料和納米技術(shù)已成為現(xiàn)代社會一個具有魔幻顏色的詞匯；generationofmaterialswithimprovedandtailorablepropertiesforapplicationsc

2、atalysis.insensors、optoelectronics、energystorage、separationandnanomaterialsrepresenttodaysfrontierinthedevelopmentofnovel advanced materialsand present great promises and opportunitiesfora new納米材料代表了當(dāng)今新型先進(jìn)材料進(jìn)展的前沿,為具有各種改良的.能根據(jù)人們各種要求進(jìn)行“定制”的性能的新一代材料,在傳感器.光電子學(xué).儲能.分別和催化劑技術(shù)等方面供應(yīng)了寬闊的應(yīng)用前景；so nanomaterials a

3、re considered as a great potential in the 21th century because of their special properties in many fields such as optics、 electronics、 magnetic、 mechanics、 and chemistry.因此納米材料被視為21 世紀(jì)具有龐大的潛力的一種材料,由于在很多領(lǐng)域如光學(xué).電子學(xué).磁學(xué).力學(xué)和化學(xué)他們的特別性質(zhì)；theseuinquepropertiesareattractiveforvarioushighperformanceapplications.

4、 這些特別的性質(zhì)對于各種不同高性能的應(yīng)用程序來說具有很大的吸引力；exampeplesincludewear-resistantsurfaces、lowtemperaturesinterable high-strength ceramics、 and magnetic nanocomposites.例如耐磨的表層以及 在低溫環(huán)境下具有高張力的陶瓷和磁力納米復(fù)合材料；nanostructured materials present great promises and opportunities for a new generation of materials of materials wit

5、h improved and marvelous properties. 納米結(jié)構(gòu)的材料為新一代具有改良的特殊的性能的材料供應(yīng)了寬闊的前景；it is appropriate to begin with a brief introduction to the history of the subject.在這里簡潔介紹一下納米材料的歷史；scientific work on this subject can be traced back over 100 years.在這精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載方面的科學(xué)討論可以追溯得到100 多年以前；in 1861 the briti

6、sh chemist thomas graham coined the term “ colloid ” to describe a solution contion containing 1 to 100 nm diameter particles in suspension.在 1961 年,英國化學(xué)家格雷姆首次用"膠體 " 這個術(shù)語來描述一種含有直徑為 1100nm 的微小懸浮顆粒的溶液；around the turn of century、 such famous scientists as rayleigh、 maxwell、 and einstein studi

7、ed colloids. 大約在 20 世紀(jì)末 20 世紀(jì)初的時候,一些出名的科學(xué)家如雷利 、麥克斯韋和愛因斯坦開頭討論膠體；in 1930 the langmuir-blodgett method for developingmonolayer films was developed.1930 年,單分子薄膜的狼繆爾布羅杰特方法形成；by1960uyedahadusedelectronmicroscopyanddiffractiontostudy individual particles.到 1960 年 uyeda已經(jīng)用電子顯微鏡檢查法以及衍射來討論單個粒子；ataboutthesame

8、time、arc、plasma、andchemicalflamefurnaceswere employed to produce submicron particles.幾乎為同一時間 電弧,單離子體和化學(xué)反射爐已經(jīng)用于生產(chǎn)亞微米粒子了；magnetic alloy particles for use in magnetic tapes were produced in1970.1970 年磁力合金粒子已經(jīng)運(yùn)用于磁帶中了；by1980、 studies were made on clusters containing fewer than 100 atoms.到 1980 年,已有很多人開頭對

9、含有不到 100 個原子的原子團(tuán)進(jìn)行了討論；in1985、ateam led bysmalleyand krotofoundspectroscopic evidence that c60 clusters were unusually stable.在 1985 年,一個由斯莫利和克羅托領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的科研小組通過光譜分析證明了c60 原子團(tuán)具有不同平常的穩(wěn)固性；in1991、 lijima reported studies of graphitic carbon tube filaments.1991 年, lijima 也報道了有關(guān)石墨碳管狀絲材的討論情形；research onnanomateri

10、alshas been stimulatedbytheirtechnological applications.關(guān)于納米材料的討論為在他們的技術(shù)的應(yīng)用引起的；the first technological uses of these materials were as catalysts and pigments.這些納米材料的第一次技術(shù)使用為催化劑和自然色素運(yùn)用；the large surface area to volume ratio increases the chemical activity.大面積的體積比增加到化學(xué)活動上；because ofthisincreased activ

11、ity、there aresignificantcostadvantages in fabricating catalysts from nanomaterials.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載正由于這些增加的討論,從納米材料上制造催化劑才有了龐大的成本優(yōu)勢；the properties of some single-phase materials can be improved by preparing them as nanostructurs.一些單相的材料的性能仍可以通過納米結(jié)構(gòu)來優(yōu)化；for example、 the sintering temperature ca

12、n be decreased and the plasticity increased on single-phase、 structural ceramics by reducing the grain size to several nanometers.例如,降低燃燒溫度,把顆粒大小縮小幾個納米,可以單相的提升建筑陶瓷的可塑性；multiphase nanostructured materials have displayed novel behavior resulting from the small size of the individual phases.由單個顆粒的小型體積,

13、多相的納米結(jié)構(gòu)材料已經(jīng)呈現(xiàn)了非比平常的性質(zhì)；in microelectronics、 the need for faster switching times and ever larger integration has motivated considerable effort to reduce the size of electronic components.在微電子學(xué)中,對快速轉(zhuǎn)換時間和更大規(guī)模的集成電路的需要在減小電子元件尺寸的工作起到了很大的作用increasing the component density increased the difficulty of satisfy

14、ing cooling requirementsandreducestheallowableamountofenergyreleasedon switching between states.而增加器件密度又會增加必需滿意冷卻條件以及削減開關(guān)狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換為所答應(yīng)的最大能量釋放的難度；itwouldbeidealiftheswitchingoccurredwiththemotionofasingle electron .在單電子的移動時開關(guān)為最抱負(fù)的狀態(tài)；one kind of single-electron device is based on the change in the coulombi

15、c energy （庫倫能） when an electron is added or removed from a particle . 當(dāng)從一個粒子中增加或較少一個電子的時候,一種單電子裝置為以庫倫能的變化為基礎(chǔ)的；for a nanoparticle this energy change can be large enough that adding a single electron will effectively block the flow of other electrons.對于納米粒子來說,這個能量的變化因增加單個電子有效的限制其他電子的流淌而充分；in addition

16、to technology、 nanomaterials are also interesting systems for basic scientific investigations.除了技術(shù),納米材料的基本科學(xué)調(diào)查也為好玩的系統(tǒng)；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載forexample 、 smallparticlesdisplaydeviations 偏差frombulk體積 solid behavior such as reductions in the melting temperature and changes usuallyreductions in the lat

17、tice parameter. （網(wǎng)狀參數(shù)）例如微粒材料和塊狀材料會出現(xiàn)出不同的性能,比如其熔點降低和晶格參數(shù)變??；thechanges inthelatticeparameter observed formetaland semiconductor particles result from the effect of the surface stress、 while the reduction in the melting temperature results from the effect of the surface free energy.金屬和半導(dǎo)體粒子觀看來的晶狀參數(shù)變化為來

18、自于表面的壓力,而熔點的降低為來自于表層的自由能的作用；by studying the size dependence of the properties of particles、 it is possible to findthecriticallengthscales at whichparticlesbehave essentiallyas bulk matter.通過討論微粒性能的數(shù)量相關(guān)性,有可能發(fā)覺微粒像塊狀材料性能的臨界尺度；generally、 the physical properties of a nanoparticle approach bulk values for

19、 particles containing more than a fen hundred atoms.一般說來,納米粒子假如達(dá)到包含有幾百個原子的大小時,其物理性能就會接近塊體材料；newtechniqueshavebeendevelopedrecentlythathavepermitted researchers to produce larger quantities of other nanomaterials.進(jìn)展的新技術(shù)已經(jīng)被討論學(xué)者用于挖掘納米材料的更多的性能了；each fabrication technique has its own set of advantages an

20、d disadvantages.每項制造技術(shù)都有其優(yōu)缺點；chemical techniques are very versatile in that they can be applied to nearly all materials ceramics、 semiconductors、 and metals and can usually produce a large amount of materials.化學(xué)技術(shù)為通用的,它可以運(yùn)用到陶瓷,半導(dǎo)體以及金屬等全部種材料中,仍可以用來生產(chǎn)大量的其他材料；a difficulty with chemical processing is th

21、e need to find the proper chemical reactions and processing conditions for each material.化學(xué)處理的困難為需要找到合適每種材料的化學(xué)反應(yīng)以及反應(yīng)條件；the ability to characterize nanomaterials has been increased greatly by the invention of the scanning tunneling microscopestm and other proximal probessuchastheatomicforcemicroscope

22、afm、themagneticforce microscope、 and the optical near-field microscope .由于掃描隧道電子顯微鏡以及源自顯微鏡和磁力顯微鏡等類似儀器的創(chuàng)造,人們對納米的特點的認(rèn)知才能又大大增強(qiáng)了；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載stm has been used to carefully place atoms on surfaces to write bits using a small number of atoms.stm（掃描隧道電子顯微鏡）技術(shù)一般用來將少量的單個原子當(dāng)心地“搬運(yùn)”到某些材料得的表面來書寫二進(jìn)制數(shù)碼；

23、it has also been employed to construct a circular arrangement of metal atoms onaninsulatingsurfaceandhenceanano-scaleelectroniccomponentis fabricated.它仍可以用來在絕緣表面將金屬原子擺放成一個環(huán)狀圖形,從而制造出納米尺寸的電子器件；othernewinstrumentsandimprovementsofexistinginstrumentsare increasinglybecomingimportanttoolsforcharacterizin

24、gsurfaceoffilms、 biological materials、 and nanomatirials.其他新的工具和現(xiàn)有工具的改善已經(jīng)成為顯現(xiàn)薄膜表層,生物材料以及納米材料的主要手段；the development of nanoindentors and the improved ability to interpret resulting from nanoindentation measurements have increased our ability to study the mechanical properties of nanostructured materia

25、ls.納米材料的進(jìn)展以及改良的納米技術(shù)的測量才能的呈現(xiàn)增強(qiáng)了我們?nèi)パ芯考{米結(jié)構(gòu)材料的性能的才能；improved high-resolution electron microscopes and modeling of the electron microscopeimages haveimprovedourknowledgeofthestructureofthe particlesandtheinterphaseregionbetweenparticlesinconsolidated nanomaterials.改良的高辨論率的電子顯微鏡以及電子顯微鏡圖像的模型提高了我們對粒子的結(jié)構(gòu)以及在加

26、固的納米材料的分裂區(qū)間的熟悉；micro-machine微型機(jī)器introduction介紹from the beginning、 mankind seems instinctively to have desired large machines and small machines.從一開頭,人類好像就本能地有一種想制造“大機(jī)器”和“小機(jī)器”的愿望；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載that is 、“ large“” samnadll” in comparison with humanscale.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載這里的所謂 “大”和“小 ”為相對

27、人類本身的尺寸而言的；machines larger than human are powerful allies in the battle against the fury of nature; smaller machines are loyal partners that do whatever they are told.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載比人體大的機(jī)器將稱成為人類同暴虐無情的自然界作斗爭的得力幫手,而那些小機(jī)器就只能乖乖聽從人類的命令,讓干什么就干什么；if we compare the facility and technology of manufa

28、cturing larger machines、 common sense tells us that the smaller machines are easier to make.假如我們將生產(chǎn)大型機(jī)器的設(shè)備和技術(shù)相比,常識告知我們小型機(jī)器更簡潔制造；nevertheless、 throughout the history of technology、 larger machines have always stood out.盡管如此,整個技術(shù)的歷史,較大型機(jī)器始終很突出；the size of the restored models of the water-mill invented

29、 by vitruvius in the roman era、 the windmill of the middle ages、and the steam engine invented by watt is overwhelming.維特魯維在羅馬時代創(chuàng)造復(fù)原模型尺寸大小的水車,中世紀(jì)的風(fēng)車,和瓦特創(chuàng)造的蒸汽機(jī)為勢不行擋的；on the other hand、 smaller machines in history of technology are mostly tools.另一方面,小型機(jī)器的科技?xì)v史大部分為工具；if smaller machines are easier to mak

30、e、 a variety of such machines existed, but until modern times 、no significant small machines existed except for guns and clocks.假如小型機(jī)器相對簡潔制造,那么會存在一系列這樣的機(jī)器,但直到現(xiàn)代,沒有重要的小機(jī)器存在除了槍和鬧鐘外；thisfactmayimplythatsmallermachineswereactuallymore difficult to make.這樣的事實可能示意較小機(jī)器事實上為更難制造；of course、 this does not mean

31、 simply that it was difficult to make a small machine; it means that it was difficult to invent a small machine that would be significant to human beings.當(dāng)然,這并不簡潔意味著制造一個小機(jī)器為很困難的；而為意味著創(chuàng)造一個小機(jī)器為困難的,那將對人類為重要的；some people might say that mankind may not have wanted smaller machines.一些人可能會說人類可能不需要較小型機(jī)器；thi

32、s theory、 however、 does not explain the recent popularity of palm-size mechatronics products.然而,這一理論并不能說明最近流行的手掌大小的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品；the absence of small machines in history may be due to the extreme difficulty in manufacturing small precision parts.歷史上小機(jī)器的缺乏可能為由于制造高精度小部件極度困難；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載the dream

33、of the ultimate small machine、 or micro-machine、 was first depictedindetailabout30yearsagointhe1966movie“ fantastic voyage.” 最終的小機(jī)器或微型的抱負(fù),首次被描述在具體介紹30 年前在1966年的“神奇的航行”科幻電影中；at the time、 the study of micro-machining of semiconductors had already begun.那時候,半導(dǎo)體的微細(xì)加工的討論已經(jīng)開頭；therefore、 manufacturing minu

34、te mechanisms through micro-machining of semiconductors would have been possible.然而,通過半導(dǎo)體的微加工制造分鐘的機(jī)制為有可能的；therewas、 however、a waitofover20years beforetheintroductionof electrostatic motors and gears made by semiconductor micro-machining.然而,有等待超過20年引進(jìn)的半導(dǎo)體微細(xì)加工制成的靜電馬達(dá)和齒輪；whydidn thestudyofmicro -machin

35、ingandthedreamof micro-machines meet earlier.為什么不把微加工的討論和微型機(jī)械的抱負(fù)早一點接觸呢.a possible reason for this is as follows.一個可能的緣由如下；in addition to micro-machining、 the development of micro-machines requires a number of technologies including materials、 instrumentation、 control、 energy、 information processing、

36、 and design.此外微加工,微型機(jī)器的進(jìn)展需要很多科技技術(shù)包括物材.儀器外表.掌握.能源.信息處理和設(shè)計；before micro-machine research and development can be started、 all of these technologies must reach a certain level.在微型機(jī)器討論和進(jìn)綻開頭前,全部這些技術(shù)必需達(dá)到肯定水平；inother words、theoveralltechnologicallevel、as a whole、mustreach a精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載certain cri

37、tical point、 but it hadnhat poitnrte4a0chyeeadrstago.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載換句話說,整體技術(shù)水平,作為一個整體,必需達(dá)到肯定的臨界點,但在 40年以前為達(dá)不到這一點；approximately20yearsafter“ fantasticvoyage、 ” thetechnology level for micro-machines finally reached a critical point.大約在科幻電影神奇的航行上映后20年,微型機(jī)械的技術(shù)最終達(dá)到一個相當(dāng)水平；micro-motorsandmicro-ge

38、arsmadebysemiconductormicromachining精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載were introduced at about that time、 triggering the research on development of micro-machines.用半導(dǎo)體加工技術(shù)制造出的微型電動機(jī)和微型齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)開頭在那時候顯現(xiàn),從而刺激了微型機(jī)械的討論和進(jìn)展；micromachines as gentle machine微電機(jī)作為溫順的機(jī)器the most unique feature of amicro-machine is 、 of course、

39、its small size.utilizing its tiny dimensions 、a micro-machine can perform tasks in a revolutionary way that would be impossible for conventional machines.當(dāng)然,它的體積小的微型機(jī)器的最特殊的功能；利用其微小的尺寸,微機(jī)器可以一種革命性的方式,執(zhí)行傳統(tǒng)的機(jī)器不行能的任務(wù)；thatis、micro-machinesdonotaffecttheobjectortheenvironmentas much as conventional machine

40、s do.也就為說,相比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)器,微型機(jī)器可以盡可能多的不影響它的對象或環(huán)境；micro-machinesperformtheirtasksgently.thisisafundamental difference between micro-machines and conventional machines.微型機(jī)器可以柔和的執(zhí)行他們的任務(wù)；這為微型機(jī)器和常規(guī)機(jī)器之間的根本區(qū)分；the medical field holds the highest expectations for benefits from this feature of micro-machines.在醫(yī)療領(lǐng)域擁有最高期

41、望得益于微型機(jī)器的特點；diagnosis and treatment will change drastically from conventional methods、 and“ fantastic voyage” may no longer be a fantasy.診斷和治療將從傳統(tǒng)方法上發(fā)生急劇變化,同時“神奇之旅”可能不再為一個幻想；if a micro-machine can gently enter a human body to treat illnesses、 humans will be freed from painful surgery and uncomfortab

42、le gastro-camera testing.假如一個微型機(jī)器可以輕輕地進(jìn)入人體,以治療疾病,人類將擺脫痛楚的手術(shù)和不舒適的胃腸相機(jī)測試；furthermore、 if micro-machines can halt the trend of ever-increasing size in medicalequipment、itcouldslowtheexcess growthandcomplexityof medicaltechnology、contributingtothesolvingofserious problemswith high medical costs for citi

43、zens.精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載此外,假如微型機(jī)器可以掌握醫(yī)療設(shè)備日益增加大尺寸,它可能會放緩醫(yī)療技術(shù)過剩的增長和復(fù)雜性,從而促使公民高額的醫(yī)療費(fèi)用問題得到解決；micro-electronics and mechatronics微型電子和機(jī)電一體化theconceptofmicro-machinesandrelatedtechnologiesisstillnot adequately unified、 as these are still at the development stage.微型機(jī)器和相關(guān)技術(shù)的概念,仍沒有充分統(tǒng)一,由于這為仍處于進(jìn)展階段；the mic

44、ro-machines and related technologies are currently referred to by a variety of different terms.目前,微型機(jī)器及其相關(guān)技術(shù)涉及很多不同術(shù)語；intheunitedstates、 theaccepted themis“ micro electromechanical systems ” mems; in europe、 the term“ microsystems technology精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載iscommon、whiletheterm“ micro-engineer

45、ing britain.is” sometimesusedin精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載在美國,“微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)” （ mems ）為被接受的,在歐洲通常叫“微系統(tǒng)技術(shù)”（ mst ）而在英國它被稱作“微型工程”；meanwhile in australia“-mmacichrione” .與此同時它在澳大利亞被稱作“微型機(jī)器”；the most common term if it is translated into english is "micro-machine ” in japan.最常見到術(shù)語,在日本它假如被翻譯成英文為“微型機(jī)器”；however“ mi

46、cr-orobot” and“ m-micercohanism are also available case by case.但為“微型機(jī)器人”和微觀機(jī)制“也為處處可見的；the evolution of machines and micromachines機(jī)器和微型機(jī)器的進(jìn)展many researchers see micro-machines as the ultimate in mechatronics 、 developed out of machine systems.很多討論人員把微型機(jī)器看作為機(jī)電一體化最終開發(fā)的系統(tǒng)；精品學(xué)習(xí)資料精選學(xué)習(xí)資料 - - - 歡迎下載eversin

47、cetheindustrialrevolution、machinesystems havegrown larger and larger in the course of their evolution.自從工業(yè)革命以來,機(jī)器系統(tǒng)在其演化過程中已經(jīng)越來越大；only very recently has evolution in the opposite direction begun、 with the appearance of mechatronics.最近機(jī)電一體化的外觀次啊開頭在反方向的演化；devicessuchasvideocameras、taperecorders、portabletelephones、 portable copiers which at onetime were too large to put one s arms arou now fit on the palm of one s hand .設(shè)備,如攝像機(jī),錄音機(jī),便攜式電話,便攜式復(fù)印機(jī),曾經(jīng)太大以至于拿起